分子信标方法研究HIV-1整合酶3'加工反应动力学

HIV-1整合酶催化病毒cDNA与宿主细胞基因组DNA的整合,是病毒在宿主细胞中增殖的一个关键酶.3'加工是整合酶催化整合过程的第一步反应,3'加工反应动力学的研究对整合酶催化机理研究和以整合酶为靶点的药物研发都具有重要意义.构建了野生型HIV-1整合酶重组质粒,在大肠杆菌BL21中诱导表达,通过对包涵体变性、复性,纯化得到了整合酶蛋白.基于分子信标原理,设计了荧光和淬灭基团标记的DNA底物,通过荧光信号实时监测3'加工反应,对酶反应的动力学性质进行研究.结果表明,纯化的整合酶蛋白具有较高的活性,酶反应表现出显著的Mg2+偏好性.酶动力学研究(Km=131.79 nmol/L,Kcat=0.0042 min-1)表明,该分子信标方法和设计的DNA底物可用于整合酶3'加工反应动力学研究以及酶反应性质的研究.     

HIV-1整合酶四聚体结构模拟及其活性位点分析

HIV-1复制需要HIV-1整合酶将其环状DNA整合进宿主DNA中,这其中包括2个重要反应,即“3′-加工”和“链转移”,两者均由HIV-1整合酶催化完成.阻断其中的任一反应,都能达到抑制HIV-1复制的目的.因此,了解HIV-1整合酶的完整结构和聚合状态,对深入探讨其作用机理及设计新型抑制剂具有重要的指导作用.然而,迄今为止仅有HIV-1整合酶单独结构域的晶体结构可供参考,而其全酶晶体结构尚未获得解析.本研究利用分子模拟技术,通过蛋白质 蛋白质/DNA分子对接、动力学模拟等方法,构建了全长整合酶四聚体的结构模型、HIV-1 DNA与整合酶复合物的结构模型,进一步从理论上证实HIV-1整合酶是以四聚体形态发挥催化作用,明确“3′-加工”和“链转移”在HIV-1整合酶上的催化位点.同时,通过与作用机理相似的细菌转座子Tn5转座酶等的结构比对,推测HIV-1整合酶的核心结构域中应有第2个Mg^２＋存在,其位置螯合于Asp64与Glu152之间.在HIV-1整合酶结构研究的基础上,有望进一步设计出新的抗艾滋病药物.     

HIV-1整合酶去整合活性高通量检测方法的建立

HIV-1整合酶催化病毒DNA与宿主细胞基因组整合,是病毒复制所需的关键酶之一,也是抗病毒药物研发的重要靶点.IN及其核心结构域均能在体外催化去整合反应.本研究表达纯化了IN和IN-CCD蛋白,建立了一种检测IN和IN-CCD去整合活性的微孔板式高通量方法.设计了生物素和地高辛修饰的去整合DNA底物,运用链亲和素标记的珠子捕获反应产物,再通过酶标地高辛抗体及随后的酶联免疫吸附实验方法对地高辛定量以检测去整合.结果显示,IN和IN-CCD催化的去整合反应信号（A405）分别达到1.6和1.2,而背景信号值低于0.05;IN去整合反应更倾向于使用Mn2＋而不是Mg2＋作为金属辅助离子;研究还发现,已知的IN抑制剂baicalein是IN-CCD抑制剂.以上结果表明,本工作建立的检测方法能高通量、高灵敏度和高特异性地研究去整合反应,并能够应用于以IN为靶点,特别是以IN-CCD为靶点的HIV抑制剂的筛选.     

HIV-1整合酶及其抑制剂的研究进展

HIV-1整合酶是由HIV病毒pol基因编码的分子量为32KD的蛋白质,是HIV病毒复制的必需酶之一,它催化病毒DNA整合入宿主染色体DNA。人类细胞中没有HIV 整合酶的类似物[1],理论上抑制整合酶对人体副作用很小。因此HIV-1整合酶成为继HIV-1蛋白酶,逆转录酶后治疗艾滋病的富有吸引力和合理的靶标。本文综述了HIV整合酶结构,抑制剂的研究以及以HIV-1 整和酶为靶点治疗AIDS方法的最新研究进展。     

日本鳗鲡肠道N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

为了探讨日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.52, NAGase)的分离纯化及其酶学性质, 通过硫酸铵沉淀分级分离、Sephadex G-100分子筛凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32离子交换柱层析纯化NAGase, 经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和SDS-PAGE鉴定酶的纯度、测定酶蛋白亚基分子质量; 以对-硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖为底物, 研究NAGase催化反应的动力学参数, 探讨其酶学性质。结果表明: 日本鳗鲡肠道NAGase纯酶制剂比活力为2517.40 U/mg, 酶蛋白亚基分子质量为69.98 kD, 酶的最适pH、最适温度、米氏常数K_m和最大反应速度V_max分别为6.0、60℃、0.336 mmol/L和7.634 μmol/(L·min); 酶在pH 4.8—7.2较稳定, 在温度60℃以下具有较好的热稳定性, 在65℃以上酶迅速失活。Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺...     

HIV-1整合酶的功能及其抑制剂的研究进展

I型人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeflciency virustype1,HIV-1）在宿主细胞内经逆转录得到的cDNA,由整合酶（integrase,ry）催化插入到宿主基因组DNA中,该过程称为整合过程。整合是HIV-1复制周期中不可缺少的步骤,对于病毒的复制至关重要,因此对整合酶的抑制能够有效地起到抗HIV的作用。该文综述了整合酶的结构与功能以及目前关于整合酶抑制剂的最新研究进展。     

HIV-1整合酶链转移反应抑制剂的荧光筛选方法

整合酶被认为是抗HIV-1药物研究的理想靶点之一。为了建立便捷高效的整合酶链转移反应抑制剂筛选方法,首先将HIV-1整合酶原核表达载体pNL-IN转化入大肠杆菌感受态细胞BL21(DE3)进行原核表达,并用镍琼脂糖凝胶进行亲和纯化,获得了纯度和活性均较高的整合酶重组蛋白;然后设计了生物素标记的供体DNA和FITC标记的靶DNA,用链霉亲和素磁珠捕获反应体系中的DNA产物;最后用荧光分析仪检测DNA产物的荧光信号,并计算待测样品的抑制率。用已知整合酶抑制剂S-1360和MK-0518对筛选方法进行了验证,测定结果与已有实验数据相当,表明本筛选方法能够有效应用于HIV-1整合酶链转移反应抑制剂的筛选。与现有的整合酶链转移反应抑制剂筛选方法相比,本筛选方法步骤更为简化、耗时更短、成本更低。     

枯草芽孢杆菌嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶酶学性质研究及在利巴韦林酶法合成中的应用

利用PCR技术从枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA中扩增出其编码嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶的两种基因deoD和punA,构建工程菌并采用金属螯合层析纯化PNP₇₀₂和PNP₈₁₆,酶学性质研究表明:二者具有一致的最适反应温度(60℃)和最适反应pH值(7~8),PNP₈₁₆磷酸解肌苷的催化效率(k_cat/K_m)比PNP₇₀₂高出11.12倍。底物特异性试验表明:PNP₇₀₂为高分子量的六聚体,而PNP₈₁₆为低分子量的三聚体。分别以纯化酶和工程菌菌体为酶源,以肌苷或鸟苷为核糖基供体,TCA(1,2,4-三氮唑-3-甲酰胺)为底物,酶法合成核苷类抗病毒药物利巴韦林,PNP₈₁₆和工程菌XL-Blue(pPNP₈₁₆)较PNP₇₀₂和工程菌XL-Blue(pPNP₇₀₂)具有更高的催化速度和底物转化率,表明来源于微生物的低分子量的三聚体PNP在核苷类药物和中间体微生物酶法合成中具有更高的应用价值。     

HIV-1整合酶单链抗体的构建及表达

病毒DNA整合到被感染的宿主细胞的染色体上需要逆转录病毒基因组的有效复制,而这一反应是由病毒编码的酶——整合酶(Inte-grase,IN)调节的。由于IN在逆转录病毒生命周期的早期阶段起着关键的作用,所以它已经成了对HIV-1基因治疗的一个非常吸引人的靶蛋白。由于对这个酶缺少有效的抑制剂,人们开始探讨新的抑制其活性的方法,包括抗体的使     

Sp100与HIV-1整合酶互作并抑制其介导的病毒整合

Sp100是核颗粒ND10的组成蛋白,在哺乳动物细胞中广泛存在．Sp100参与多种细胞生理病理过程,如转录调控、细胞内抗病毒免疫等．利用酵母双杂交系统,我们发现了Sp100的互作蛋白HIV-1整合酶,免疫共沉淀实验进一步证实了Sp100与 HIV-1整合酶的互作,细胞内荧光共定位实验也证实了二者在细胞内部分共定位．此外,突变体实验表明,Sp100的C端300～480氨基酸和HIV-1的催化结构域是两个蛋白质的互作区域．利用siRNA降低细胞内Sp100的表达量,可以增加HIV-1整合酶介导的病毒的整合,反之,细胞内过表达Sp100则会降低HIV-1整合酶介导的病毒的整合．这是首次发现Sp100可以和HIV-1整合酶发生相互作用,并进而抑制病毒的整合．我们发现了Sp100作为HIV-1整合酶互作蛋白的新功能,并扩展了细胞防御病毒感染的相关研究．     

Recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase exhibits a capacity for full-site integration in vitro that is comparable to that of purified preintegration complexes from virus-infected cells

Retrovirus preintegration complexes (PIC) in virus-infected cells contain the linear viral DNA genome (approximately 10 kbp), viral proteins including integrase (IN), and cellular proteins. After transport of the PIC into the nucleus, IN catalyzes the concerted insertion of the two viral DNA ends into the host chromosome. This successful insertion process is termed "full-site integration." Reconstitution of nucleoprotein complexes using recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) IN and model viral DNA donor substrates (approximately 0.30 to 0.48 kbp in length) that are capable of catalyzing efficient full-site integration has proven difficult. Many of the products are half-site integration reactions where either IN inserts only one end of the viral donor substrate into a circular DNA target or into other donors. In this report, we have purified recombinant HIV-1 IN at pH 6.8 in the presence of MgSO4 that performed full-site integration nearly as efficiently as HIV-1 PIC. The size of the viral DNA substrate was significantly increased to 4.1 kbp, thus allowing for the number of viral DNA ends and the concentrations of IN in the reaction mixtures to be decreased by a factor of approximately 10. In a typical reaction at 37 degrees C, recombinant HIV-1 IN at 5 to 10 nM incorporated 30 to 40% of the input DNA donor into full-site integration products. The synthesis of full-site products continued up to approximately 2 h, comparable to incubation times used with HIV-1 PIC. Approximately 5% of the input donor was incorporated into the circular target producing half-site products with no significant quantities of other integration products produced. DNA sequence analysis of the viral DNA-target junctions derived from wild-type U3 and U5 coupled reactions showed an approximately 70% fidelity for the HIV-1 5-bp host site duplications. Recombinant HIV-1 IN successfully utilized a mutant U5 end containing additional nucleotide extensions for full-site integration demonstrating that IN worked properly under nonideal active substrate conditions. The fidelity of the 5-bp host site duplications was also high with these coupled mutant U5 and wild-type U3 donor ends. These studies suggest that recombinant HIV-1 IN is at least as capable as native IN in virus particles and approaching that observed with HIV-1 PIC for catalyzing full-site integration.     

Activities of the feline immunodeficiency virus integrase protein produced in Escherichia coli.

Retroviral DNA integration requires the activity of at least one viral protein, the integrase (IN) protein. We cloned and expressed the integrase gene of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in Escherichia coli as a fusion to the malE gene and purified the IN fusion protein by affinity chromatography. The protein is active in site-specific cleavage of the viral DNA ends, DNA strand transfer, and disintegration. FIV IN has a relaxed viral DNA substrate requirement: it cleaves and integrates FIV DNA termini, human immunodeficiency virus DNA ends, and Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA ends with high efficiencies. In the cleavage reaction, IN exposes a specific phosphodiester bond near the viral DNA end to nucleophilic attack. In vitro, either H2O, glycerol, or the 3' OH group of the viral DNA terminus can serve as nucleophile in this reaction. We found that FIV IN preferentially uses the 3' OH ends of the viral DNA as nucleophile, whereas HIV IN protein preferentially uses H2O and glycerol as nucleophiles.     

HIV-1 Integrase and Virus and Cell DNAs: Complex Formation and Perturbation by Inhibitors of Integration

HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes integration of viral DNA into cell DNA through 3′-processing of viral DNA and strand transfer reactions. To learn on binding of IN to DNAs and IN inhibition we applied spectroscopy (circular dichroism, fluorescence) in a simplified model consisting in a peptide analogue (K156) of α4 helix involved in recognition of viral and cell DNA; an oligonucleotide corresponding to the U5′ LTR DNA end; and an inhibitor (TB11) of the diketo acid (DKA) family. Results extrapolated to IN show that: the enzyme binds viral DNA with high affinity and specificity, but cell DNA with low affinity and specificity; the affinity of TB11 for IN is high enough to impair the binding of IN to cell DNA, but not to viral DNA. This explains why TB11 is an inhibitor of strand transfer but not of 3′-processing. These results can help in the search of new IN inhibitors.     

Mutations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase D,D(35)E Motif Do Not Eliminate Provirus Formation

The core domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) contains a D,D(35)E motif, named for the phylogenetically conserved glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues and the invariant 35 amino acid spacing between the second and third acidic residues. Each acidic residue of the D,D(35)E motif is independently essential for the 3′-processing and strand transfer activities of purified HIV-1 IN protein. Using a replication-defective viral genome with a hygromycin selectable marker, we recently reported that a mutation at any of the three residues of the D,D(35)E motif produces a 10³- to 10⁴-fold reduction in infectious titer compared with virus encoding wild-type IN (A. D. Leavitt et al., J. Virol. 70:721–728. 1996). The infectious titer, as measured by the number of hygromycin-resistant colonies formed following infection of cells in culture, was less than a few hundred colonies per μg of p24. To understand the mechanism by which the mutant virions conferred hygromycin resistance, we characterized the integrated viral DNA in cells infected with virus encoding mutations at each of the three residues of the D,D(35)E motif. We found the integrated viral DNA to be colinear with the incoming viral genome. DNA sequencing of the junctions between integrated viral DNA and host DNA showed that (i) the characteristic 5-bp direct repeat of host DNA flanking the HIV-1 provirus was not maintained, (ii) integration often produced a deletion of host DNA, (iii) integration sometimes occurred without the viral DNA first undergoing 3′-processing, (iv) integration sites showed a strong bias for a G residue immediately adjacent to the conserved viral CA dinucleotide, and (v) mutations at each of the residues of the D,D(35)E motif produced essentially identical phenotypes. We conclude that mutations at any of the three acidic residues of the conserved D,D(35)E motif so severely impair IN activity that most, if not all, integration events by virus encoding such mutations are not IN mediated. IN-independent provirus formation may have implications for anti-IN therapeutic agents that target the IN active site.     

Small-angle X-ray characterization of the nucleoprotein complexes resulting from DNA-induced oligomerization of HIV-1 integrase

HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyses integration of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the host genome. Specific interactions between retroviral IN and long terminal repeats (LTR) are required for this insertion. To characterize quantitatively the influence of the determinants of DNA substrate specificity on the oligomerization status of IN, we used the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. Under certain conditions in the absence of ODNs IN existed only as monomers. IN preincubation with specific ODNs led mainly to formation of dimers, the relative amount of which correlated well with the increase in the enzyme activity in the 3′-processing reaction. Under these conditions, tetramers were scarce. Non-specific ODNs stimulated formation of catalytically inactive dimers and tetramers. Complexes of monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms of IN with specific and non-specific ODNs had varying radii of gyration (R_g), suggesting that the specific sequence-dependent formation of IN tetramers can probably occur by dimerization of two dimers of different structure. From our data we can conclude that the DNA-induced oligomerization of HIV-1 IN is probably of importance to provide substrate specificity and to increase the enzyme activity.     

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration protein: DNA sequence requirements for cleaving and joining reactions.

Using purified integration protein (IN) from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and oligonucleotide mimics of viral and target DNA, we have investigated the DNA sequence specificity of the cleaving and joining reactions that take place during retroviral integration. The first reaction in this process is selective endonucleolytic cleaving of the viral DNA terminus that generates a recessed 3' OH group. This 3' OH group is then joined to a 5' phosphoryl group located at a break in the target DNA. We found that the conserved CA located close to the 3' end of the plus strand of the U5 viral terminus (also present on the minus strand of the U3 terminus) was required for both cleaving and joining reactions. Six bases of HIV U5 or U3 DNA at the ends of model substrates were sufficient for nearly maximal levels of selective endonucleolytic cleaving and joining. However, viral sequence elements upstream of the terminal 6 bases could also affect the efficiencies of the cleaving and joining reactions. The penultimate base (C) on the minus strand of HIV U5 was required for optimal joining activity. A synthetic oligonucleotide mimic of the putative in vivo viral "DNA" substrate for HIV IN, a molecule that contained a terminal adenosine 5'-phosphate (rA) on the minus strand, was indistinguishable in the cleaving and joining reactions from the DNA substrate containing deoxyadenosine instead of adenosine 5'-phosphate at the terminal position. Single-stranded DNA served as an in vitro integration target for HIV IN. The DNA sequence specificity of the joining reaction catalyzed in the reverse direction was also investigated.     

Human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein requires a subterminal position of its viral DNA recognition sequence for efficient cleavage.

Retroviral integration requires cis-acting sequences at the termini of linear double-stranded viral DNA and a product of the retroviral pol gene, the integrase protein (IN). IN is required and sufficient for generation of recessed 3' termini of the viral DNA (the first step in proviral integration) and for integration of the recessed DNA species in vitro. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) IN, expressed in Escherichia coli, was purified to near homogeneity. The substrate sequence requirements for specific cleavage and integration of retroviral DNA were studied in a physical assay, using purified IN and short duplex oligonucleotides that correspond to the termini of HIV DNA. A few point mutations around the IN cleavage site substantially reduced cleavage; most other mutations did not have a drastic effect, suggesting that the sequence requirements are limited. The terminal 15 bp of the retroviral DNA were demonstrated to be sufficient for recognition by IN. Efficient specific cutting of the retroviral DNA by IN required that the cleavage site, the phosphodiester bond at the 3' side of a conserved CA-3' dinucleotide, be located two nucleotides away from the end of the viral DNA; however, low-efficiency cutting was observed when the cleavage site was located one, three, four, or five nucleotides away from the terminus of the double-stranded viral DNA. Increased cleavage by IN was detected when the nucleotides 3' of the CA-3' dinucleotide were present as single-stranded DNA. IN was found to have a strong preference for promoting integration into double-stranded rather than single-stranded DNA.     

Biochemical and random mutagenesis analysis of the region carrying the catalytic E152 amino acid of HIV-1 integrase

HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of the proviral DNA into the cellular genome. The catalytic triad D₆₄, D₁₁₆ and E₁₅₂ of HIV-1 IN is involved in the reaction mechanism and the DNA binding. Since the integration and substrate binding processes are not yet exactly known, we studied the role of amino acids localized in the catalytic site. We focused our interest on the V₁₅₁E₁₅₂S₁₅₃ region. We generated random mutations inside this domain and selected mutated active INs by using the IN-induced yeast lethality assay. In vitro analysis of the selected enzymes showed that the IN nuclease activities (specific 3′-processing and non-sequence-specific endonuclease), the integration and disintegration reactions and the binding of the various DNA substrates were affected differently. Our results support the hypothesis that the three reactions may involve different DNA binding sites, enzyme conformations or mechanisms. We also show that the V₁₅₁E₁₅₂S₁₅₃ region involvement in the integration reaction is more important than for the 3′-processing activity and can be involved in the recognition of DNA. The IN mutants may lead to the development of new tools for studying the integration reaction, and could serve as the basis for the discovery of integration-specific inhibitors.     

Designed zinc finger protein interacting with the HIV‐1 integrase recognition sequence at 2‐LTR‐circle junctions

Integration of HIV‐1 cDNA into the host genome is a crucial step for viral propagation. Two nucleotides, cytosine and adenine (CA), conserved at the 3′ end of the viral cDNA genome, are cleaved by the viral integrase (IN) enzyme. As IN plays a crucial role in the early stages of the HIV‐1 life cycle, substrate blockage of IN is an attractive strategy for therapeutic interference. In this study, we used the 2‐LTR‐circle junctions of HIV‐1 DNA as a model to design zinc finger protein (ZFP) targeting at the end terminal portion of HIV‐1 LTR. A six‐contiguous ZFP, namely 2LTRZFP was designed using zinc finger tools. The designed motif was expressed and purified from E. coli to determine its binding properties. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to determine the binding affinity of 2LTRZFP to its target DNA. The level of dissociation constant (K_d) was 12.0 nM. The competitive SPR confirmed that 2LTRZFP specifically interacted with its target DNA. The qualitative binding activity was subsequently determined by EMSA and demonstrated the aforementioned correlation. In addition, molecular modeling and binding energy analyses were carried out to provide structural insight into the binding of 2LTRZFP to the specific and nonspecific DNA target. It is suggested that hydrogen‐bonding interactions play a key role in the DNA recognition mechanisms of the designed ZFP. Our study suggested an alternative HIV therapeutic strategy using ZFP interference of the HIV integration process.