超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪尿中7中α2-受体激动剂残留

建立了检测猪尿中7种α2-受体激动剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。试样经调节pH,乙酸乙酯提取并浓缩、净化后,经液相色谱-串联质谱测定,外标法定量。结果表明,7种α2-受体激动剂在1~80μg /L浓度范围内均呈良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99。7种目标化合物检测限为0.1 μg /L,定量限为0.3 μg /L。在1～20 μg /kg添加浓度范围内回收率为60%～110%,相对标准偏差小于15%。该方法方便快捷,定性准确,可为猪尿中该类兽药残留的日常监控提供方便、快捷的检测方法支持。     

液质串联法测定饲料中16种β-受体激动剂

建立检测饲料中16种β-受体激动剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)分析方法。样品经酸性甲醇提取,浓缩后用甲醇:0.1%甲酸(20:80)溶解进样,经超高效液相色谱-串联质谱在多反应检测(MRM)模式下测定。结果显示:16种β-受体激动剂基质添加标准曲线在50～1 000μg/kg质量浓度范围内线性良好。在50～1 000μg/kg添加水平下,16种β-受体激动剂的加标回收率在65%～105%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%(n=6);该方法对动物饲料16种β-受体激动剂的定量限为0.05 mg/kg(信噪比>10),检出限为0.01 mg/kg(信噪比>3)。     

基于液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定猪和鸡粪便中β-受体激动剂残留的研究

试验建立一种检测畜禽粪便中25种β-受体激动剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品经酸性乙腈提取,加C18粉净化,浓缩后用0.2%甲酸溶解进样,经液相色谱-串联质谱进行多反应检测。结果显示,在1~100μg/kg质量浓度范围内25种β-受体激动剂基质添加标准曲线线性良好。在5~50μg/kg添加水平条件下,猪和鸡粪便中25种β-受体激动剂类药物加标回收率为71.0%~103.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于15.0%;试验方法的定量限和检出限分别为5和1μg/kg。     

猪肉及组织中β-受体激动剂UPLC-MS/M检测方法研究

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)检测猪肉中克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇3种β-受体激动剂残留方法.选用盐酸葡萄糖醛苷酶/芳基硫酸酯酶水解,混合型阳离子交换固相萃取净化,以0.1%甲酸水溶液-0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液-甲醇为流动相,超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测,在1.0、5.0、10μg/kg浓度添加水平,空白肌肉组织中3种药物添加平均回收率范围84~95%,标准偏差3.6~8.1%.该方法检测限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.3μg/kg,具有准确敏感特性.     

液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测饲料中7种α_2受体激动剂类药物

研究首次建立饲料中替扎尼定、赛拉嗪、美托咪啶、胍那苄、利美尼定、胍法新和可乐定这7种常见的α_2受体激动剂的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。饲料样品经0.2%甲酸甲醇提取液(10∶90)提取,MCX固相萃取柱净化后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测,外标法定量。该方法在0.5~100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,方法最低检出限为0.01 mg/kg,定量限为0.05 mg/kg,7种α_2受体激动剂在不同饲料中呈现良好的回收率。该方法灵敏度高、选择性好,可作为饲料中α_2受体激动剂的确证方法。     

猪肝、牛肉、羊肉中5种β-受体激动剂残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法的建立

本试验旨在建立猪肝、牛肉、羊肉中5种β-受体激动剂残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速检测方法。样品用80%的乙腈提取,经过PRiME HLB固相萃取柱一步净化,氮吹浓缩,最后用10%甲醇复溶。以10 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液-10 mmol/L乙酸铵甲醇溶液(pH=5)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用多反应监测模式进行测定,内标法定量。5种β-受体激动剂浓度在0.5～50.0 ng/mL呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)在0.999 63～0.999 96。5种β-受体激动剂浓度为0.5、1.0、5.0μg/kg时,在猪肝中回收率为93.7%～106.1%,牛肉中回收率为95.2%～104.0%,羊肉中回收率为95.1%～106.0%。通过试验得出该方法具有较好的准确度和重复性。按照特征离子色谱峰信噪比(S/N)=3得出,5种β-受体激动剂检出限为0.01～0.04μg/kg,定量限为0.02～0.15μg/kg。本法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确度好,适合大批量畜产品中β-受体激动剂残留的检测分析。     

超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法检测六种动物组织中盐酸氯丙嗪残留

建立了检测六种动物组织中盐酸氯丙嗪残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)分析方法。样品经碱性乙醚提取,浓缩后用甲醇溶解,经超高液相色谱-串联质谱在多反应检测(MRM)模式下测定。在3 min以内完成盐酸氯丙嗪的定量分析。结果显示盐酸氯丙嗪标准曲线在0.2~100μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,标准溶液中D3-氯丙嗪内标浓度为固定值5μg/L。线性相关系数(r)为0.999 8;在0.5、1、5、10μg/kg添加水平下,盐酸氯丙嗪的加标回收率在83%~104%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%(n=6);本方法对六种动物组织中盐酸氯丙嗪的定量限为0.5μg/kg(S/N10),检出限为0.2μg/kg(S/N3)。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测饲料中4种硝基咪唑类药物

建立了同时检测饲料中洛硝哒唑、甲硝唑、二甲硝唑、替硝唑4种硝基咪唑类药物的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取,Oasis MCX柱净化,以0.1%甲酸水-乙腈溶液为流动相梯度洗脱进行液相色谱-串联质谱检测。在10、50、100μg/kg的添加浓度下,饲料中各药物的回收率为70.3%～96.0%,相对标准偏差为4.2%～8.7%。检测限为3μg/kg,定量限为10μg/kg。     

UPLC/MS-MS结合QuEChERs检测可食性鸡组织中8-α-羟基妙林残留

为准确测定可食性鸡组织中8-α-羟基妙林的残留量,试验建立了一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC/MS-MS）结合QuEChERs的快速检测方法。样品经酸化丙酮提取,Bond Elut QuEChERs柱净化,氢氧化钠碱溶液水解,乙酸乙酯反萃取,高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定。结果显示：鸡肉和鸡肝中8-α-羟基妙林在50～200μg/kg浓度范围内,方法具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数≥0.99;在可食性鸡组织中的检出限为10～20μg/kg,定量限为25～50μg/kg;8-α-羟基妙林在50、100和200μg/kg添加水平下平均回收率为65.07%～103.16%,批内、批间变异系数均≤20%。研究提示：建立的方法操作简便、结果准确,满足了兽药残留药物痕量检测方法规定要求,适用于可食性鸡组织中8-α-羟基妙林的残留量测定。     

液相色谱/串联质谱法检测猪肉中三种化学物质的残留试验

本试验建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测猪肉中克伦特罗、沙丁胺醇、莱克多巴胺残留的方法。样品中的药物残留采用0.2mol/L pH5.2的乙酸铵缓冲液提取,加入β-葡萄糖醛酸酶/芳基硫酸酯酶进行酶解,提取液经混合型阳离子交换柱进行净化,液相色谱-串联质谱测定,内标法定量。克伦特罗0.05μg/kg;莱可多巴胺、沙丁胺醇0.2μg/kg。回收率均大于88%。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.