影响胰十二指肠切除术死亡的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头和壶腹周围癌死亡的危险因素.方法对1995年1月至2004年6月期间行胰十二指肠切除术的196例胰头和壶腹周围癌患者的10项临床观察指标进行分析.结果术后并发症发生率为31.1%,病死率为5.6%.术前低蛋白血症( < 35 g/L)、高血糖( > 10 mmol/L)、术中出血量 > 1 000 ml、围手术期的APACHEⅡ评分 > 12和POSSUM评分 > 38时手术危险度较大,与手术死亡率呈正相关(P < 0.05).而年龄 > 65岁、手术时间超过6 h、术前血清胆红素 > 170μmol/L、黄疸持续时间 > 30 d、肿瘤 > 3 cm并不增加手术的病死率(P > 0.05).结论术前低蛋白血症,高血糖,出血量多及高APACHEⅡ和POSSUM分值是影响胰头十二指肠切除术死亡的高危因素.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素分析

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素,为临床有效降低术后并发症提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2009年9月至2012年9月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院收治的352例因癌症行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,根据术后有无发生胰瘘将患者分为胰瘘组和非胰瘘组进行对列研究.对围手术期可能影响术后发生胰瘘的多种因素进行单因素分析及多变量Logistic回归分析.结果 共49例胰十二指肠切除术后发生胰瘘,胰瘘发生率为13.9％ (49/352).经单因素及多因素分析,术后胰瘘的发生与患者性别和年龄、糖尿病病史、手术时间、术中出血量、是否血管切除重建、胰管是否留置支撑管、胰肠吻合时间、消化道重建方式等均无关;而胰腺质地脆、胰管直径＜3 mm、术前血清总胆红素水平＞ 171 μmol/L、术前黄疸持续时间超过8周、术前血清白蛋白水平＜30 g/L是影响术后胰瘘发生的独立危险因素(P值均＜0.05).结论 胰腺质地、胰管直径、术前黄疸程度、黄疸持续时间及低蛋白血症是影响胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的多因素分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术术后胰痿发生的高危因素.方法 回顾性分析4年间在南京军区福州总院肝胆外科行胰十二指肠切除术的87例患者的临床资料,分析可能与胰瘘有关的8个因素,进行单因素及逐步Logistic多因素分析.结果 术后并发症发生率为35.6％( 31/87),其中胰痿10例,发生率为11.5％,占总并发症的32.3％.多因素Logistic回归分析表明术前总胆红素水平( TBil≥171 μmol/L)、胰腺质地软为胰瘘发生的独立危险因素.结论 术前TBil水平(TBil≥171 μmol/L)和胰腺质地软预示着较高的胰瘘发生率.     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发胃排空延迟的危险因素分析

目的 探讨PD后发生胃排空延迟(DGE)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年11月间海军军医大学附属长海医院收治的385例行PD患者的临床资料,其中男性235例,女性150例。根据国际胰腺外科学组对DGE的定义,将患者分为临床相关胃排空延迟组(CR-DGE组)和非临床相关胃排空延迟组(非CR-DGE组)。采用单因素分析及logistic多因素回归分析法分析PD患者术后发生CR-DGE的危险因素。结果 385例患者中78例(20.3%)术后发生DGE,其中CR-DGE组35例(9.1%)。多因素回归分析结果显示,患者的体重指数(BMI,OR=1.117,95%CI 1.006~1.240,P=0.038)、术前血清白蛋白(OR=0.902,95%CI 0.832~0.977,P=0.012)、主胰管直径≤3 mm(OR=2.397,95%CI 1.016~5.653,P=0.046)、胰腺质软(OR=2.834,95%CI 1.093~7.350,P=0.032)以及术后发生临床相关胰瘘(OR=4.498,95%CI 1.768~11.441,P=0.002)是PD术后并发CR-DGE的独立危险因素。结论 较高的BMI、较低的术前血清白蛋白、主胰管直径≤3 mm、胰腺质软、术后发生胰瘘是PD患者术后发生CR-DGE的危险因素,早期应予以临床干预。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘危险因素分析

回顾性分析134例胰十二指肠切除术(PD)患者的临床资料,分析影响胰瘘(PF)发生的危险因素.结果术后PF发生率为14.2%(19/134).统计学分析显示,原发疾病、术前胆红素、胰腺质地、胰管直径、胰肠吻合方式、术后生长抑素治疗是PF发生的相关因素;多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰腺质地、术前血清胆红素水平、胰肠吻合方式为影响PF发生的独立危险因素.认为PD术中选择胰肠捆绑式吻合及精细操作是降低PF发生的关键.     

胰十二指肠切除术后早期并发症危险因素分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后近期并发症的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院2005年-2012年116例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,统计并发症发生率和死亡率。分别用单变量分析法和多变量分析法分析所研究因素与术后主要并发症的相关性,确定术后近期并发症的危险因素。结果全组术后并发症发生率为54．31％,病死率为3．45％;发生率较高的是胰瘘、胃排空障碍和感染。BMI、术前血总胆红素（TBIL）水平、术前胆道感染和术者经验等因素是影响并发症发生的因素（P均〈0．05）。经多变量分析,BMI、术前血TBIL水平和术者经验是术后近期并发症的独立危险因素（P均〈0．05）。结论BMI、术前血TBIL水平和术者经验是胰十二指肠切除术术后并发症的独立危险因素。     

影响胰头、壶腹部癌患者胰十二指肠切除术后生存的因素

目的分析影响胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的患者生存期的因素。方法收集1990年1月至2005年6月因胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的95例患者,有完整随访资料的68例纳入分析。观察的影响因素包括性别,年龄,术前黄疸、GPT、贫血,临床分期,原发肿瘤大小,淋巴结转移,住院期间输血量。Kaplan-Meier法计算累计生存率,单因素分析采用Logrank法,多因素分析采用COX回归模型。结果胰头癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为37%,12%,12%;壶腹部癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为60%,38%,31%。单因素分析提示,胰头癌患者的临床分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及输血量与预后有关(P<0.05);壶腹部癌患者的各观察指标与预后的关系无统计学意义。多因素分析提示输血是胰头癌的独立预后因素;壶腹部癌患者无明确的影响预后的独立因素。结论输血是影响胰头癌预后的独立因素,加强围手术期处理有助改善胰头癌患者的预后。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素及预防

近年来，随着外科技术的不断发展，胰十二指肠切除术(PD)的成功率已有极大提高，患者的围手术期病死率已降至5％以下。但由于PD操作复杂，创伤大，术后并发症发生率仍较高。其中胰瘘是PD术后的严重并发症之一，其发生率高达5％～25％。1993年2月至2003年12月我们共完成PD108例，其中15例发生胰瘘。现结合其临床资料分析探讨胰瘘发生的高危因素及预防措施。     

影响胰头、壶腹部癌患者胰十二指肠切除术后生存的因素

目的 分析影响胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的患者生存期的因素.方法 收集1990年1月至2005年6月因胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的95例患者,有完整随访资料的68例纳入分析.观察的影响因素包括性别,年龄,术前黄疸、GPT、贫血,临床分期,原发肿瘤大小,淋巴结转移,住院期间输血量.Kaplan-Meier法计算累计生存率,单因素分析采用Log rank法,多因素分析采用COX回归模型.结果 胰头癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为37%,12%,12%;壶腹部癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为60%,38%,31%.单因素分析提示,胰头癌患者的临床分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及输血量与预后有关(P＜0.05);壶腹部癌患者的各观察指标与预后的关系无统计学意义.多因素分析提示输血是胰头癌的独立预后因素;壶腹部癌患者无明确的影响预后的独立因素.结论 输血是影响胰头癌预后的独立因素,加强围手术期处理有助改善胰头癌患者的预后.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的相关危险因素及预防措施的最新进展

术后胰瘘(postoperative pancreatic fistula, POPF)是胰十二指肠切除术(pancreatoduodenectomy, PD)后最严重的并发症,可导致患者术后恢复缓慢、病情恶化甚至再次手术及死亡.目前PD后死亡率已较前下降,但POPF的发生率仍较高,因此,探讨影响胰瘘发生的危险因素及预防策略成为胰腺外科的研究热点.文章就POPF的本质、危险因素以及预防措施进行综述.     

Risk factors of pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM: To analyze the risk factors for pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and to evaluate whether duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy could reduce the risk of pancreatic leakage. METHODS: Sixty-two patients who underwent PD at our hospital between January 2000 and November 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. The primary diseases of the patients included pancreas cancer, ampullary cancer, bile duct cancer, islet cell cancer, duodenal cancer, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cystadenoma, and gastric cancer. Standard PD was performed for 25 cases, PD with extended lymphadenectomy for 27 cases, pylorus-preserving PD for 10 cases. A duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy was performed for patients with a hard pancreas and a dilated pancreatic duct, and a traditional end-to-end invagination pancreaticojejunostomy for patients with a soft pancreas and a non-dilated duct. Patients were divided into two groups according to the incidence of postoperative pancreaticojejunal anastomotic leakage: 10 cases with leakage and 52 cases without leakage. Seven preoperative and six intraoperative risk factors with the potential to affect the incidence of pancreatic leakage were analyzed with SPSS10.0 software. Logistic regression was then used to determine the effect of multiple factors on pancreatic leakage. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients, 10 (16.13%) were identified as having pancreatic leakage after operation. Other major postoperative complications included delayed gastric emptying (eight patients), abdominal bleeding (four patients), abdominal abscess (three patients) and wound infection (two patients). The overall surgical morbidity was 43.5% (27/62). The hospital mortality in this series was 4.84% (3/62), and the mortality associated with pancreatic fistula was 10% (1/10). Sixteen cases underwent duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy and 1 case (1/16, 6.25%) developed postoperative pancreatic leakage, 46 cases underwent invagination pancreaticojejunostomy and 9 cases (9/46, 19.6%) developed postoperative pancreatic leakage. General risk factors including patient age, gender, history of jaundice, preoperative nutrition, pathological diagnosis and the length of postoperative stay were similar in the two groups. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of pancreatic leakage between the patients who received the prophylactic use of octreotide after surgery and the patients who did not undergo somatostatin therapy. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that none of the above factors seemed to be associated with pancreatic fistula. Two intraoperative risk factors, pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas, were found to be significantly associated with pancreatic leakage. The incidence of pancreatic leakage was 4.88% in patients with a pancreatic duct size greater than or equal to 3 mm and was 38.1% in those with ducts smaller than 3 mm (P = 0.002). The pancreatic leakage rate was 2.94% in patients with a hard pancreas and was 32.1% in those with a soft pancreas (P = 0.004). Operative time, blood loss and type of resection were similar in the two patient groups. The incidence of pancreatic leakage was 6.25% (1/16) in patients with duct-to-mucosa anastomosis, and was 19.6% (9/46) in those with traditional invagination anastomosis. Although the difference of pancreatic leakage between the two groups was obvious, no statistical significance was found. This may be due to the small number of patients with duct-to-mucosa anastomosis. By further analyzing with multivariate logistic regression, both pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas were demonstrated to be independent risk factors (P = 0.007 and 0.017, OR = 11.87 and 15.45). Although anastomotic technique was not a significant factor, pancreatic leakage rate was much less in cases that underwent duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas are risk factors influencing pancreatic leakage after PD. Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy, as a safe and useful anastomotic technique, can reduce pancreatic leakage rate after PD.     

Risk factors affecting pancreatic fistulas after pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM： To analyze the risk factors of pancreatic leakage after pancreaticod uodenectomy. METHODS： We retrospectively reviewed 172 consecutive patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy at Inha University Hospital between April 1996 and March 2006. We analyzed the pancreatic fistula rate according to the clinical characteristics, the pathologic and laboratory findings, and the anastomotic methods. RESULTS： The incidence of developing pancreatic fistulas in patients older than 60 years of age was 21.7% （25/115）, while the incidence was 8.8% （5/57） for younger patients; the difference was significant （P = 0.03）. Patients with a dilated pancreatic duct had a lower rate of post-operative pancreatic fistulas than patients with a non-dilated duct （P = 0.001）. Other factors, including clinical features, anastomotic methods, and pathologic diagnosis, did not show any statistical difference. CONCLUSION： Our study demonstrated that pancreatic fistulas are related to age and a dilated pancreatic duct. The surgeon must take these risk factors into consideration when performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

疼痛性慢性胰腺炎死亡风险因素分析

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎(CP)患者生存率,分析病死原因及病死相关因素.方法 收集1997年至2007年7月首发年龄≥18岁的疼痛性CP患者的资料;寿命表法计算患者累积生存率;建立COX比例风险模型进行逐步回归分析.结果 成功随访346例CP患者(87.2%),男:女=2.4:1,首次住院年龄、首发年龄分别为(47±14)岁和(43±15)岁,随访时间为(34.3±27.1)个月;酒精性CP22.2%,胆源性CP 26.0%;总病死率9.8%(34/346),病死时间为腹痛首发后的(62.5±61.1)个月,病死原因主要为胰腺癌和其他部位癌症;腹痛首发后2、5、10年的CP累积生存率分别为96.3%、93.6%和86.4%.逐步回归分析显示,首发年龄≥51岁、出院后腹痛程度无缓解和腹痛频率增加、未戒烟、无腹泻等因素与病死有关,风险比分别为3.4,3.5、4.2、2.8和17.7.结论 国内CP病死率较国外低,病死原因主要为胰腺癌.对首发年龄大、出院后腹痛程度无缓解和腹痛频率增加、未戒烟及无腹泻CP患者尤应高度警惕.     

Clinical impact of preoperative acute pancreatitis in patients who undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary tumors

AIM: To investigate the impact of preoperative acute pancreatitis(PAP) on the surgical management of periampullary tumors.METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with periampullary tumors and PAP were retrospectively analyzed. Thirtyfour patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD) and 4 patients who underwent total pancreatectomy were compared with a control group of 145 patients without PAP during the same period.RESULTS: The preoperative waiting time was significantly shorter for the concomitant PAP patients who underwent a resection(22.4 d vs 54.6 d, p 0.001)compared to those who did not. The presence of PAP significantly increased the rate of severe complications(Clavien grade 3 or higher)(17.6% vs 4.8%, p = 0.019)and lengthened the hospital stay(19.5 d vs 14.5 d,p = 0.006). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PAP was an independent risk factor for postoperative pancreatic fistula(OR = 2.91; 95%CI:1.10-7.68; p = 0.032) and severe complications(OR =4.70; 95%CI: 1.48-14.96; p = 0.009) after PD. There was no perioperative mortality.CONCLUSION: PAP significantly increases the incidence of severe complications and lengthens thehospital stay following PD. PD could be safely performed in highly selective patients with PAP.     

Risk factors for postoperative pancreatic fistula: Analysis of 539 successive cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM To analyze the risk factors for pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 539 successive cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at our hospital from March 2012 to October 2015. Pancreatic fistula was diagnosed in strict accordance with the definition of pancreatic fistula from the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula. The risk factors for pancreatic fistula were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS A total of 269(49.9%) cases of pancreatic fistula occurred after pancreaticoduodenectomy,including 71(13.17%) cases of grade A pancreatic fistula,178(33.02%) cases of grade B,and 20(3.71%) cases of grade C. Univariate analysis showed no significant correlation between postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF) and the following factors: age,hypertension,alcohol consumption,smoking,history of upper abdominal surgery,preoperative jaundice management,preoperative bilirubin,preoperative albumin,pancreatic duct drainage,intraoperative blood loss,operative time,intraoperative blood transfusion,Braun anastomosis,and pancreaticoduodenectomy(with or without pylorus preservation). Conversely,a significant correlation was observed between POPF and the following factors: gender(male vs female: 54.23% vs 42.35%,P = 0.008),diabetes(non-diabetic vs diabetic: 51.61% vs 39.19%,P = 0.047),body mass index(BMI)(≤ 25 vs 25: 46.94% vs 57.82%,P = 0.024),blood glucose level(≤ 6.0 mmol/L vs 6.0 mmol/L: 54.75% vs 41.14%,P = 0.002),pancreaticojejunal anastomosis technique(pancreatic duct-jejunum double-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis vs pancreatic-jejunum single-layer mucosa-tomucosa anastomosis: 57.54% vs 35.46%,P = 0.000),diameter of the pancreatic duct(≤ 3 mm vs 3 mm: 57.81% vs 38.36%,P = 0.000),and pancreatic texture(soft vs hard: 56.72% vs 29.93%,P = 0.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender(male),BMI 25,pancreatic duct-jejunum double-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis,pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 3 mm,and soft pancreas were risk factors for pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.CONCLUSION Gender(male),BMI 25,pancreatic duct-jejunum double-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis,pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 3 mm,and soft pancreas were risk factors for pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Risk scoring system and predictor for clinically relevant pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM: To establish a scoring system to predict clinicallyrelevant postoperative pancreatic fistula(CR-POPF)after pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).METHODS: The clinical records of 921 consecutive patients who underwent PD between 2008 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF) was defined and classified by the international study group of pancreatic fistula(ISGPF).We used a logistic regression model to determine the independent risk factors of CR-POPF and developed a scoring system based on the regression coefficient of the logistic regression model. The optimal cut-off value to divide the risk strata was determined by the Youden index. The patients were divided into two groups(low risk and high risk). The independent sample t test was used to detect differences in the means of drain amylase on postoperative day(POD) 1, 2 and 3. The optimal cut-off level of the drain amylase to distinguish CR-POPF from non-clinical POPF in the two risk strata groups was determined using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves.RESULTS: Grade A POPF occurred in 106(11.5%)patients, grade B occurred in 57(6.2%) patients,and grade C occurred in 32(3.5%) patients. A predictive scoring system for CR-POPF(0-6 points) was constructed using the following four factors: 1 point for each body mass index ≥ 28 [odds ratio(OR) = 3.86;95% confidence interval(CI): 1.92-7.75, P = 0.00],soft gland texture(OR = 4.50; 95%CI, 2.53-7.98, P =0.00), and the difference between the blood loss and transfusion in operation ≥ 800 mL(OR = 3.45; 95%CI,1.92-7.75, P = 0.00); and from 0 points for a 5 mm or greater duct diameter to 3 points for a less than 2 mm duct(OR = 8.97; 95%CI: 3.70-21.77, P = 0.00). The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of this score was 0.812. A score of 3 points was suggested to be the best cut-off value(Youden index = 0.485). In the low risk group, a drain amylase level ≥ 3600 U/L on POD3 could distinguish CR-POPF from non-clinicalPOPF(the sensitivity and specificity were 75% and85%, respectively). In the high risk group, the best cutoff was a drain amylase level of 1600(the sensitivity and specificity were 77 and 63%, respectively).CONCLUSION: A 6-point scoring system accurately predicted the occurrence of CR-POPF. In addition, a drain amylase level on POD3 might be a predictor of this complication.