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提出了一种监测和预测水文干旱概率的方法。该方法可用于研究供水、需水变量以及多年调节在系统中的作用,估算不同水文气候条件下以及不同蓄水总量情况下干旱程度的概率。当水资源系统中的供水变量和需水变量随气候变化发生很大变化时,该方法效果非常明显。讨论了主要概率值及其在该干旱预测方法中的联合使用情况。介绍了该方法在伊朗扎延德赫(Zayandeh)河流域水文干旱预测中的应用情况。从概率的角度得出,干旱监测和预测有助于水资源规划管理的风险决策。该方法获得的指数可弥补现有地表供水指数的不足之处。 相似文献
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采用滦河潘家口水库控制流域21个雨量站1958—2009年逐月降水数据,通过计算各站12个月时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI),得到实测干旱等级序列。根据1958—2008年干旱等级转换的观测频数,提出基于三维列联表的对数线性干旱预测模型,并计算干旱等级转换间的优势及其置信区间,以估算干旱等级转换的概率,实现了滦河潘家口水库控制流域预见期为1个月和2个月的气象干旱等级预测。选取2009年的干旱演变过程对预测模型进行了验证。结果表明:干旱等级转换的三维列联表呈现一种强对角线趋势,各站三维对数线性模型的检验显著性水平p均大于检验水准α(0.05),观测频数与期望频数吻合程度高,且预测干旱等级能反映实测干旱等级,模型具有较高的预测精度,可用于滦河潘家口水库控制流域短期干旱预警。 相似文献
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本文依据水量资料,采用标准差法确定了干旱指标,对云南省各地近40年来的干旱等级进行了评定,分析研究了干旱发生的基本特征,为进一步揭示云南省干旱的气候变化规律,作好干旱预测,防灾为提供科学依据。 相似文献
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根据西安市1951年-2013年气象资料确定可利用降雨量的Z指数以表征气象干旱强度,并将干旱强度划分为7个等级。分析该地区的干旱特征,发现:从季节尺度的长期变化趋势来看,干旱主要出现在春、夏、冬三季,四个季节均向干旱方向发展;西安干旱强度在63年中总体呈上升趋势,20世纪90年代以后干旱频率和强度较之前均有较大提升;从干旱趋势突变分析的结果来看,突变年份为1957和1958年,1965年后只存在向偏旱方向发展的趋势并且在1997年之后更加显著。通过与Palmer指数法和传统Z指数法对西安典型干旱年份的评估结果对比,认为可利用降雨量Z指数法对西安市气象干旱特征的分析具有较强的客观性。 相似文献
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气候变化导致西南地区面临愈加严重的干旱问题,为准确预测该区域干旱情势,分别构建了粒子群算法(PSO)和差分进化算法(DE)优化的极限学习机(ELM)模型,并将其应用于云贵高原干旱预测,从预测精度和特征值模拟能力等方面比较了PSO-ELM模型和DE-ELM模型在云贵高原干旱预测中的适用性。结果表明:(1)PSO-ELM模型和DE-ELM模型均能够有效预测云贵高原不同时间尺度下的干旱状况,模拟值与实测值的相关系数均在0.75以上,均方根误差均小于0.65;(2)两种模型对最大值、最小值、不同百分位数等特征统计值、干旱历时和干旱强度的拟合效果较好,能够有效反映研究区干旱特征;(3)相较而言,DE-ELM模型的预测性能略优于PSO-ELM模型,在云贵高原干旱预测中具有更强的适用性。 相似文献
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1 干旱等级指标的确定哈尔滨市属于山丘平原区[1],半湿润区[2],根据现有资料和计算水平,本次计算采用以下几种方法。1 1 旱作物干旱指标(1)连续无雨日数指标,见表1表1 作物生长期无效降雨天数表/d干旱等级轻度干旱中度干旱严重干旱特大干旱干旱指标15~2526~4041~60>60 注:无效降雨指日降雨<5mm。(2)降水距平百分率指标距平为计算期内降雨量与多年平均降雨量的差值,距平百分率为距平值与多年平均值的百分比值。1 2 水田干旱指标(1)水田缺水率指标w1=(Q0-Q1)/Q0×100%式中Q1为区域内各类水利工程提供水稻的可用水量,104m3;Q0为区… 相似文献
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根据2010—2011年秋冬春3季长江中下游地区发生的历史罕见旱情,以及其持续时间长、影响范围广、干旱程度重等特点,对太湖地区春季旱情进行分析。并在降雨年际变化规律的基础上,采用大气环流、太阳活动、海温状况和区域严重旱灾韵律周期等多种模式进行研究,预测太湖地区干旱灾害。结果表明:2012年是严重干旱灾害暴发的极大值年;干旱灾害的暴发有规律可循,大范围、持续时间长的严重干旱都是在特定的气候背景条件以及大气环流异常情况下发生的。提出太湖地区暖冬影响下“干旱-湿润”周期和78a(34a+44a)严重旱灾韵律周期,进行干旱灾害成因与预测研究。 相似文献
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根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。 相似文献
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The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects. 相似文献
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In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment. 相似文献
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简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式,分析其原因,提出了相应的处理方法及措施,并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。 相似文献
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Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
LIANG Bing-chen LI Hua-jun LEE Dong-yong 《水动力学研究与进展(B辑)》2006,18(4):397-404
1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int… 相似文献