社区老年慢性病患者认知衰弱风险预测模型的构建及验证

目的 探索社区老年慢性病患者发生认知衰弱的危险因素,为针对性干预提供参考.方法 对674例社区老年慢性病患者,采用一般资料调查问卷、衰弱表型、蒙特利尔认知评估量表、临床痴呆评定量表、简易营养评价精法问卷以及简版老年人抑郁量表进行调查;行单因素及多因素分析提取认知衰弱影响因素,基于主要影响因素构建认知衰弱风险列线图预测模型;运用Bootstrap法验证模型效能.结果 社区老年慢性病患者认知衰弱检出率为33.5％;年龄、独居、营养不良、抑郁、体育锻炼为其主要影响因素(均P＜0.05);分类校准曲线贴合紧密,ROC曲线下面积为0.970.结论 社区老年慢性病患者认知衰弱发生率较高,高龄、独居、营养不良及抑郁是认知衰弱发生的独立危险因素,体育锻炼为保护性因素;构建的列线图预测模型精准度与区分度良好,可用于社区老年慢性病患者认知衰弱筛查.     

老年2型糖尿病患者抑郁相关因素的调查

目的 了解老年2型糖尿病患者抑郁发生率及相关影响因素,为实施针对性干预提供依据.方法 采用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)与日常生活自理能力量表对158例老年2型糖尿病患者进行调查.结果 60例(38.5%)老年2型糖尿病患者发生抑郁.抑郁发生率因性别、糖化血红蛋白、病程、并发症数目、日常生活自理能力而存在统计学差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).病程长、并发症多及日常生活自理能力缺陷是其抑郁发生的重要危险因素(均P＜0.01,OR分别为5.183、2.216、3.042).结论 老年2型糖尿病患者抑郁发生率高,在常规药物、饮食、运动、血糖监测治疗同时,对病程长、并发症多和日常生活自理能力缺陷者重视心理干预及健康教育,将有利于控制病情,改善其生活质量.     

老年糖尿病患者衰弱现状及影响因素

目的 调查住院老年糖尿病患者的衰弱现状及影响因素,为临床护理干预提供参考。方法 选取老年糖尿病患者221例,采用中文版埃德蒙顿衰弱量表和老年人抑郁评定量表简表进行问卷调查。结果 老年糖尿病患者衰弱得分6（5,9）,衰弱发生率62.0%。抑郁、高龄、多重用药、牙齿咀嚼功能差、胰岛素注射治疗、个人月收入低是老年糖尿病患者衰弱的主要影响因素（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）。结论 老年糖尿病患者的衰弱发生率较高,临床医护人员应加强对老年糖尿病患者衰弱的关注,做好筛查工作,制定个体化的衰弱干预策略,延缓其衰弱进程。     

老年2型糖尿病患者抑郁相关因素的调查

目的了解老年2型糖尿病患者抑郁发生率及相关影响因素,为实施针对性干预提供依据。方法采用Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）与日常生活自理能力量表对158例老年2型糖尿病患者进行调查。结果60例（38．5％）老年2型糖尿病患者发生抑郁。抑郁发生率因性别、糖化血红蛋白、病程、并发症数目、日常生活自理能力而存在统计学差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。病程长、并发症多及日常生活自理能力缺陷是其抑郁发生的重要危险因素（均P〈0．01,OR分别为5．183、2．216、3．042）。结论老年2型糖尿病患者抑郁发生率高,在常规药物、饮食、运动、血糖监测治疗同时,对病程长、并发症多和日常生活自理能力缺陷者重视心理干预及健康教育,将有利于控制病情,改善其生活质量。     

老年2型糖尿病患者害怕跌倒现状及影响因素分析

目的了解老年2型糖尿病患者害怕跌倒情况及相关影响因素,为开展针对性护理干预以预防跌倒发生提供参考。方法选取老年2型糖尿病患者128例,采用一般资料调查表、害怕跌倒评估、简易精神状态检查量表、简易虚弱问卷、老年焦虑量表、简版老年抑郁量表进行调查。结果 63例(49.22%)老年2型糖尿病患者存在害怕跌倒心理;患者害怕跌倒心理与焦虑、抑郁水平呈正相关(均P0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、过去1年内有跌倒史、抑郁是害怕跌倒的独立危险因素(均P0.01)。结论老年2型糖尿病患者害怕跌倒心理存在的比例较高,患者年龄、抑郁水平及过去1年内跌倒史与害怕跌倒密切相关。加强防跌倒健康教育及改善情绪状态有助于缓解其害怕跌倒心理,降低患者再次跌倒的风险。     

2型糖尿病患者日周期类型对血糖控制与抑郁的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者的日周期类型对血糖控制与抑郁的影响。方法采用一般资料调查表、清晨型-夜晚型量表(MEQ)、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)对208例2型糖尿病患者进行调查,对患者的空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)进行测定。结果根据MEQ得分将患者分为清晨型76例、中间型95例、夜晚型37例。与清晨型组患者相比,夜晚型组患者年龄小、CES-D得分高、HbA1c水平高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,FPG、MEQ得分和使用胰岛素治疗是HbA1c的影响因素,性别与MEQ得分是CES-D的影响因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论夜晚型对2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制存在不利影响,并影响其心理健康,临床医护工作者应重视对2型糖尿病患者日周期类型的管理。     

北京市老年2型糖尿病患者社会网络现状及影响因素研究

目的调查北京市老年2型糖尿病患者的社会网络现状并分析其影响因素。方法采用自行设计的一般情况调查问卷、Lubben社会网络量表简表、糖尿病自我管理活动问卷、社会支持评定量表、老年抑郁量表简表,对北京市300例老年2型糖尿病患者进行横断面调查。结果老年2型糖尿病患者社会网络得分(16.75±7.02)分,家庭网络得分(8.32±3.63)分,朋友网络得分(8.43±4.74)分,22.67%的患者存在社会网络不足。社会支持、自我管理、是否吸烟、在世子女数是影响老年2型糖尿病患者社会网络水平的重要因素(均P0.01)。结论北京市老年2型糖尿病患者的社会网络整体处于中等水平,对老年2型糖尿病患者进行干预时,需充分考虑患者社会网络水平及影响因素,协助患者提高自我管理及社会支持水平,从而促进其社会网络水平的提升。     

社区高龄老年人衰弱状况及影响因素的研究

目的调查社区高龄老年人衰弱现况,并对其影响因素进行探讨,为后期干预研究提供参考。方法采用方便抽样法,选取重庆市社区高龄老年人(≥80岁)272名作为研究对象。采用基本情况调查表、健康状况调查表、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)、简易营养评价精法(MNA-SF)、简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和简明老年抑郁量表(GDS-5)进行调查,运用衰弱表型评估法进行衰弱筛查。结果 272名社区高龄老年人中,80名(29.4%)为衰弱,112名(41.2%)为衰弱前期,80名(29.4%)为无衰弱,握力减弱、行走速度减慢是发生最多的2个衰弱指标。有序Logistic回归分析结果显示,体育锻炼频率、多种用药、使用步行辅助工具、ADL、营养状态、抑郁情绪是影响社区高龄老年人衰弱的重要因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论社区高龄老年人衰弱、衰弱前期发生率高,医护人员应重视社区高龄老年人衰弱、衰弱前期的早期筛查,并进行针对性干预。     

维持性血液透析患者衰弱的发生情况及其影响因素分析

目的调查维持性血液透析患者衰弱现状,并分析其心理社会影响因素。方法采取方便抽样法,选取2017年2月至2019年2月于南通大学附属南通中医院接受维持性血液透析治疗的180例患者纳入研究。通过查阅病历和实验室检验记录收集患者临床资料,采用衰弱量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数、医院焦虑和抑郁量表、心理弹性量表、慢性疾病自我效能量表和领悟社会支持量表评估患者衰弱状况、睡眠质量、焦虑抑郁、心理弹性、自我效能感和社会支持。根据衰弱得分将患者分为非衰弱组、衰弱前期组和衰弱组。比较各组患者临床资料和心理社会因素评分的差异,并采用Logistic回归分析探索衰弱影响因素。结果回收176份有效问卷,176例患者中,11例(6.3%)发生衰弱。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、合并症、抑郁和睡眠障碍是维持性血液透析患者发生衰弱的危险因素,心理弹性和社会支持是维持性血液透析患者发生衰弱的保护因素(P0.05)。结论护理人员应早期评估患者衰弱状况和健康状况,采取针对性护理策略,延缓合并症进展,改善睡眠质量,控制抑郁症症状,促进患者心理健康和社会支持,从而改善衰弱。     

社区2型糖尿病患者心理痛苦及相关因素分析

目的了解社区2型糖尿病患者的心理痛苦现状和相关因素,为针对社区2型糖尿病患者心理痛苦的健康教育干预提供参考依据。方法采用中文版糖尿病痛苦量表,对5个社区卫生站或服务中心的252名2型糖尿病患者进行调查。结果糖尿病患者轻度痛苦35例(13.89%),中度或以上痛苦8例(3.17%);糖尿病心理痛苦相关因素有:年龄、自负药费、糖尿病家族史、目前治疗方式、是否有糖尿病并发症、血糖检测、与医务人员制定饮食计划、体育锻炼和糖化血红蛋白。结论社区2型糖尿病部分患者存在着心理痛苦,而这种心理痛苦可能来源于糖尿病患者的年龄、家族史、自费药费的比例、治疗方式的复杂程度等相关因素。应针对患者的不同情况制订个体化干预措施。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.