The Northward Shift of Climatic Belts in China During the Last 50 Years and the Corresponding Seasonal Responses

Along the meridian of 105°E, the Chinese region are divided into two parts, east and west. The results show that in the east part of China the temperate extratropical belt, the warm extratropical belt,and the northern subtropical belt shift northward significantly, whereas the middle subtropical belt and the southern subtropical belt have less or no change. As for the northern subtropical belt, the maximal northward shift can reach 3.7 degrees of latitude. As for the warm extratropical belt, along the meridian of 120°-125°E, the maximal northward shift can reach 3-4 degrees. In the west part of China, each climatic belt changes little. Only in the Xinjiang area are the significant northward shifts. Correspondingly, it is found that in the last 50 years the traditional seasons have changed. For Beijing, Hailar, and Lanzhou, in general, summer becomes longer and winter shorter over the last 50 years. Summer begins early and ends late with respect to early 1950s. Contrary to the summer, winter begins la     

中国东部—西太平洋副热带季风和降水的气候特征及成因分析

利用1981—2000年候平均NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP全球降水资料,分析了从中国东部大陆到西太平洋副热带地区季风和降水季节变化的特征及其与热带季风降水的关系,探讨了季风建立和加强的原因。夏季东亚—西太平洋盛行的西南风开始于江南和西太平洋副热带的春初,并向北扩展到中纬度,热带西南风范围向北扩展的迹象不明显。从冬到夏,中国西部和西太平洋副热带的表面加热季节变化可以使副热带对流层向西的温度梯度反转比热带早,使西南季风在副热带最早开始;从大气环流看,青藏高原东侧低压槽的加强和向东延伸,以及西太平洋副热带高压的加强和向西移动,都影响着副热带西南季风的开始和发展;初夏江南的南风向北扩展与副热带高压向北移动有关,随着高原东侧低压槽向南延伸,槽前的偏南风范围向南扩展。随着副热带季风建立和向北扩展,其最大风速中心前方的低层空气质量辐合和水汽辐合以及上升运动也加强和向北移动,导致降水加强和雨带向北移动。热带季风雨季开始晚,主要维持在热带而没有明显进入副热带,江淮梅雨不是由热带季风雨带直接向北移动而致,而是由春季江南雨带北移而致。在热带季风爆发前,副热带季风区水汽输送主要来自中南半岛北部和中国华南沿海,而在热带季风爆发后,水汽输送来自孟加拉湾和热带西太平洋。     

Glacial/interglacial changes in the East Australian current

The East Australian Current (EAC) is the western boundary current of the south Pacific gyre transporting warm tropical waters to higher southern latitudes. Recent modelling shows that the partial separation of the EAC (~32°S) and the coupled formation of the Tasman Front (~34°S) are caused by a steep gradient in the zonally integrated wind stress curl. Analysis of oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) in the planktonic foraminifer, Globigerinoides ruber, from sediment cores from the Coral Sea and Tasman Sea indicates that the EAC separation shifted northward to between 23 and 26°S during the last glacial. We suggest these results indicate a significant change in the Pacific wind stress curl during the glacial. Given recent evidence for El Niño-like conditions in the Pacific during the last glacial, with a reduction in the east–west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, we suggest that weaker trade winds combined with more northerly, stronger westerlies were associated with a change to the wind stress curl, which repositioned the EAC separation and Tasman Front. In contrast, by ~11 ka BP, the EAC separation was forced south of 26°S. This southward shift was synchronous with a rapid warming of tropical SSTs, and the onset of a La Niña-like SST configuration across the tropical Pacific. It appears that the south Pacific trade winds strengthened accordingly, causing the EAC to readjust its flow. This readjustment of the EAC marks the onset of modern surface-ocean circulation in the southwest Pacific, but the present EAC transport was only achieved in the late Holocene, after 5 ka BP.     

金沙江下游局地大气边界层风场变化特征

利用2008年在金沙江下游溪洛渡水电站坝区及向家坝水电站库区获得GPS低空探空资料以及同步地面观测资料,统计分析了坝区从地面开始到大气边界层2000 m高度四季不同高度的风场变化特征.结果表明:(1)春季溪洛渡坝区大气边界层以偏西风为主导风向,1500m高度层以下静风和小风出现频率大,是四个季节中地面静风、小风出现频率的最大值;(2)夏季地面静风、小风出现频率为四个季节中最小,夏季大气边界层中低层主要盛行西风和西北偏西风;(3)秋季溪洛渡坝区大气边界层中低层主要盛行偏西风,到高层则逐渐转变为偏北风;(4)冬季溪洛渡坝区大气边界层低空盛行以西风和西北偏西风为主导的偏西风;中高层主要风向是西风、西南偏西风、东风和东北偏东风;(5)溪洛渡坝区秋、冬季大气边界层西风、东北偏北风、东北偏东风风速最大值均出现在2000m高度层.     

Characteristics of Subtropical Monsoon and Rainfall over Eastern China and Western North Pacific

Using the NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis and the NOAA Climate Prediction Center's merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP)during 1981-2000, we investigated the seasonal evolution of the southwesterly wind and associated precipitation over the eastern China-subtropical western North Pacific area and its relationship with the tropical monsoon and rainfall, and analyzed the reasons responsible for the onset and development of the wind. It was found that the persistent southwesterly wind appears over southern China and the subtropical western Pacific the earliest in early spring, and then expands southwards to the tropics and advances northward to the midlatitudes. From winter to summer, the seasonal variation of surface heating over western China and the subtropical western Pacific may result in an earlier reversal of the westward tropospheric temperature gradient over the subtropics relative to the tropics, which may contribute to the earliest beginning of the subtropical southwesterly wind. Additionally, the strengthening and eastward expanding of the trough near the eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the strengthening and westward moving of the western Pacific subtropical high also exert positive influences on the beginning and development of the subtropical southwesterly wind.In early summer,the northward expansion of the southwesterly wind over southern China is associated with a northward shift of the subtropical high, while the southward stretch of the southwesterly wind is associated with a southward stretch of the trough in the eastern side of the plateau. With the beginning and northward expansion of the subtropical southwesterly wind (namely southwest monsoon), convergences of the low-level air and water vapor and associated upward motion in front of the strongest southwesterly wind core also strengthen and move northward, leading to an increase in rainfall intensity and a northward shift of the rain belt. Accordingly, the subtropical rainy season occurs the earliest over southern China in spring, moves northward to the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer, and arrives in North China in mid summer.Compared with the subtropical rainy season, the tropical rainy season begins later and stays mainly over the tropics, not pronouncedly moving into the subtropics. Clearly, the Meiyu rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer results from a northward shift of the spring rain belt over southern China,instead of a northward shift of the tropical monsoon rain belt. Before the onset of the tropical monsoon,water vapor over the subtropical monsoon region comes mainly from the coasts of the northern Indo-China Peninsula and southern China. After the onset, one branch of the water vapor flow comes from the Bay of Bengal, entering into eastern China and the subtropical western Pacific via southwestern China and the South China Sea, and another branch comes from the tropical western North Pacific, moving northwestward along the west edge of the western Pacific subtropical high and entering into the subtropics.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地面风场特征及周边地区沙丘排列关系分析

通过对1996~2000年17个气象站风资料的分析和计算, 结合高空环流形势分析, 对塔克拉玛干沙漠近地面风场特征进行了研究, 并对风场特征与周边地区沙丘排列方向之间的关系进行了分析。研究表明:①塔克拉玛干沙漠近地面风场特征是在高空西风带的背景下, 经过青藏高原、天山山脉的动力分支和抬升等作用下形成的。冬季, 尼雅河以东盛行偏东风, 以西盛行偏西风; 夏季, 克里雅河以西地区盛行偏西北风和西风, 以东盛行东北风。②从东到西, 东北风系影响逐渐减弱而西北风系影响逐渐加强; 南北方向变化较为复杂。③除若羌地区外, 塔克拉玛干沙漠输沙势都小于200 VU, 属于低能风环境, 且以单峰或锐双峰为主。在区域分布上, 沙漠东部及中部强度较大, 西部及南部较小。④沙丘排列方向主要由主、次输沙方向的夹角及二者的输沙比率决定, 其走向与最大输沙总量垂直。     

东半球跨赤道气流季节变化的研究

跨赤道气流作为季风环流系统的组成部分,一直被气象工作者所重视。Findlater(1969)第一次证实了夏半年索马里急流的存在,陈于湘得出夏季季风区有105°E和150°E两支跨赤道气流,冯颖竹等人确定出索马里急流、印度尼西亚气流、青藏高原所在经度上的中低空向南气流以及印度尼西亚高空向南气流的存在,李曾中也得到了类似的结果。由以上研究可以看出,他们的许多结论是一致的,但是,这些研究大多数是局限于夏半年以及某些层次上,而对季风系统全年的季节变化以及     

1986－2006年抚顺大风特征分析及预报

选取1986－2006年抚顺地区3个测站地面自记风资料,探讨抚顺地区大风的时空分布规律。结果表明：近20 a抚顺地区大风有多个高值年和低值年,平均7－8年为1个波段,2002年后大风日数明显减少。春季大风最多,冬季最少。根据环流形势特征,将大风分为两高夹低型、东高西低型、西高东低型和中小尺度型4种天气环流类型。建立了偏南大风、偏北大风和中小尺度型大风的预报指标和预报方法,为大风预报提供依据。选取2001－2006年40次大风观测数据进行预报效果检验,预报正确率为62％,检验效果较好。     

An indicator of sand storms in the south of the Tengger Desert

The Shagou section contains rich information about the formation and evolution of sand storms in the windward side of of the Tengger Desert (southern Tengger Desert, east of the Hexi Corridor). By investigating the grain size classes and the standard deviation of three sample groups in the Shagou section we discover that every group has four sensitive grain size components, and each sensitive grain size component has a tendency to be finest for the palaeosol stratum, coarsest for the sand stratum, and the loess intermediate between the two. The three sample groups have differences in their grain size distributions. Both S1 (average) and L1 (average) have two peaks. L1 (sand stratum) has three peaks and an additional coarse peak (275.4-550 µm) which is consistent with the grain size distribution pattern of the modern sand storm samples in the Tengger Desert. Moreover the additional peak of the palaeo-sand stratum correspondingly the interval of the grain size is exactly consistent with one of the four sensitive grain size components. Because the sand stratum in L1 of the Shagou section was the direct result of sand storm process of the Tengger Desert, the sand group percent of 275.4-550 µm in the Shagou section could be used as a sensitive indicator of sand storm in the south of the Tengger Desert (east of Hexi Corridor).     

近50年来中国夏季降水及水汽输送特征研究

利用1951-2006年中国448站夏季降水资料、NCEP/NCAR VersionⅠ的再分析资料,研究了近50年来中国夏季降水年代际变化特征及其分区,并从季风性水汽输送的变化角度出发,讨论了影响中国一些主要地区降水变化的可能机制.研究发现:(1)从总体上来说,自1951年至今,中国夏季降水存在3个突变时段,即1956-1960年,1980年前后以及1993年以后.且90°E以东突变后的主要变化特征都是多雨区由北向南传播,而90°E以西则是多雨区由南向北传播;2)近56年来就110°E以东的中国东部夏季降水而言,1980年以后多雨区由华北南移到长江中下游,又于1993年以后由长江中下游继续南移至华南;3)中国东部各地区降水和850 hpa风场、整层水汽输送场的相关分布一致表明,中国110°E以东各降水区以南为来自偏东偏南的季风性异常水汽输送,而以北为来自偏北风和相应的异常水汽输送,两者在降水区汇合造成风和水汽输送异常辐合.因而,西太平洋副热带高压南侧的东南季风及其异常水汽输送、北方冷槽的偏北风及其异常水汽输送是中国东部夏季降水异常的主要成员,这和一般认为的这些地区降水异常来自孟加拉湾的季风性异常水汽输送的观点不同,需要作进一步研究.总之,对于中国东部旱涝的形成,应该重点注意来自西北太平洋副热带高压西侧的直接或间接经南海到达的异常四南季风性水汽输送.     

1986-2005年抚顺大风特征分析及预报

选取1986-2005年抚顺地区3个测站地面自记风资料,探讨抚顺地区大风的时空分布规律。结果表明：近20a抚顺地区大风有多个高值年和低值年,平均7—8a为1个波段,2002年后大风日数明显减少。春季大风最多,冬季最少。根据环流形势特征,将大风分为两高夹低型、东高西低型、西高东低型和中小尺度型4种天气环流类型。建立了偏南大风、偏北大风和中小尺度型大风的预报指标和预报方法,为大风预报提供依据。选取2001-2005年40次大风观测数据进行预报效果检验．预报正确率为62％,检验效果较好。     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高的影响

首先给出西太平洋副高脊线、面积和西伸指数的定义 ,在此基础上讨论赤道东太平洋海温异常与西太平洋副高的年际变化关系 ,并进一步分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高季节变化的影响。结果表明 ,春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与夏季副高位置和强度的年际变化及季节变化都有密切关系。从春季到夏季 ,春季海温偏暖年副高偏南、偏强、偏西 ;偏冷年副高偏北、偏弱、偏东 ,冷年 6月副高北跳较暖年显著 ,进入秋季后南撤更为迅速     

Changes in wind speed over China during 1956–2004

Based on two observational data sets in China from 1956 to 2004, wind speed changes are analyzed. The annual mean wind speed (MWS), days of strong wind (SWDs), and maximum wind (MW) all show declining trends over broad areas of China. Only in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and the regions from the Great Bend of the Yellow River southward to Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces wind speeds are not significantly reduced, but rather, in partial, these regions’ winds speeds are slightly increased. The regions with declining trends match the areas with relatively strong observed winds and the regions without significant declining trends match the areas with light observed winds. In the meantime, the regions with relatively strong winds correspond to areas of reduced days of SWDs. Trends for both increasing intensities and for the number of days of light winds both impact the installation of wind energy facilities. These may be advantageous to the development of wind energy in different regions. Urbanization, the change of anemometers, or relocation of stations are factors that are mildly responsible for the decreasing trend of MWS. The main reason for the decreasing trend is that under the background of global warming, the contrasts of the sea level pressure, and near-surface temperature between the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean have become significantly smaller, and the east Asian trough has shifted eastward and northward, and has weakened as well. Both East Asian winter and summer monsoons are decreasing, and all of these impacts have resulted in declines of MWS in China.     

青藏高原黑碳气溶胶传输及沉降的季节特征模拟分析

根据全球气溶胶气候模式GEM-AQ/EC的1995~2004年模拟,分析了青藏高原大气黑碳气溶胶的来源、传输及沉降季节特征。研究表明:青藏高原黑碳气溶胶主要来自自由对流层和大气边界层的输送。相对于自由对流层的黑碳输送,紧邻青藏高原的南亚、东亚以及东南亚大气边界层的输送更有效,它形成了青藏高原由北向南、自西往东黑碳气溶胶浓度和沉降明显递增的基本分布形态。横跨欧亚大陆自由对流层的黑碳气溶胶由西向东向青藏高原的输送全年不变,夏季输送路径最北但强度最弱,冬季路径最南而强度最强。大气边界层黑碳气溶胶的输送受控于亚洲季风环流变化,来自南亚的黑碳气溶胶在春季越过孟加拉湾传输进入高原东南部,夏季则可翻越喜马拉雅山抵达青藏高原南部腹地;同时我国中部排放的黑碳气溶胶也在东亚夏季风向北扩展中驱动它从东向西往青藏高原东北部传输。从秋季到冬季,随着夏季风撤退,南亚黑碳源区向青藏高原传输衰退,东亚冬季风的反气旋性环流的南侧及西南侧的偏东风携带秋季我国东南部源区和冬季东南亚源区黑碳气溶胶向青藏高原东南部传输。受青藏高原明显的暖湿季和干冷季气候影响,干湿沉降分别主导了青藏高原冬季和夏季黑碳沉降,夏季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降总量大多超过8~10 kg·km-2,在高原东北部的最高值超过40 kg·km-2。冬季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降量最低,大部地区黑碳沉降低于5 kg·km-2。青藏高原黑碳沉降的冬夏季节相差约为2~8倍。     

东亚中纬度干旱/半干旱区降水年际变化及其可能成因

基于NOAA的全球陆地降水资料(PREC/L)1948～2003年56年的月平均降水资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料以及英国气象局哈德莱中心的海温(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料,并根据多年降水平均图选定了东亚中纬度干旱/半干旱区,对该区域夏季(6～8月)降水进行了经验正交分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)。EOF第一模态呈现出全区一致的变化类型,第二模态则呈现出以100°E为界东西相反的分布类型。通过分析干旱/半干旱区以及以100°E为界的东西两部分降水异常年的环流形势和海温并加以对比,结果表明:在环流场上,对应于东亚中纬度干旱/半干旱区降水偏多年,对流层中下层环流异常在中高纬度呈现为一个东西向波列,乌拉尔山东侧为正的高度异常,贝加尔湖附近乃至以东地区为低压槽所控制;不同的是,对应于100°E以西的干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多年,波列有所东移,并且西太平洋副热带高压有显著北抬;而对应于100°E以东干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多年,环流形势异常基本与整个干旱/半干旱区降水偏多年一致,只是在里海附近有一高度负异常。在200hPa纬向风场上可以看到,当西亚副热带急流偏南加强时,对应于100°E以西的干旱/半干旱区降水偏多;而当东亚、西亚风急流都有显著北抬且加强时,对应于100°E以东干旱/半干旱区的夏季降水偏多,这可能与急流所激发的次级环流有关。进一步对SST的分析表明,海温与100°E以东或以西干旱/半干旱区降水异常的关系也不一样。当前冬、前春赤道中东太平洋都有正的海温异常,而到夏季转换为负的海温异常,且南太平洋在前冬和前春呈现显著负海温异常时,整个干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多;当赤道中东太平洋海温在前冬、前春有正的海温异常并一直减弱,但能维持到夏季,并且北印度洋海温也存在类似的海温异常时,100°E以西的干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多;而当前冬中东太平洋海温较暖但其南部海域偏冷,到了前春这些异常维持,并发展到同期为大范围弱的异常冷海温时,有利于100°E以东的干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多。比较的结果还揭示出,对应于干旱/半干旱区以及100°E以东干旱/半干旱区的降水异常年,海温异常分布大致是一致的;而对应于100°E以西干旱/半干旱区的降水异常年,海温异常分布及时间演变则有较大差异。     

2019年广东前汛期连续暴雨与大气季节内振荡的联系

为了做好连续回流暴雨的中期与延伸期预报,采用小波分析、Lanczos时间滤波器等方法研究了2019年广东前汛期降水与大气季节内振荡的关系,分析了4～5月发生在西南部的两次连续回流暴雨的平均环流场及其低频传播特征的差异,并与6月广东北部锋面型连续暴雨进行对比分析.结果 表明,4～5月两次以阳江为中心的西南部连续暴雨及前汛...     

"05.6"广东致洪暴雨过程的500 hPa环流场及低频特征

分析2005年6月15~25日广东出现的连续暴雨过程及结束期的500 hPa候平均环流场,并对4~9月暴雨中心区域的降水低频振荡特征进行了分析。结果表明:连续暴雨期欧亚中高纬度维持稳定的两槽一脊形势;中低纬度非洲与西太平洋副热带高压强大,西太平洋副高西伸到广东沿海,青藏高原为稳定的高压脊,高原下游为西风槽活动区,使冷空气沿着高原频繁扩散南下,并与西太平洋副高边缘的暖湿气流相遇,产生连续的暴雨过程。当巴尔喀什湖-贝加尔湖的高压脊东移而转为宽槽区,青藏高原高压脊减弱消失,高原以东为平直的西风环流,我国东北到日本为高压脊控制时,西北太平洋副热带高压加强北抬,华南降水减弱,连续暴雨过程结束。小波分析表明,连续暴雨期存在准20 d的周期振荡。     

Oceanographic features of Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound in Summer

Abstract

We present evidence of previously unresolved oceanographic features in Queen Charlotte Sound and Hecate Strait using data collected in the summer of 1990 and interpreted using a three‐dimensional, finite‐element diagnostic numerical model for two separate simulations: baroclinic flow without wind‐forcing and barotropic flow with wind‐forcing. Features include a strong, prevailing southward flow along the east coast of Moresby and Kunghit Islands, clockwise circulation around the edge of Middle Bank and a cold‐water plume flowing from the shallows at the north end of Aristazabal Island toward the south and through the trough between Middle Bank and Goose Island Bank A persistent (near‐surface) outflow into the Pacific Ocean is found near the surface within 20 km of Cape St. James at the southern tip of the Queen Charlotte Islands and intermittent surface outflows are observed across the mouth of Queen Charlotte Sound. In central Hecate Strait, to the north of Middle Bank, prevailing along‐strait currents are weak and there is an east‐west interleaving of two water masses: warm water from the west side of the strait and cold water from the east side.     

青藏高原中东部地区地表感热通量的时空变化特征

基于1970—2015年青藏高原地区78个站点的观测资料,应用物理方法计算了高原中东部地区的感热通量。利用小波分析、相关性分析等研究了高原中东部感热通量的时空特征和影响因子。结果表明,高原年平均和春夏季节,感热通量周期为3~4 a,而秋冬季节为2~3 a;感热通量的变化趋势为,1970—1980年和2001—2015年感热通量呈增加趋势,而1981—2000年呈减小趋势;高原年平均和各季节的最强感热加热中心均位于高原南坡E区（除冬季外),最弱加热区域位于高原西北部A区（夏季除外);高原春秋季节感热通量的空间分布均匀,冬夏季节有明显的梯度分布且梯度相反,夏季呈现自东到西的梯度;春季、夏季及秋季,高原感热通量和降水呈负相关;高原10 m风速的极值中心随季节北上南撤变化与地气温差的强弱变化共同决定了感热通量的季节变化。     

两类El Niño型对西北太平洋季风槽及热带气旋生成的可能影响

通过对1948~2015年不同El Ni?o事件下西北太平洋季风槽变化和热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)生成进行分析,初步探讨了不同El Ni?o型事件对季风槽及其对TC的可能影响。分析结果表明,较东太平洋增暖(eastern Pacific warming,EPW)年,中太平洋增暖(central Pacific warming,CPW)年季风槽偏弱,位置相对偏西、偏北。在CPW年,中(西和东)太平洋海温增暖(降低)引起了从中到西太平洋热带地区的西风异常和中太平洋地区上升运动及对流活动加强,使得季风槽加强东伸,同时西太平洋副高偏弱、偏北,季风槽向北推进;而在EPW年,赤道东(西)太平洋海温增暖(降低)使得赤道地区西风异常显著加强东扩,异常Walker环流的上升支东移至东太平洋,季风活动加强,副高偏强、偏南,这使得季风槽较CPW年相比更强、更偏东。利于TC生成的大尺度环境因子随季风槽强度和位置的变化而发生改变,在CPW年,低层气旋性涡度、高层辐散、高的中层相对湿度以及低垂直风切变区随着季风槽向北移动;而在EPW年,这些因子随季风槽向南、向东偏移。这些大尺度环境因子的变化使得西北太平洋TC生成的位置在CPW年比EPW年更加偏北、偏西。