行间生草对玫瑰香葡萄生长及土壤性状的影响

本试验通过在玫瑰香葡萄园行间间作中华薄荷、猫薄荷、神香草、紫花苜蓿和清耕处理,探索行间不同生草植物对玫瑰香葡萄生长及葡萄园土壤性状的影响。结果表明:4种行间生草处理玫瑰香葡萄生长量均高于清耕,间作猫薄荷效果最明显。4种行间生草处理土壤有机质含量均高于清耕。不同处理的土壤速效氮含量顺序为:薄荷=对照CK>猫薄荷>神香草>紫花苜蓿。不同处理的土壤速效磷含量的顺序为:薄荷>猫薄荷>紫花苜蓿>神香草>对照CK。不同处理的土壤速效钾含量顺序为:神香草>薄荷=紫花苜蓿>猫薄荷>对照CK。     

避雨栽培下行间生草对‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄果实品质的影响

为探索鲁中地区避雨栽培模式下行间生草对葡萄果实的影响,以‘摩尔多瓦’为试材,在棚架式避雨栽培模式下行间种植三叶草、紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和鼠茅草,以清耕为对照,研究不同生草种类对‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明:除三叶草外,其他生草种类均降低葡萄可滴定酸含量,有助于葡萄果实品质的改善。与对照相比,黑麦草提高穗质量、粒质量及果粒纵横径;鼠茅草提高可溶性固形物及还原性糖含量。因此,鲁中地区避雨栽培模式下,黑麦草对葡萄果实的外观影响较大,鼠茅草对葡萄果实的内在品质影响较大。本研究为鲁中地区避雨栽培葡萄园生草种类的选择提供参考。     

不同草种对‘赤霞珠’葡萄幼苗生长和土壤理化性状的影响

本研究以一年生酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’自根苗为试材,幼苗周围人工种植野豌豆和黑麦草及自然生草,以清耕为对照,研究不同草种对根箱内葡萄幼苗生长、碳氮营养和土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明:与清耕相比,黑麦草和自然生草能显著提高枝条和根系储藏营养;野豌豆显著降低葡萄幼苗生长量和根系储藏营养。黑麦草和自然生草可减小根系直径,提高二级侧根和毛细根数量,而野豌豆则相反。黑麦草和自然生草作为绿肥为葡萄提供相似水平的氮素,效果显著优于野豌豆;自然生草对增加葡萄碳素贡献最大,明显优于黑麦草和野豌豆。三种草均能优化土壤理化性状。总之,黑麦草和自然生草适合葡萄幼苗行内生草,野豌豆不宜用于葡萄幼苗生草。     

乳酸菌Viniflora、Lalvin31在干红葡萄酒中的降酸比较

两种乳酸菌Viniflora,Lalvin31接种于佳丽酿干红葡萄酒中，分别进行苹果酸－乳酸（MLF）发酵，结果表明，Viniflora发酵速率和降酸幅度均低于Lalvin31，产生的挥发酸高于Lalvin31，经MLF后，酒体的柔和指数均有升高，但Viniflora的升高幅度低于Lalvin31,说明菌种Lalvin31的降酸效果优于Viniflora菌种。     

梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中酸的变化

红葡萄酒和某些白葡萄酒经MLF,苹果酸经脱羧转化为乳酸和CO2,改善葡萄酒品质.利用葡萄酒成分快速分析仪对昌黎产区2007年份梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒MLF过程成分变化进行了检测,分析酒体中苹果酸、乳酸、总酸、pH值及挥发酸成分的变化.结果表明,高pH值和低SO2更容易触发和启动MLF,80%的苹果酸在MLF后期被快速降解掉.苹果酸到乳酸的转化引起总酸的降低和pH值的升高,苹果酸脱羧引起的降酸占降酸总量的94%以上;pH值在MLF前后上升了0.09～0.14;挥发酸略有升高,为0.03～0.06g/L.     

两种乳酸菌在干红葡萄酒中MLF的比较

将两种乳酸菌MBR和VINIFLORA分别接种于赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中进行苹果酸-乳酸发酵(MLF).结果表明,在试验条件下,乳酸菌MBR的降酸幅度和降酸速率均高于乳酸菌VINIFLORA;MBR产生的挥发酸低于乳酸菌VINIFLORA;pH值变化在正常范围内;影响MLF的主要因素是SO2的含量和pH值的高低.说明在进行MLF时,乳酸菌MBR的发酵特性优于乳酸菌VINIFLORA.     

葡萄酒中MLF的研究及技术应用

MLF（苹果酸-乳酸发酵）是葡萄酒酿造的必经步骤，可有效降低葡萄酒中的苹果酸，突出了果香。改善了口感，是葡萄酒生物降酸的主要方法。本文介绍了MLF的机理、引起MLF的微生物及其在葡萄酒酿造中的作用．对影响MLF环境因素和现代发酵工程技术在MLF中的新的应用与发展也作了阐述。     

苹果酸-乳酸发酵在葡萄酒酿造中的应用

苹果酸一乳酸发酵(MLF)是红葡萄酒酿造的必经步骤，是葡萄酒生物降酸的主要方法，MLF可有效降低葡萄酒中的苹果酸。苹果酸是一种具有强烈辛酸味的双羧基酸，常规的物理、化学降酸方法对苹果酸不起作用，而MLF可降解苹果酸，使之转化为单羧基的、口感酸味柔和的乳酸，使葡萄酒的有机酸含量降低，酒体协调性增加，并可提高其生物稳定性和风味复杂性。本文介绍了MLF的机理、引起MLF的微生物及其在葡萄酒酿造中的作用，对影响MLF环境因素和现代发酵工程技术(固定化技术和膜生物反应器)在MLF中的新的应用与发展也作了阐述。     

葡萄园不同覆盖对红地球果实品质的影响

以红地球葡萄为试材,通过葡萄园秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、生草覆盖和清耕4种处理,研究土壤不同保护性措施对红地球葡萄品质的影响。结果表明:秸秆、地膜和生草覆盖均能显著提高红地球葡萄的果实品质,其中以地膜覆盖处理效果最好,果粒重达到12.24g,较清耕提高22.40%;穗重998.23g,较清耕提高20.79%;可溶性固形物含量较清耕提高12.30%,达到13.88%;有机酸含量为0.36%,较清耕降低50.68%。秸秆覆盖和生草覆盖也能显著改进葡萄品质,秸秆覆盖效果较好。     

生草和树枝覆盖对果园土壤持水性能的影响--测试文章

针对黄土高原枣园普遍盛行传统清耕制,将生草及覆盖技术引入枣园生产中,于2011—2013年采用人工土槽模拟研究方法,探讨不同生草和覆盖措施对枣树地土壤持水性能的影响。结果表明：生草与枣树枝覆盖能有效改善土壤物理结构、提高土壤孔隙度、降低土壤容重;各处理土壤水分蓄持能力及比水容量均按枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草、枣树枝全覆盖、白三叶生草覆盖和清耕处理依次递减,处理间的差异在高吸力阶段更为明显;与清耕处理相比,生草与覆盖处理土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数均有提高,枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草处理增加最为明显,分别增加9%、20%、33%。     

苹果酸-乳酸发酵(MLF)对葡萄酒中主要挥发性成分的影响

研究MLF对赤霞珠葡萄酒中主要挥发性成分的含量和比例的影响。采用液一液萃取方法。利用GC—MS对葡萄酒中挥发性成分进行了分离、鉴定和计算。结果表明，MLF葡萄酒较未经MLF的葡萄酒中挥发性成分的总量有所提高；异戊醇、2-羟基丙酸乙酯、琥珀酸乙酯和醋酸在两工艺的葡萄酒中的含量和比例存在明显差异；乳酸、乳酸乙酯和两种未能准确鉴定的物质只在MLF葡萄酒中作为主要成分被分离检测到。MLF增加了挥发性成分的总含量，同时改变了部分挥发性成分的含量和比例，产生了新的挥发性成分，从而影响和改变了葡萄酒的香气。     

Malolactic fermentation of Tempranillo wine: contribution of the lactic acid bacteria inoculation to sensory quality and chemical composition

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) of Tempranillo Rioja wines (Spain) inoculated with two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were studied and compared with spontaneous MLF. Inoculation with selected Oenococcus oeni lyophila shortened MLF duration up to 19 days and lead to wines with more fresh and fruity characters, especially when implantation was 100%. We demonstrated modifications in the concentration of volatile and nitrogenous compounds and a good correlation between analytical and sensory attributes was also noted. In addition, the low initial amino acid concentration and the consumption of these compounds by the inoculated yeast strain during alcoholic fermentation resulted in wines with very low biogenic amines levels (under 3.75 mg L^?1) after MLF and 3 month storage period in all cases. The results showed the significance of choose the most suitable starter to elaborate quality wines and suggest the control of amino acid content in must and wine to prevent the formation of biogenic amines.     

植物乳杆菌发酵对沙棘原浆主要成分、抗氧化性及挥发性物质的影响

以沙棘原浆为原料,选用植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）ATCC 14917进行发酵,研究苹果酸-乳酸发酵（MLF）对沙棘原浆糖、有机酸、抗氧化能力及挥发性物质的影响。结果表明,发酵72 h后,活菌数为9.21 lg（CFU/mL）,葡萄糖和果糖分别降低9.82%和10.09%;苹果酸含量降低了82.55%,乳酸含量升高6.36倍,pH值从初始3.99增加至4.21。总酚含量增加16.07%,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）、2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）自由基清除能力及铁离子还原/抗氧化能力（FRAP）为基础的抗氧化能力分别提高5.26%、23.05%和13.93%。采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）分析发酵过程中挥发性物质的动态变化,发酵前后共鉴定出73种挥发性风味物质;发酵后总量提高4.67%,酯类和醇类分别增加22.47%和125.56%;消失了13种挥发性物质,形成了10种新的风味挥发物质。综上,MLF显著降低沙棘原浆苹果酸含量,增加pH值和乳酸含量,提高其抗氧化能力,且赋予沙棘浆更浓郁的果香。     

无醇葡萄酒的研制

以普通干红葡萄原酒为原料，采用刮膜式分子蒸馏器进行脱醇加工研制无醇葡萄酒，经普通干红原酒冷冻处理、除去沉淀、分子蒸馏脱醇、贮存、调配、过滤、灌装、巴氏灭菌、包装等工序，得无酒精葡萄酒成品，其所含酒度低于1％Vol，酒体澄清透明，滋味纯正，有葡萄酒的香气和风味，典型性强。     

Improvement of volatile composition of wines by controlled addition of malolactic bacteria

The effect of malolactic fermentation (MLF) on the volatile composition of red wines was studied by inoculation with selected lactic acid bacteria. Four wines were inoculated with different Oenococcus oeni (syn. Leuconostoc oenos) strains, the major malolactic species found in wines, and one was inoculated with a Lactobacillus sp. strain. A non inoculated wine was also analyzed to act as a control. Malolactic fermentation and evolution of non volatile compounds were followed by HPLC and after the depletion of the malic acid present in wine the volatile compounds were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometry. Wines which had undergone the MLF showed a significant increment in total higher alcohols, esters and acids that are important in the sensory properties and quality of wine.     

干红葡萄酒中苹果酸-乳酸发酵的研究 Ⅱ.苹果酸-乳酸发酵所导致干红葡萄酒有关成分的变化及其对酒质的影响

利用两菌株:酒明串珠菌(Leuconostoc oenos)ML34和31DH,接种到四个葡萄品种(宝石解百纳、梅鹿辄、赤霞珠和佳醴酿)的干红葡萄酒中,在同样的工艺条件下,分析MLF过程中酒的主要成分的变化。其结果表明:经MLF后,苹果酸几乎全部消失,转化为乳酸;酒石酸的含量略有下降。总酸下降在1.4～2.5g/1之间,pH升高在0.10～0.25个单位,挥发酸含量增高,平均增加0.31g/1。经MLF的葡萄酒滋味柔和、润口、协调。双乙酰,乙偶姻含量有大幅度增加,其含量比对照酒高一倍。挥发酯也有提高,有益于干红葡萄酒质的改善,增加了酒香,使得经MLF的酒具有典型的老酒风格。 进行了体积为5000L的中试,成功地诱发了MLF,酒的质量有一定提高,预期可在实际应用中获得较好的经济效益。     

Influence of pH and ethanol on malolactic fermentation and volatile aroma compound composition in white wines

The present study investigated the influences of pH and ethanol on malolactic fermentation (MLF) and the volatile aroma profile of the subsequent white wines from Riesling and Chardonnay inoculated with two different Oenococcus oeni strains. In all cases MLF was induced after completion of alcoholic fermentation (AF). Partial MLF occurred under low pH 3.2 and high alcohol (118.3 g/L) conditions. In the cases with complete MLF, the time required for each strain varied from 13 to 61 days and was dependent on bacterial culture, cultivar and wine parameter. Chemical properties of each wine were determined after AF, complete and partial MLF. The wines showed significant differences in total higher alcohols, esters and acids that are important for the sensory profile and quality of wine. This work demonstrated that the wine matrix as well as the pH and alcohol concentration affects MLF and the final volatile aroma profile. Results indicate that changes in volatile aroma composition are not necessarily related to complete MLF and that partial MLF already has distinct influences on the wine aroma profile of white wines.