改善燃油物性降低车辆发动机有害排放和节能的试验研究

车辆尾气有害排放物所造成的环境污染日益严重，根据车辆发动机所用燃油特性，研究了一系列添加剂，由台架对比试验测出，该系列汽油添加剂可使尾气中的碳氢化合物降低３０．１％、一氧化碳降低２０％，柴油添加剂可使尾气中的烟度降低３０％，且节能效果良好。     

降低小功率柴油机燃油消耗率的试验研究

降低小功率柴油机燃油消耗率的试验研究浙江大学内燃机研究所胡章其１前言我国小功率柴油机功率在１０ｋＷ以下的产品，品种多，产量大，除满足国内各类机械的动力配套需要之外，还远销国外。为了降低燃油消耗率，进一步提高产品质量，对小功率柴油机比较典型的几种产品Ｓ...     

柴油机多效燃油助燃剂的研究及应用

柴油机等热能动力装置每年要消耗大量的柴油和重油，而且排气冒黑烟也较严重。为此，开发研制出一种具有节能、净化、防腐等功能的柴油及重油助燃剂。研究结果表明：该助燃剂应用于柴油的综合平均节油率为２．５％以上，应用于重油为５％～１０％；烟度降低２５％以上：并且还具有减少燃烧系统积炭，降低ＣＯ及ＨＣ的有害排放量，改善燃油品质和使用性能，提高抗腐蚀能力等功能。     

柴油机多效燃油助剂的研究及应用

柴油机等热能动力装置每年要消耗大量的柴油和重油，而且排气冒黑烟也较严重。为此，开发研制出一种具有节能，净化，防腐等功能的柴油及重油助燃剂，研究结果表明：该助该剂应用于柴油的综合平均节油纺为２．５％以上，应用于重油为５％－１０％；烟度降低２５％以上；并且还具有减少燃烧系统积炭，降低ＣＯ及ＨＣ的有害排放量，改善燃油品质和使用性质，提高抗腐蚀能力等功能。     

燃油热强化在涡流室式柴油机上的应用研究及其机理探讨

本文首次实验研究了燃油热强化对涡流室式柴油机性能的影响，结果表明有个最佳燃油热强化温度范围。在这一强化温度范围内，发动机油耗有所降低，烟度和ＣＯ，ＮＯｘ排放量大幅下降，排气温度和整机噪声也有所降低。文中还初步阐明了燃油热强化的作用机理。     

燃油掺水乳化技术是改善燃烧提高炉效的有效措施

燃油掺水乳化技术是改善燃烧提高炉效的有效措施大连能源研究所（１１６０１１）倪敏１前言燃油锅炉和燃油加热炉是造船、冶金以及油田油气集输行业的重要耗能设备，通常它的总负荷较大，能耗较高，如何提高炉效，降低能耗已日益引起广大工程技术人员的重视。燃油掺水乳化...     

SMH（Ⅱ）型电站锅炉燃油添加剂

研制了一种用于电站燃油锅炉的ＳＭＨ（Ⅱ）型多功能复合添加剂，该添加剂能缓解电厂锅炉高低温受热面的腐蚀、结焦和积灰、提高锅炉热效率，节约能源，延长设备寿命，提高锅炉可用率，并能降低污染物排放量。     

燃油添加剂在汽车内燃机排气净化中的应用研究

在汽油中添加清净剂可以防止汽油机燃料系统及进气系统沉积物的形成，减少排放污染，降低燃油消耗，在柴油中添加消烟助燃剂能有效减少柴油机碳烟等污染物的生成，本文综述了清净剂和消烟助燃剂的应用研究发展过程，分析了其效果和作用机理，提出了清净剂和消烟助燃剂的研究重点和发展方向。     

直喷柴油机中以小量燃油导喷解决NOx排放与燃油消耗之间…

为了降低废气排放，在增压直喷柴油机上研究了短间隔导喷－主喷的燃油导喷对燃烧的影响。为了抑制由于燃油导喷引起烟度增加，对三种降低导喷油量的技术进行了考查：（１）增加新设计Ｄｏｄｇｅ阀挺杆座直径。（２）减小喷嘴孔径。（３）改变弹簧室压力以控制导喷油量。立足于燃烧性能状态、烟度以及燃油消耗和ＮＯｘ之间的权衡等观点上对每种技术进行比较。当导喷油量下降时，烟度随之下降，而当采用小油量导喷以及减小喷嘴孔径时，     

165F系族小型柴油机节能技术

本文论述小型柴油机降低燃油消耗率的工作机理、技术措施和试验结果。研究表明，１６５Ｆ系族小型柴油机具有较大的节能潜力，在批量生产中完全可以达到《中小功率柴油机产品质量分等》的优等品水平。     

The comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of sesame oil–diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine

The use of vegetable oils as a fuel in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with conventional diesel fuel. Various techniques and methods are used to solve the problems resulting from high viscosity. One of these techniques is fuel blending. In this study, a blend of 50% sesame oil and 50% diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power and torque of the mixture of sesame oil–diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that blend of sesame oil and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and also it is an environmental friendly fuel in terms of emission parameters.     

Performance of rapeseed oil blends in a diesel engine

The concept that 100% vegetable oil cannot be used safely in a direct-injection diesel engine for long periods of time has been stressed by many researchers. Short-term engine tests indicate good potential for vegetable oil fuels. Long-term endurance tests may show serious problems in injector coking, ring sticking, gum formation, and thickening of lubricating oil. These problems are related to the high viscosity and nonvolatility of vegetable oils, which cause inadequate fuel atomization and incomplete combustion. Fuel blending is one method of reducing viscosity. This paper presents the results of an engine test on three fuel blends. Test runs were also made on neat rapeseed oil and diesel fuel as bases for comparison. There were no significant problems with engine operation using these alternative fuels. The test results showed increases in brake thermal efficiency as the amount of rapeseed oil in the blends increases. Reduction of power-output was also noted with increased amount of rapeseed oil in the blends. Test results include data on performance and gaseous emissions. Crankcase oil analyses showed a reduction in viscosity. Friction power was noted to increase as the amount of diesel fuel in the blend increases.     

Synergistic effect of hydrogen and waste lubricating oil on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine

The demand for energy is increasing every year. For a long time, fossil fuels have been used to satiate this energy demand. However, using hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels has led to an enormous rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere resulting in global warming. It is therefore necessary to look for alternatives to fossil fuels. The research carried out till date have shown biomass and waste-derived fuels as plausible alternatives to fossil fuels. The biomass feedstock includes jatropha oil, Karanja oil, cottonseed oil, and hemp oil among others and wastes include used cooking oil, used engine oil, used tire and used plastics etc. In this study, the authors aim to explore waste lubrication oil as a fuel for the diesel engine. The used lubrication oil was pyrolyzed and diesel-like fuel with 80% conversion efficiency was obtained. A blend of the fuel and diesel in the ratio of 80:20 on volume basis was prepared. Engine experiments at various load conditions was carried out with the blend. As compared to diesel, a 2% increase in thermal efficiency, 6.3%, 16.1% and 13.6% decrease in smoke, CO and HC emissions & 3.2% and 1.8% increase in NOx and CO₂ emission were observed at full load with the blend. With an aim to further improve the engine performance and reduce the overall emissions from the engine exhaust, a zero-carbon fuel namely gaseous hydrogen was inducted in the intake manifold. The flow rate of hydrogen was varied from 3 to 12 Litres per minute (LPM). As compared to diesel, at maximum hydrogen flow rate the thermal efficiency increased by 12.2%. HC, CO and smoke emissions decreased by 42.4%, 51.6% and 16.8%, whereas NOx emissions increased by 22%. The study shows that the combination of pyrolyzed waste lubricant and hydrogen were found to be suitable as a fuel for an unmodified diesel engine. Such fuel combination can be used for stationary applications such as power backups.     

Effect of Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester on the Performance and Exhaust Emission of a Diesel Engine

Numerous studies indicated that oil sources in the world will come to an end. As a result, new alternative energy sources will be required to substitute for oil. Some of the experimental studies showed that vegetable oil can be used as alternative fuel in diesel engines. The viscosity of vegetable oil is much higher than that of standard diesel fuel; therefore, the high viscosity of the vegetable oil can cause problems for injection systems and engine components. To decrease viscosity, cottonseed methyl ester was obtained from raw cottonseed oil by transesterification method. In this study, cottonseed methyl ester was used in a four-stroke, single cylinder, and air-cooled diesel engine as alternative fuel. Engine tests carried out at full load-different speed range, the engine torque and power of cottonseed oil methyl ester was found to be lower than that of diesel fuel in the range of 3–9% and specific fuel consumption was higher than that of diesel fuel by approximately 8–10%. CO ₂ , CO, and NO _x emissions of cottonseed methyl ester were lower than that of diesel fuel.     

Progress in biodiesel processing

Biodiesel is a notable alternative to the widely used petroleum-derived diesel fuel since it can be generated by domestic natural sources such as soybeans, rapeseeds, coconuts, and even recycled cooking oil, and thus reduces dependence on diminishing petroleum fuel from foreign sources. The injection and atomization characteristics of the vegetable oils are significantly different than those of petroleum-derived diesel fuels, mainly as the result of their high viscosities. Modern diesel engines have fuel-injection system that is sensitive to viscosity change. One way to avoid these problems is to reduce fuel viscosity of vegetable oil in order to improve its performance. The conversion of vegetable oils into biodiesel is an effective way to overcome all the problems associated with the vegetable oils. Dilution, micro-emulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification are the four techniques applied to solve the problems encountered with the high fuel viscosity. Transesterification is the most common method and leads to monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils and fats, now called biodiesel when used for fuel purposes. The methyl ester produced by transesterification of vegetable oil has a high cetane number, low viscosity and improved heating value compared to those of pure vegetable oil which results in shorter ignition delay and longer combustion duration and hence low particulate emissions.     

Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine

The scarce and rapidly depleting conventional petroleum resources have promoted research for alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Among various possible options, fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) present promising “greener” substitutes for fossil fuels. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere along with import substitution of petroleum products. However, several operational and durability problems of using straight vegetable oils in diesel engines reported in the literature, which are because of their higher viscosity and low volatility compared to mineral diesel fuel.In the present research, experiments were designed to study the effect of reducing Jatropha oil’s viscosity by increasing the fuel temperature (using waste heat of the exhaust gases) and thereby eliminating its effect on combustion and emission characteristics of the engine. Experiments were also conducted using various blends of Jatropha oil with mineral diesel to study the effect of reduced blend viscosity on emissions and performance of diesel engine. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was used for the experiments. The acquired data were analyzed for various parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), smoke opacity, CO₂, CO and HC emissions. While operating the engine on Jatropha oil (preheated and blends), performance and emission parameters were found to be very close to mineral diesel for lower blend concentrations. However, for higher blend concentrations, performance and emissions were observed to be marginally inferior.     

Management,conversion, and utilization of waste plastic as a source of sustainable energy to run automotive: a review

Increased usage of plastic and absence of an efficient system to address its non-degradability has become a serious issue threatening the human life. On the other hand, increased fossil fuel consumption which led to their depletion necessitates the search for an alternative that could replace the conventional fuels and alongside abate the emissions. Both the non-degradability of plastic and need for an alternative fuel can be addressed by converting the waste plastic to useful energy. The present article reviews about pyrolysis, a chemical treatment to convert waste plastic to energy. It also focuses on its functional feasibility as a fuel in a compression ignition engine. Reportedly, waste plastic oil when used in a diesel engine yields lesser thermal efficiency, higher brake specific fuel consumption, increased emissions of carbon monoxides, and oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons. Irrespective of its disadvantages, it is worthwhile to note that it is waste plastic which is converted to useful energy. However, not much work on the technical feasibility and functional efficacy of waste plastic oil as a fuel in a diesel engine is reported, and hence, research in this application seems to gain its focus in near future.     

Comparative study of regulated and unregulated gaseous emissions during NEDC in a light-duty diesel engine fuelled with Fischer Tropsch and biodiesel fuels

In this study, regulated and unregulated gaseous emissions and fuel consumption with five different fuels were tested in a 4-cylinder, light-duty diesel EURO IV typically used for the automotive vehicles in Europe. Three different biodiesel fuels obtained from soybean oil, rapeseed oil and palm oil, a Fischer Tropsch fuel and an ultra low sulphur diesel were studied. The test used was the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), this allowed tests to be carried out on an engine warmed up beforehand to avoid the effect of cold starts and several tests a day. Regulated emissions of NO_X, CO, HC and CO₂ were measured for each fuel. Unburned Hydrocarbon Speciation and formaldehyde were also measured in order to determine the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) of the gaseous emissions. Pollutants were measured without the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) to gather data about raw emissions. When biodiesel was used, increases in regulated and unregulated emissions were observed and also significant increases in engine fuel consumption. The use of Fischer Tropsch fuel, however, caused lower regulated and unregulated emissions and fuel consumption than diesel.     

Transportation: meeting the dual challenges of achieving energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions

As the population and economy continue to grow globally, demand for energy will continue to grow. The transportation sector relies solely on petroleum for its energy supply. The United States and China are the top two oil-importing countries. A major issue both countries face and are addressing is energy insecurity as a result of the demand for liquid fuels. Improvements in the energy efficiency of vehicles and the substitution of petroleum fuels with alternative fuels can help contain growth in the demand for transportation oil. Although most alternative transportation fuels — when applied to advanced vehicle technologies — can substantially reduce greenhouse emissions, coal-based liquid fuels may increase greenhouse gas emissions by twice as much as gasoline. Such technologies as carbon capture and storage may need to be employed to manage the greenhouse gas emissions of coal-based fuels. At present, there is no ideal transportation fuel option to solve problems related to transportation energy and greenhouse gas emissions. To solve these problems, research and development efforts are needed for a variety of transportation fuel options and advanced vehicle technologies.     

世界船舶排放法规的进展及其主要配套技术探讨

介绍了世界船舶排放法规的进展及排放控制技术,指出使用低硫燃料和进行发动机技术改造是降低排放的主要途径,由此会带来对发动机原有润滑系统造成破坏等问题,所以船用润滑油的研究要与船舶发动机的发展同步,润滑油的研究重点应在使用无灰清净分散剂,具有优良的抗磨性、抗锈性和抗乳化性,并能够形成稳定边界油膜的低碱值润滑油上。