侧风对高速汽车行驶稳定性影响的仿真分析

汽车高速运动时的方向稳定性受侧向风的影响非常明显,其影响规律与侧风气动中心的位置密切相关。但是,对侧向风的影响有两种不同的观点,一种观点认为与气动中心和中性转向点的相对位置相关;另一种观点则认为取决于气动中心和质心的相对位置。基于二自由度汽车动力学模型,用Matlab软件对侧风引起的汽车行驶稳定性进行了仿真分析,认为汽车在侧风作用下的运动规律取决于侧风气动中心与中性转向点的相对位置。     

汽车侧风稳定性的仿真与评价

本文旨在对汽车高速行驶时遇到突发或者持续的侧风导致车辆轨迹跑偏而引发的汽车行驶稳定性问题进行研究。首先采用CFD仿真计算侧风条件下汽车的气动特性并与风洞试验结果进行对比。接着将CFD仿真得到的气动六分力加载到动力学模型中,预测侧风条件下汽车的横摆角速度和侧偏位移,最后进行实车道路试验,采用主观评价方法比较侧风下汽车稳定性的优劣。结果表明,车型A和车型B在车速100 km/h和侧风速度80 km/h的工况下,最大横摆角速度和受侧风0.5 s侧偏位移仿真结果分别为2.69°/s,265 mm和3.79°/s,374 mm,两个车型的主观驾评结果分别为"良好"和"略好"。最终建立了评价标准,以便在新车型的详细设计阶段指导侧风稳定性能的开发。     

不同角度侧风状态下油罐车的气动特性仿真研究

在高速长途运输中油罐车受侧风影响易出现侧翻等交通事故。文中采用横摆模型法建立不同角度侧风状态下油罐车车身外流场,并进行数值计算,得到油罐车气动特性随侧风角度变化的规律,即随着侧风角度的变化,油罐车受到的侧向力、升力和侧倾力矩、横摆力矩、纵倾力矩明显增大,阻力先增后减;当侧风角度大于60°后升力系数、侧向力系数均较高,说明此时油罐车高速行驶存在较高的危险性。     

侧风下半挂货车侧移特性的分析与优化

为提高某带导流罩的半挂货车侧风作用下的行驶安全性,首先采用CFD与多体动力学软件,对高速行驶的半挂货车侧风作用下的侧移特性进行了分析;然后以导流罩为对象,采用优化拉丁超立方方法进行试验设计;最后基于Kriging模型建立了代理模型,并以此为基础,利用多岛遗传算法进行优化.结果表明,与安装初始导流罩的半挂货车相比,安装优化导流罩后的半挂货车在侧风作用下的侧向位移最大约降低了10％.     

考虑来流偏角的汽车道路行驶阻力研究

汽车日益严苛的排放、油耗法规对准确测量和降低道路行驶阻力提出了更高的要求,气动阻力是汽车道路行驶过程中主要的阻力来源,真实道路自然风来流偏角是影响汽车气动阻力的重要因素。提出了一种基于真实道路来流偏角分布的风平均阻力系数计算方法——偏航角密度法,并和其他风平均阻力系数计算方法进行了比较,利用风洞法测量道路行驶阻力,研究了来流偏角对汽车道路行驶阻力、循环能耗的影响。研究表明,来流偏角概率密度呈现明显的区域分布特征,来流偏角显著影响汽车实际道路气动阻力、循环能耗,根据偏航角密度法,考虑真实道路来流偏角时,气动阻力、循环能耗分别最大可增加3.0%、1.6%。     

高速汽车侧风稳定性研究

汽车高速时的侧风稳定性对其主动安全有着至关重要的影响。文章系统介绍了汽车侧风稳定性的研究背景及国内外的研究现状,探讨了汽车侧风稳定性的研究内容,包括汽车参数的影响、汽车造型的影响、不同侧风的影响、侧风稳定性的评价研究、侧风稳定性试验,展望了高速汽车侧风稳定性研究的发展趋势。     

基于滑模理论的高速车辆侧风稳定性控制研究

针对高速车辆侧风稳定性问题,搭建了汽车多体动力学(multi-body dynamics,MBD)和计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)双向耦合平台,并基于该平台设计了一种侧风稳定性控制系统.该系统的上层控制器基于滑模理论计算出侧风干扰下的高速车辆为维持稳定所需的附加横摆力矩...     

斜独塔混合梁斜拉桥风-汽车-桥梁系统耦合振动研究

针对公路汽车三维绕流特性显著的特点,按照准定常理论推导了适用于公路汽车的脉动风荷载表达式。将自然风、公路汽车、桥梁作为一个统一的相互作用系统,采用风-汽车-桥梁系统耦合振动分析模型,以某斜独塔混合梁斜拉桥为工程背景,研究侧风作用下汽车-桥梁耦合振动特性,并讨论了汽车-桥梁振动的影响因素。研究结果表明：由于桥梁和汽车的气动特性差异,桥梁的竖向抖振现象较横向抖振现象突出,而汽车的横向振动现象较竖向振动更明显。     

汽车车顶广告牌的气动稳定性分析

应用风荷载计算理论对汽车迎风向行驶与侧风向行驶时车顶广告牌的气动稳定性进行了研究，提出了使车顶广告牌不滑动或不翻倒的措施。     

侧风状态下轿车气动特性数值模拟方法的研究

采用3种不同方法,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对侧风状态下轿车的气动特性进行了数值模拟,得到了不同侧风状态下轿车气动阻力系数和侧力系数随横摆角而变化的曲线。讨论了不同方法的优缺点并将模拟结果与风洞实验进行对比,结果表明采用合适的数值模拟方法可省时省力地获得接近于实验的结果。     

Effect of rear slant angle on vehicle crosswind stability simulation on a simplified car model

It is important to know the effect of the aerodynamic forces and moments on driving stability because it is responsible for the excitation and influences the response of the vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of rear slant angle of a surface vehicle on crosswind sensitivity for stability analysis. The vehicle mathematical model used to conduct a dynamic simulation was based on a simple reduced order lateral dynamics of sideslip and yaw rate motion coupled with aerodynamics model. The intention here is to compare the effect of rear slant angles response to crosswind and to rank the crosswind sensitivity ratings. The aerodynamic loads are defined as the function of the aerodynamic derivatives from the static wind tunnel tests. Result shows a 20° rear slant angle demonstrates the highest rating of crosswind sensitivity, while zero degree slant exhibits the least.     

High speed driving stability of passenger car under crosswind effects

The driving stability of a passenger car at high-speed and under crosswind conditions is affected by aerodynamic characteristics as well as their dynamic characteristics, suspension, and weight distribution. In this study, the total measuring system was thought up to understand the transient vehicle dynamics and aerodynamics with driver’s control inputs all together. The test results were taken from a full-scale wind tunnel test, a crosswind generator test and an on-road test. We investigated major aerodynamic parameters that affect the driving stability of passenger cars under crosswind effects such as overtaking, passing each other, natural crosswind, etc. The reaction rate of high-speed stability will be improved when we minimize the total lift, side force and especially the yawing moment.     

Crosswind Sensitivity of Passenger Cars and the Influence of Chassis and Aerodynamic Properties on Driver Preferences

Results of vehicle crosswind research involving both full-scale driver-vehicle tests and associated analyses are presented. The paper focuses on experimental crosswind testing of several different vehicle configurations and a group of seven drivers. A test procedure, which utilized wind-generating fans arranged in alternating directions to provide a crosswind “gauntlet”, is introduced and described. Driver preferences for certain basic chassis and aerodynamic properties are demonstrated and linked to elementary system responses measured during the crosswind gauntlet tests. Based on these experimental findings and confirming analytical results, a two-stage vehicle design process is then recommended for predicting and analyzing the crosswind sensitivity of a particular vehicle or new design.     

考虑气动阻力和横风稳定的汽车车身多目标优化设计

综合考虑了气动阻力特性和横风稳定性,对车身外形参数进行了多目标自动优化设计。综合利用参数化建模技术、计算流体力学(CFD)仿真、试验设计方法、响应面模型和智能优化算法,集成Pro/Engineer参数化建模和ICEM网格划分工具以及Fluent仿真软件,在多学科优化平台modeFRONTIER上,搭建了一种自动优化设计流程。利用该流程,基于遗传算法(GA)对MIRA快背式模型车身几何外形进行了改型设计,得到了考虑车身气动阻力特性和横风稳定性的最优权衡设计解集。该结果使得气动阻力因数降低了5.2%,侧向力因数降低了5.8%。因而,实现了车身气动阻力和横风稳定性的多目标优化。     

Effect of wind speed variation on the dynamics of a high-speed train

The severe shaking due to wind speed variation in high-speed trains has a negative impact on driving safety and riding comfort. It is difficult to solve this problem by directly applying civil engineering technology because of the actual conditions. Therefore, set up a reasonable train operation plan considering the wind speed variation under strong winds is very important. In this study, a multi-body simulation model of a CRH2 high-speed rail vehicle is constructed, and the overturning coefficient is set as the safety limit, we established a crosswind model on the basis of measured wind speed curves and investigated the effect of the rate of wind speed changes, the duration of maximum wind speed and the variation of wind speed in different amplitude on the dynamics of the high-speed train. Considering the most critical wind speed variation conditions, the characteristic wind curve is obtained, which can be used as a reference to set up a reasonable train operation scheme considering the wind speed variation.     

High downforce race car vertical dynamics: aerodynamic index

Race car performance is strongly affected by aerodynamics. Due to downforce generated by the vehicle floor (i.e. diffuser), vehicle ride heights are key parameters to improve performance, and the coupling of aerodynamics and suspension is one of the key points of race car setting. This work focuses on the suspension and aerodynamic coupling from the vertical dynamics point of view. Besides road holding performance, for race cars, aerodynamic performance and stability are major factors. Downforce decreases laptime (the main performance target) but pitch instability is a non-desired effect that can happen in high downforce race cars. A new vertical dynamic performance index is proposed through the use of simulation to improve aerodynamic performance and understand the pitch instability phenomenon. This new index uses all relevant vehicle nonlinearities related to vertical dynamics and can handle a specific track profile and vehicle speed range, allowing the analysis be conducted according to a circuit specification. A previously validated Formula 3 car model was used as an example.     

High fidelity quasi steady-state aerodynamic model effects on race vehicle performance predictions using multi-body simulation

We described in this paper the development of a high fidelity vehicle aerodynamic model to fit wind tunnel test data over a wide range of vehicle orientations. We also present a comparison between the effects of this proposed model and a conventional quasi steady-state aerodynamic model on race vehicle simulation results. This is done by implementing both of these models independently in multi-body quasi steady-state simulations to determine the effects of the high fidelity aerodynamic model on race vehicle performance metrics. The quasi steady state vehicle simulation is developed with a multi-body NASCAR Truck vehicle model, and simulations are conducted for three different types of NASCAR race tracks, a short track, a one and a half mile intermediate track, and a higher speed, two mile intermediate race track. For each track simulation, the effects of the aerodynamic model on handling, maximum corner speed, and drive force metrics are analysed. The accuracy of the high-fidelity model is shown to reduce the aerodynamic model error relative to the conventional aerodynamic model, and the increased accuracy of the high fidelity aerodynamic model is found to have realisable effects on the performance metric predictions on the intermediate tracks resulting from the quasi steady-state simulation.     

Improving crosswind stability of fast rail vehicles using active secondary suspension

Rail vehicles are today increasingly equipped with active suspension systems for ride comfort purposes. In this paper, it is studied whether these often powerful systems also can be used to improve crosswind stability. A fast rail vehicle equipped with active secondary suspension for ride comfort purposes is exposed to crosswind loads during curve negotiation. For high crosswind loads, the active secondary suspension is used to reduce the impact of crosswind on the vehicle. The control input is taken from the primary vertical suspension deflection. Three different control cases are studied and compared with the only comfort-oriented active secondary suspension and a passive secondary suspension. The application of active secondary suspension resulted in significantly improved crosswind stability.     

Influence of unsteady aerodynamics on driving dynamics of passenger cars

Recent approaches towards numerical investigations with computational fluid dynamics methods on unsteady aerodynamic loads of passenger cars identified major differences compared with steady-state aerodynamic excitations. Furthermore, innovative vehicle concepts such as electric-vehicles or hybrid drives further challenge the basic layout of passenger cars. Therefore, the relevance of unsteady aerodynamic loads on cross-wind stability of changing basic vehicle architectures should be analysed. In order to assure and improve handling and ride characteristics at high velocity of the actual range of vehicle layouts, the influence of unsteady excitations on the vehicle response was investigated. For this purpose, a simulation of the vehicle dynamics through multi-body simulation was used. The impact of certain unsteady aerodynamic load characteristics on the vehicle response was quantified and key factors were identified. Through a series of driving simulator tests, the identified differences in the vehicle response were evaluated regarding their significance on the subjective driver perception of cross-wind stability. Relevant criteria for the subjective driver assessment of the vehicle response were identified. As a consequence, a design method for the basic layout of passenger cars and chassis towards unsteady aerodynamic excitations was defined.     

Crosswind Feedforward Control - A Measure to Improve Vehicle Crosswind Behaviour

The theory of crosswind feedforward control was explained using the example of a vehicle with active front-wheel steering. Beforehand, the calculation formulas and frequency responses of the transient crosswind force and of the wind yaw moment acting on the vehicle were derived using the example of a simple vehicle fluid model. The influence of the transiency of crosswind disturbance on the dynamic crosswind behaviour of a vehicle was then presented. The results of simulation confirmed the analyses carried out in the frequency domain for feedforward control with front, rear and all-wheel steering. With front-wheel steering, the influence of crosswind on one of the vehicle movement variables (lateral acceleration or yaw rate) could be almost completely compensated by dynamic feedforward control. With rear-wheel steering, it is only possible to compensate directly for the influence on the yawing rate. Due to the setting of the side force in the same direction as the lateral wind force at the start, active rear-wheel steering is not so successful as active front-wheel steering. Nevertheless, the crosswind behaviour of a vehicle can be considerably enhanced by feedforward control with rear-wheel steering. The best crosswind behaviour was obtained with active all-wheel steering: the vehicle hardly responds at all to crosswinds and remains on course despite heavy gusts of wind.