小孔节流静压止推气体轴承静特性的数值分析

介绍了计算流体力学软件 FLUENT 及其在气体轴承研究中的应用.针对环形小孔节流静压止推气体轴承,基于 FLUENT 软件进行了简化假设并建立了计算模型,利用 FLUENT 软件对止推气体轴承模型进行了数值分析,求解了环形小孔节流静压止推气体轴承的压力场分布、耗气量和承载能力等轴承静特性,并成功捕捉到了大气膜间隙下供气孔周围的压力突降区.对计算结果进行了分析,并与文献计算值以及试验值进行了对比,验证了数值分析的可靠性.     

气体静压多孔质止推轴承静态特性的理论发展

多孔质材料被用来作空气静压轴承的节流器在过去已经广为报道了。多孔质材料节流器化传统的了流器具有一些显的优点,如设计和制造简单,很高的承载能力和刚度,更优越的尼特性以及体成。甚至更加复杂的几何结构如球轴承,空气静压丝杠也能够很容易获得,到目前为止,止推轴承尤其是圆板状的止推轴承是进行理论分析的最简化的几何模型,同时也是报道最多的。本首先介绍多孔质空气静压轴承的理论,接着着重介绍多孔质止推轴承的理论发展,最后,作讨论了关于多孔质介质的进一步研究的方向。     

环形多孔质节流器外径对气压轴承静态特性的影响

随着精密超精密加工技术的不断发展,气压轴承技术的水平也不断得到提高。以环形局部多孔质静压气体止推轴承为对象,在确定多孔质节流器节流面积与节流器高度不变前提下,分析节流器外径变化对轴承承载力、刚度、质量流量的影响规律。为节流器参数优化奠定了基础。     

小孔节流静压支承轴承力学性能的数值建模

为了讨论小孔节流空气静压支承轴承的节流器尺寸,气膜厚度与供气压等轴承参数对轴承力学性能的影响。针对圆柱腔小孔节流静压支承止推轴承,首先进行了轴承间隙流场的数值仿真与分析,其中以小孔尺寸,气腔尺寸,供气压及气膜厚为设计变量,利用正交实验设计的基本原理构造正交表,通过对轴承间隙流场的数值计算进行采样以获取轴承的承载力与刚度;其次在设计变量范围内基于径向基神经网络模型建立承载力与刚度的分析数学模型,在该分析模型中全面考虑了各轴承参数的作用,同时考虑了轴承间隙的流场结构对力学性能的影响,得到的模型经过拟合校验以证明具有足够的精度;最后基于该分析模型讨论了小孔与气腔尺寸对轴承承载力与刚度的影响,为工程设计提供了参考。     

真空预载型多孔质气体止推轴承静态特性研究

为了提高孔质静压气体轴承的刚度,将负压腔引入多孔质静压气体止推轴承的设计中,运用有限元方法对真空预载型多孔质静压气体止推轴承进行数值分析,分析负压腔真空度、负压腔面积比S_a/S(负压腔横截面积与轴承横截面积比值)、多孔材料渗透率、供气压力等因素对轴承静态特性的影响。分析结果显示:负压腔中真空度的变化对轴承的刚度几乎没有影响;真空度的增大,改变了气膜的压力分布造成轴承承载能力在一定程度上的下降;在气膜间隙5～12μm之间,真空腔的引入使气膜刚度明显增加;当S_a/S≠0,气膜间隙8～10μm时,S_a/S值的变化对轴承承载能力的影响较刚度更大;在一定承载能力下,轴承刚度随负压腔面积比增大而增大,而气膜厚度随之逐渐减小。试制真空吸附型多孔质静压气体止推轴承,并对其承载能力、刚度进行试验,实验值和理论值有较好的一致性。     

多孔质静压轴承概述

多孔质材料作为气体静压或者液体静压轴承的节流器具有广阔的应用前景,主要是因为相对于传统的小孔节流轴承来说,气体或液体静压多孔质轴承具有很高的承载能力,良好的稳定性和低成本等优点。本文综述了多孔质静压轴承的静态特性和动态特性的研究现状,分3个部分介绍了多孔质轴承的发展过程,给读者一个全面的了解。     

气体静压止推轴承静态性能的数值仿真与实验研究

应用Fluent软件对小孔节流气体静压止推轴承进行了三维流场的模拟计算,分析了节流孔孔径、节流器工作面积、气源供气压力等因素对气体静压轴承性能的影响。结果表明:止推轴承的承载能力随着节流孔直径的增大而增大,在气膜间隙较小时,刚度随着节流孔孔径增大而减小,在气膜间隙较大时,刚度随着节流孔孔径的增大而增大;在保证加工精度的前提下,增大节流器工作面尺寸,以及在保证气源供气连续的前提下,增大气腔供气压力,都可以显著地改善止推轴承的静态性能。在自行研制的实验平台上进行气体静压实验,实验结果与数值模拟计算结果具有较好一致性,证明了将该数值计算方法的可行性。     

微孔节流器静压气体止推轴承性能分析*

传统固有孔节流静压气体止推轴承研究的理论基础均建立在节流孔直径远大于气膜间隙的前提下,为了探究与气膜间隙同一数量级的微孔节流器静压气体止推轴承的静态性能,建立微孔节流静压气体止推轴承模型,通过CFD软件进行三维仿真,分析不同气膜间隙、孔径、供气压力对轴承静态特性的影响,并与环面节流器静压气体止推轴承进行对比。结果表明:无论是微孔节流器还是环面节流器,在节流孔出口处均有压降出现,但微孔节流器相对于环面节流器在节流孔出口边缘处速度和压力变化较为平缓;随着气膜间隙的增大轴承承载力减小,随着微孔节流器孔径减小轴承刚度增大,相同孔径下供气压力越大轴承承载力和刚度越大。     

多孔质气体静压径向轴承的Fluent仿真与实验研究

多孔质气体静压轴承相比传统的小孔节流轴承具有更高的承载能力,更好的稳定性及便于加工等优点。应用基于有限体积法的软件Fluent分析偏心率、多孔质材料渗透率、轴承长径比和平均气膜厚度等关键因素对多孔质径向轴承静态性能的影响,分析结果显示,在给定轴承平均气膜厚度的情况下,存在最佳的渗透率区间使得承载能力最大,增加轴承长径比和减小平均气膜厚度均可以提高多孔质径向轴承的承载能力及刚度,但需要根据加工装配工艺要求及实际工况选择合适的参数。设计制造中心供气新形式的多孔质径向轴承,通过仿真得到气膜间隙的压力分布及承载能力,并通过实验验证仿真结果的正确性。仿真和实验结果表明,该结构形式的多孔质径向轴承承载性能优良。     

氧气压缩机重载荷曲轴用小孔节流静压轴承的设计

提出用剖分结构的静压轴承作为氧气压缩机曲轴支承轴承,取代轴瓦剖分形式的滑动轴承.设计了剖分式静压轴承结构和节流方式,确定该静压轴承的各项参数,分析了油腔、小孔结构对静压轴承的轴承刚度、功耗以及承载能力的影响.结果表明采用小孔静压轴承避免了普通滑动轴承工作时的干摩擦,实现了真正的油膜润滑;当小孔直径选择适当数值时,不仅可获得较大的承载刚度,并且具有较小的摩擦功耗.     

Load Capacity Estimation of Foil Air Journal Bearings for Oil-Free Turbomachinery Applications

This paper introduces a simple “Rule of Thumb” (ROT) method to estimate the load capacity of foil air journal bearings, which are self-acting compliant-surface hydrodynamic bearings being considered for Oil-Free turbomachinery applications such as gas turbine engines. The ROT is based on first principles and data available in the literature and it relates bearing load capacity to the bearing size and speed through an empirically based load capacity coefficient, D. It is shown that load capacity is a linear function of bearing surface velocity and bearing projected area. Furthermore, it was found that the load capacity coefficient, D, is related to the design features of the bearing compliant members and operating conditions (speed and ambient temperature). Early bearing designs with basic or “first generation” compliant support elements have relatively low load capacity. More advanced bearings, in which the compliance of the support structure is tailored, have load capacities up to five times those of simpler designs. The ROT enables simplified load capacity estimation for foil air journal bearings and can guide development of new Oil-Free turbomachinery systems.     

Hydrodynamic lubrication of porous journal bearings using a modified Brinkman-extended Darcy model

A numerical solution for the hydrodynamic lubrication of finite porous journal bearings considering the flexibility of the liner is introduced. The Brinkman-extended Darcy equations and the Stokes' equations are utilized to model the flow in the porous region and fluid film region, respectively. A stress jump boundary condition at the porous media/fluid film interface and effects of viscous shear are included into the lubrication analysis. Elrod's cavitation algorithm, which automatically predicts film rupture and reformation in the bearing, is implemented in the solution scheme. The present analysis predictions for pressure distributions, load carrying capacity, and friction factor are in good agreement with three different sets of experimental results available in the literature. Furthermore, the effects of dimensionless permeability parameter, and stress jump parameter on performance parameters such as load carrying capacity, side leakage, friction factor, and attitude angle, are presented and discussed.     

Rotation effects on hybrid air journal bearings

Rotation effects of hybrid air journal bearings with multi-arrays of orifice feedings are investigated numerically. Porous air bearings are also solved for comparison. The results show that bearing load capacity W increases faster with eccentricity ratio than with rotation speed, i.e. bearing number Be. There are optimum orifice diameters, i.e. optimum feeding parameters λ_o, which give maximum load capacity W for orifice feeding; but for porous feeding, load capacity W increases with feeding parameters λ_p. It was found that the load capacity increases with feeding arrays of orifices and five rows of orifice feedings can approximate the operations of porous bearings very well. It was also found that load capacity W does not increase further when air supply pressure exceeds 5 atm because there is a critical pressure ratio through orifice (e.g. (P_o/P_s)<0.53).     

Wave Journal Bearing with Compressible Lubricant—Part II: A Comparison of the Wave Bearing with a Wave-Groove Bearing and a Lobe Bearing

To identify the potential advantages of the wave journal bearing, a three-wave journal bearing was compared to both a three-wave-groove bearing (a wave bearing with axial grooves that isolate each wave) and a three-lobe bearing. The lobe bearing's profile was selected to approximate the wave journal bearing's profile. The lubricant was assumed to be compressible (gas). The bearing number, A, was parameterized from 0.01 to 100, and the eccentricity ratio, ε, was varied from 0 to 0.4. Data at bearing numbers 0.1, 1, and 50, and eccentricity ratios of 0.1 and 0.4, were selected as representative of the bearing performance. The calculated load capacity and the critical mass are presented for the three bearings. The wave bearing shows a better load capacity than the other bearings at any applied load and running regime. However, at high bearing numbers the lubricant compressibility effect is predominant and all three analyzed bearings show similar load capacity. The critical masses of the wave-groove and lobe bearing are greater than the critical mass of the wave bearing if the applied load is small. For low and intermediate bearing numbers the wave-groove bearing is more stable than the other bearings especially at low wave's amplitude ratio. The lobe bearing is more stable than the other analyzed bearings at high bearing numbers or at large preload ratios. If the applied load increases, the wave bearing dynamic performance is competitive with both wave-groove and lobe bearings. In addition, at high bearing numbers, the wave bearing could run stably for any allocated rotor mass over a wide range of wave position angle. Three wave bearings are more sensitive to the direction of the applied load than the other bearings especially at low and intermediate bearing numbers. Therefore, a careful selection of the waves position angle has to be done to maximize the wave bearing performance.     

The Externally Pressurized,Porous Wall,Gas-Lubricated Journal Bearing-III

Previous studies in this series have investigated analytically and experimentally the performance characteristics of nonrotating porous journal bearings. In this paper the effects of rotation are analyzed for operation at small eccentricity ratios and also for operation at very large speed parameters. Shaft rotation is found to have a generally beneficial effect on the flow-rate requirements and load carrying capacity.     

气体静压多孔质球面轴承静态性能分析

与传统的小孔节流气体静压轴承相比,气体静压多孔质轴承具有高承载能力、高阻尼和很好的稳定性等。气体静压多孔质球面轴承具有合力始终对准球心,轴承运转平稳等优点,既具有轴向限制同时具有径向限制,在工业当中应用相当普遍。给出了球面轴承的理论分析、有限元推导过程,基于有限元推导过程给出了球面轴承的理论计算静态性能。在自行研制的试验台上进行气体静压试验,由此得到轴承的静态性能。试验结果和理论计算结果之间的吻合良好,从而说明理论计算的正确性和可行性。     

Experimental Investigation Regarding the Effects of Grooves on Conical Bearing Performance

An experimental investigation is made regarding conical bearing characteristics related to the introduction of grooves. Load capacities of three bearing types are compared, i.e., smooth bearings, bearings with radial grooves, and bearings with inclined grooves rotated in both directions. The obtained results indicate that the presence of grooves significantly affects conical bearing performance. It is concluded that for the maximum load capacity, a bearing with inclined grooves should be used with forward rotation, i.e., when the entry part of the groove advances ahead of the exit of the groove.     

Stiffness and Damping Coefficient Estimation of Compliant Surface Gas Bearings for Oil-Free Turbomachinery

Gas foil bearings are a key technology in many commercial and emerging oil-free turbomachinery systems. These bearings are nonlinear and have been difficult to analytically model in terms of performance characteristics such as load capacity, power loss, stiffness, and damping. Previous investigations led to an empirically derived method, a rule-of-thumb, to estimate load capacity. This method has been a valuable tool in system development. The current article extends this concept to include rules for stiffness and damping coefficient estimation. It is expected that these rules will further accelerate the development and deployment of advanced oil-free machines operating on gas foil bearings.     

A Hybrid Search Algorithm for Porous Air Bearings Optimization

The study deals with the development of a hybrid search algorithm for efficient optimization of porous air bearings. Both the compressible Reynolds equation and Darcy's law are linearized and solved iteratively by a successive-over-relaxation method for modeling parallel-surface porous bearings. Three factors affecting the computational efficiency of the numerical model are highlighted and discussed. The hybrid optimization is performed by adopting genetic algorithm (GA) for initial search and accelerated by simplex method (SM) for refined solution. A simple and useful variable transformation is presented and used to convert the unconstrained SM to a constrained method. In this study, the hybrid search algorithm for a multi-variable design exhibits better efficiency compared with the search efficiency by using the SM. The proposed hybrid method also eliminates the need of several trials with random initial guesses to ensure high probability of global optimization. This study presents a new approach for optimizing the performance of porous air bearings and other tribological components.