超声心动图对体肺分流术的评价和随访

目的:体肺分流术是复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病(先心病)的主要姑息手术之一,主要包括改良体肺分流术(BT)和中央分流术(CS)两类.本文回顾性总结超声心动图对不同体肺分流术式和体肺分流术后的评价及中期随访.方法:选择体肺分流术后随访6个月以上的患者资料共87例,其中改良体肺分流术(BT组)42例,中央分流术(CS组)45例,超声心动图检查分别记录手术前后的肺动脉内径及左心室舒张末期前后径变化,分流管道的血流速度和管道通畅情况.结果:两组共7例患者术后当天接受急诊手术对管道进行重新处理.BT组术后平均随访(22.3±12.1)个月,CS组术后平均随访(26.0±21.3)个月.随访期间前者(BT组)有8例发生堵塞,后者(CS组)有6例.分流手术后,左心室前后径扩大CS组为(8.9±3.5)mm较BT组(6.6±5.1)mm显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P=0.03);而两组主肺动脉内径增加值比较差异无统计学意义[(3.1±2.2)mm vs.(1.7±1.8)mm)].术后随访期间接受后期矫治手术两组分别为BT组24例和CS组27例,手术率比较差异无统计学意义[57.1%(24/42)v8 60.0%(27/45),P>0.05].结论:本研究表明两组体肺分流术式都可以促进肺血管和左心室的发育.超声心动图检查在不同术式的体肺分流的术后近期监测及远期随访研究中起着重要的作用.     

原发性心内膜弹力纤维增生症患儿的超声心动图随访

目的：了解原发性心内膜弹力纤维增生症（简称心弹）患儿的心内结构及心功能改变的情况及其指导临床诊断、治疗及预后的价值。方法：心弹组随诊患儿２３例（均经地高辛治疗），年龄３～１７（７．２２±４．２０）岁。距初诊时间３年以上，设配对对照组年龄、性别、身长、体重一致的正常儿童２３名。应用Ｍ型超声心动图、二维超声心动图和多普勒彩色超声心动图测量心脏房室腔的大小、心室壁的厚度及运动，各瓣口血流频谱参数及心功能指数。结果：心弹患儿左心房、左心室明显缩小。除一例１４岁患儿心脏恢复正常外，其余仍轻度扩大。左心室收缩功能与对照组仍有差别。结论：心弹患儿经过３年以上的治疗病情明显好转，但左心收缩功能仍较对照组略低，左心亦较对照组大，应坚持长期治疗。     

埋置心脏复律除颤器患者的随访与药物辅助治疗

为了解埋藏式心脏复律除颤器（ＩＣＤ）埋置后病人及ＩＣＤ工作的情况，以便及时调整ＩＣＤ的诊断及治疗程序从而给予病人更适当的治疗，对８例接受ＩＣＤ治疗的病人分别在出院前及出院后每３～６个月进行一次随访观察。８例病人随访１１．４±７．０个月，共发生心律失常事件２５次。抗心动过速起搏（ＡＴＰ）治疗６７次，第１次成功２２次，占３２．８％。高能量除颤１０次，第１次成功６次，占６０．０％。总成功率９１．３％。１例病人室性心动过速发作频繁、１例病人ＩＣＤ不能有效终止心动过速、２例病人出现甲状腺功能障碍。经调整药物及ＩＣＤ工作方式后，心动过速控制良好。表明对接受ＩＣＤ治疗的病人进行定期随访十分重要，及时调整ＩＣＤ程序设置和辅以药物治疗，可提高ＩＣＤ治疗的成功率。     

埋藏式心脏复律除颤器治疗恶性室性心律失常的随访观察

对２２例埋置了埋藏式心脏复律除颤器（ＩＣＤ）的有晕厥史的恶性室性心律失常患者进行了随访，观察ＩＣＤ的治疗效果。２２例中扩张型心肌病８例、肥厚型心肌病２例、冠心病７例、ＱＴ延长综合症１例，４例未发现器质性心脏病。所有患者均经临床证实有室性心动过速或（和）心室颤动（ＶＴ／ＶＦ）发作。ＩＣＤ具有多项治疗及信息储存记忆功能（即第三代）。随访时通过体外程控仪调出ＩＣＤ储存的资料进行分析。平均随访７．１（１～２３）个月，１１例患者（５０．０％）ＶＴ／ＶＦ发作１１８次，其中５４次为非持续性ＶＴ，均自行终止；接受ＩＣＤ治疗的６４次为ＶＴ／ＶＦ发作，４５次为ＶＴ，２２次由ＩＣＤ的抗心动过速起搏（ＡＴＰ）终止、１６次由低能量（２～１５Ｊ）转复终止、２次发作为窦性心动过速（误判为ＶＴ），其余５次ＶＴ在ＡＴＰ治疗过程中加速转为ＶＦ，由高能量除颤终止。ＩＣＤ诊断的ＶＦ发作共有１９次，发生于４例患者，有１例患者接受除颤１６次，４次系为频率超过ＶＦ感知频率的ＶＴ。１９次发作均被ＩＣＤ有效除颤终止。２例扩张型心肌病患者，１例术后３个月死于心功能衰竭，另１例术后２个月反复发作ＶＦ，多次接受ＩＣＤ除颤治疗，最后死于心功能衰竭。结果表明常规进行?     

Monocyte Function in Children With Neutropenia and Chronic Infections

The phagocytic, bactericidal, and metabolic activities of monocytes frompatients with congenital neutropeniawere not significantly different than theactivities of monocytes from patientswith cyclic neutropenia or chronic infections. However, significant differences in metabolic, phagocytic, andbactericidal functions were found between monocytes from any source andnormal neutrophils. During phagocytosis, monocytes produced more of thebactericidal product hydrogen peroxide than did neutrophils. However,monocytes in suspension had decreased phagocytic capacity compared to neutrophils and killedstaphylococci less well. Moreover,monocytes had a diminished capacityto iodinate ingested bacteria. Quantitation of granular myeloperoxidase activity revealed that monocytes had arelative deficiency of this enzyme,which could explain the decreasediodination and killing of ingested bacteria by monocytes when compared toneutrophils. These findings offer an explanation for the failure of compensatory monocytosis to protect the hostfrom bacterial infection when neutrophil reserves are diminished.

Submitted on September 21, 1971 Revised on January 10, 1972 Accepted on January 11, 1972     

埋藏式心脏复律除颤器临床应用分析

９例药物难治性室性心动过速（ＶＴ）病人接受埋藏式心脏复律除颤器（ＩＣＤ）治疗，其中冠心病７例，扩张型心肌病、房间隔缺损修补术后各１例。８例术前有电击复律／除颤史。９例术前、术后均接受胺碘酮治疗，随访９．８±８．０个月，７例经ＩＣＤ储存资料证实共发生ＶＴ６６６次，１００％被ＩＣＤ有效终止，首次治疗程序成功率为９７％。４例ＶＴ经电击复律，２例因窦性心动过速而误放电，６例有疼痛与恐惧感。１例同时埋置了ＩＣＤ与单极电极导线起搏器，随访１６个月未发现任何不良的相互作用。心理障碍是ＩＣＤ治疗值得重视的问题，医生应协助病人尽量缩短心理调整过程，使之尽快对埋置的ＩＣＤ进行适应。     

Beneficial Effect of Granulocyte Transfusions in Patients with Defects in Granulocyte Function and Severe Infections

A 3-year-old boy (patient A) with a congenital and a 24-year-old man (patient B) with an acquired granulocyte function defect received supportive granulocyte transfusions for the management of severe infections. The boy had suffered from recurrent infections since birth. His granulocytes showed in vitro almost no chemotactic responsiveness, an impaired phagocytosis and reduced intracellular killing of Candida albicans. Family studies suggested that it was an inherited autosomal recessive defect. The child developed a Pseudomonas pneumonia at the age of 3 years, which did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Granulocyte transfusions were then started and soon after the fever and pneumonia disappeared. Patient B showed the haematological signs of a preleukaemic state. He had 3 recurrent episodes of furunculosis which led each time to cellulitis and septic temperatures accompanied by symptoms of an enterocolitis. Tests of granulocyte function in vitro showed reduced intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Granulocyte transfusions were started, since no clinical improvement could be attained by antibiotics. With transfusion therapy, fever, cellulitis and enterocolitis disappeared each time.     

Metabolic and Functional Studies of Monocytes in Congenital Neutropenia

S ummary . Children with the severe form of congenital neutropenia usually die from infection by 2 yr of age. Metabolic and functional studies of monocytes from three patients with this disease were undertaken to understand further the role of monocytes in the host's defences against bacterial infection. The bactericidal capacity of monocytes compared favourably to the bactericidal capacity of control neutrophils (PMN). Metabolic studies of monocytes and control leucocytes showed similar stimulation of oxygen consumption, hexose monophosphate pathway activity arid ¹²⁵iodide fixation during phagocytosis. Further, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of patients'monocytes was comparable to the activity of control leucocytes. Using the Rebuck skin window, very few of the patients'mononuclcar cells were seen to migrate during the initial 2–4 hr of observation. During this time, the PMN migration of controls was maximal. Following the relatively acellular period observed in patients, a brisk mononuclear cell infiltration occurred apparently independent of the presence of neutrophils. Epinephrine injection into patients stimulated a marked increase of blood monocytes, suggesting the existence of a marginal monocyte pool. An injection of hydrocortisone caused an unexplained 3–8-fold decrease in circulating monocytes. The delay of phagocytic cell migration to an inflammatory site, and the apparent sensitivity of monocytes to hydrocortisone may account in part for the increased susceptibility to infection in patients with severe congenital neutropenia.     

Comprehensive Long-Term Follow up of Adults with Arterial Switch Operation– European Collaboration for Prospective Outcome Research in Congenital Heart Disease (EPOCH-ASO)–Study Design and Protocols

Background: Long-term outcomes in adults with prior arterial switch operation (ASO) have not yet been well defined. The aim of this study is to elucidate incidence and predictors of adverse cardiac outcomes in a prospectively followed cohort of adults after their ASO. Methods: The comprehensive longterm follow up of adults with ASO is a project within the European collaboration for prospective outcome research in congenital heart disease (EPOCH). It is designed as a prospective, international multicenter cohort study. Consecutive patients (age ≥ 16 years) with prior ASO will be included at 11 European tertiary care centers. Participants will be followed according to a standardized protocol following international recommendations, including standardized protocols for imaging and for exercise testing. Results: Main outcome measures are all-cause and cardiac-related mortality, rate of cardiac re-intervention, neo-aortic dissection, myocardial infarction, stroke, infective endocarditis, sustained atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, new-onset or worsening pulmonary hypertension or heart failure. Secondary endpoints are frequency and progression of right ventricular outflow stenosis, neo-aortic root dilatation, neo-aortic valve regurgitation and ventricular dysfunction. The impact of demographic, anatomic (e.g., coronary artery anatomy) and functional variables on the above-mentioned outcomes, as well as quality of life and incidence of pregnancy related complications will also be assessed. Conclusion: The prospective, international, multicenter EPOCH-ASO study will provide a better understanding of adverse outcomes and their predictors in adults after ASO. The results of the EPOCH-ASO study may help to optimize future care of this novel patient cohort in adult cardiology.     

A Review of Infections in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Prevention,Diagnosis and Management

Since the advent of ventricular assist devices with smaller configurations and continuous-flow technology, survival rates for patients with end-stage heart failure have dramatically improved. While the burden of infectious complications is decreased in patients on continuous-flow ventricular assist devices compared to bulkier pulsatile-flow devices, infection remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. The majority of infections occur at the driveline exit site, beginning with a disruption or trauma to the barrier between the skin and driveline and sometimes spreading deeper. Once infections develop, they can be difficult to eradicate. Depending on the degree of infection, treatment options may include local wound care, antibiotics, or surgical treatment. Preventive strategies and careful surveillance are crucial to improve patient outcomes.     

When and How to Cover for Fungal Infections in Patients with Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Candida species remain the most frequently isolated fungi in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Delayed antifungal therapy in these patients is a recognized risk factor for mortality. However, the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis remains difficult and is frequently delayed. Clinical scores have been proposed to assess the risk of development of invasive candidiasis or candidemia. Laboratory tools for early diagnosis are disappointing or still under development. Triazoles, polyenes, and echinocandins are the key drugs used to treat invasive candidiasis in ICU patients with similar efficacy, but very variable tolerability. The increasing incidence of fluconazole-resistant and susceptible-dose dependent strains and the safety profile of antifungal agents must be taken into account when selecting empiric therapy, frequently leading to the initial use of echinocandins in ICU patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.     

Corticosteroids May Have Negative Effects on the Management of Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: A Case–Control Study

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging viral hemorrhagic fever in China, Korea, and Japan. To date, no standardized treatment protocol for SFTS has been established. Corticosteroids (CS) may be administered to patients with SFTS and hemophagocytic syndrome, but its effectiveness and safety are still debatable. We conducted a retrospective case series review at four medical facilities in Miyazaki, Japan. Based on the medical records, clinical data, including the patients background, symptoms, physical findings, laboratory data at initial presentation, treatment, and outcome, were compared between the CS-treated and the non-CS-treated group. A total of 47 patients with confirmed SFTS in each hospital were enrolled in this study; there were 14 fatal cases and 33 nonfatal cases. The case fatality ratio was 29.8%. After adjusting patients’ background by propensity score matching, the case fatality ratio was higher (p = 0.04) and complications of secondary infections, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, tended to be more frequent (p = 0.07) in the CS-treated group than in the non-CS-treated group. These data suggested that administration of CS to patients with SFTS should be carefully considered.     

中青年高血压病患者动脉弹性功能与血清脂肪酸

目的 观察中青年高血压病患者和健康对照者基线空腹血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)的差异和大、小动脉弹性功能2年的变化.方法 社区筛选高血压病患者103例(33～60岁),并筛选128例健康非高血压者(年龄匹配),随访2年.采用CVProfilor DO-2020型动脉弹性功能测定仪检测两组2年前后大、小动脉弹性指数(C1和C2),测定基线空腹血FFA、血脂、血糖、胰岛素等.高血压组91例,非高血压组97例得到随访.结果 1)高血压病患者(n=91)的C1、C2均显著低于非高血压病患者[n=97;C1,11.9±3.9比非高血压组:(14.0±4.2)mL/mm Hg×10,P=0.001;C2,4.9±2.2比非高血压病组:(6.1±2.6)mL/mm Hg×100,P=0.001].2)高血压病患者2年的小动脉弹性指数变化值(△C2)显著低于非高血压病患者[-0.24±0.25比非高血压组:(0.75±0.31)mL/mm Hg×100,P=0.014],其大动脉弹性指数变化值(△C1)也降低,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.458).3)与非高血压病患者相比,高血压病患者基线空腹血清饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸水平均显著增高(P均＜0.05),而n-3脂肪酸水平[(96.0±38.9)比非高血压病组:(123.0±36.0)μmol/L,P=0.001]、多不饱和与饱和脂肪酸比值(P/S)(1.60±0.37比非高血压病组:1.90±0.46,P=0.009)显著降低.4)logistic回归分析显示高血压病患者基线空腹血清亚麻酸(18:3 n3)优势比(OR值)和95%可信区间为2.483(1.480～4.166,P=0.001),而DHA(22:6 n3)的为0.329(0.195～0.554,P=0.001).结论 原发性高血压患者动脉弹性年龄相关降低过程加速,空腹血清FFA组成异常(如亚麻酸增高,DHA下降),可能是其高血压发病的危险因素之一.