混合存储综述

目前存储系统的发展趋向于大容量、低成本和高性能,而任何单一的存储器件如非易失性随机存储器、固态盘、磁盘等由于其物理特性的限制,并不能满足以上需求。混合存储充分利用不同存储器件的特性组成高效的存储系统,既能支持存储系统容量的大幅扩展,又能在保持系统低成本的前提下,显著提高存储系统的性能,成为目前存储系统发展的方向。介绍了混合存储系统的概念和分类,深入分析了基于SSD与HDD混合存储的关键技术,以及目前所面临的挑战,并对未来的混合存储系统进行了展望。     

一种海量存储系统二级缓存的设计与实现

引入新颖固态存储技术和DRAM与固态硬盘（SSD）混合的缓存架构，提出一种海量存储系统的二级缓存策略，通过回写策略能够有效减少SSD缓存的小写问题，并对两级缓存架构下建立的逻辑磁盘进行测试，结果表明在请求平均响应时间上取得了优化。     

一种时间敏感的SSD和HDD高效混合存储模型

基于闪存的固态硬盘(Solid State Driver,SSD)已成为目前广泛使用的一种持久存储设备.但是由于闪存不对称的I/O特性以及价格因素,SSD还不能完全取代传统硬盘(Hard Disk Driver,HDD).因此,由SSD和HDD组成的混合存储系统逐步成为目前研究的重点.文中针对SSD和HDD混合存储问题,提出了一个时间敏感的混合存储模型用来有效地利用SSD.该模型把SSD和HDD作为同级的存储设备,结合数据页的访问次数以及访问热度实现对页面的准确分类和分配,即将读倾向负载的hot页面分配到SSD存储,写倾向负载的页面或者cold页面分配到HDD存储,从而利用SSD和HDD不对称的I/O特性来降低系统总的I/O延迟.作者分别在基于高端SSD和中端SSD的混合存储系统上实现了提出的混合存储模型,并进行了性能评测.实验结果显示,作者提出的模型可以实现对数据页更准确的分类,可以有效地降低页面迁移代价,在较少的SSD存储条件下取得了显著的性能提升.     

畅游无极限 闪迪固态硬盘全面提升性能

闪迪固态硬盘（SSD）产品是高速、节能的数据存储解决方案，可为消费者和商业等应用带来显著的性能提升。凭借先进的架构和超高的数据传输速度。SSD在各种性能上均远胜传统硬盘驱动器（HDD）。     

基于SSD的机群文件系统元数据存储系统

随着数据量的增加和元数据操作性能需求的提高,传统基于磁盘(HDD)存储架构的机群文件系统元数据存储系统由于HDD成为性能瓶颈而无法满足需求.将SSD应用到元数据存储中,设计实现了一个基于SSD+HDD的异构元数据存储系统Hybrid MDSL.针对SSD的I/O特性设计了基于追加写的元数据存储组织,并通过基于访问热度的数据迁移机制提高SSD空间利用率.测试结果表明,Hybrid MDSL明显提高了元数据I/O的性能.     

固态存储“剑鱼行动”——华为Dorad021OOG2

SSD固态存储（SolidStateDisk,SSD）是摒弃传统磁介质,采用电子存储介质进行数据存储和读取的一种技术。由于突破了传统机械硬盘的性能瓶颈,因而拥有极高的存储性能。早期,在一些高性能计算研究领域有突出的应用表现。由于传统的磁盘存储技术短期内无法突破机械系统的性能天花板,因而SSD固态存储被认为是存储技术发展的未来新星。     

升级要慎重 SSD硬盘接口奥秘

正体验过SSD固态硬盘的速度绝对不会想再忍受HDD机械硬盘的"龟速",面对大容量SSD固态硬盘不断刷新的最低价,有多少人能不动心?从台式机到笔记本,全方位的SSD升级势在必行。相对于看主控选SSD固态硬盘而言,如何分辨SSD固态硬盘的接口对于普通消费者而言恐怕更加实用。让我们从接口入手,一步一步了解SSD固态硬盘的奥秘吧!     

升级要慎重SSD硬盘接口奥秘

体验过SSD固态硬盘的速度绝对不会想再忍受HDD机械硬盘的“龟速”,面对大容量SSD固态硬盘不断刷新的最低价,有多少人能不动心？从台式机到笔记本,全方位的SSD升级势在必行。相对于看主控选SSD固态硬盘而言,如何分辨SSD固态硬盘的接口对于普通消费者而言恐怕更加实用。让我们从接口入手,一步一步了解SSD固态硬盘的奥秘吧！     

极速享受 SanDisk Ultra Plus固态硬盘

闪迪固态硬盘（SSD）可以为个人．OEM以及企业计算需求提供高速度低能耗的数据存储解决方案。SSD的数据传输速率级别高于传统的硬盘驱动器（HDD）、为消费者和企业应用提供·洼能改善。     

基于SCM与SSD的混合高效键值存储系统研究

具有高性能以及非易失特性的SCM（Storage Class Memory,存储级内存）技术逐渐成熟并开始运用到存储系统设计中,而传统的SSD仍然在存储容量上具有优势,为键值存储系统提供大容量存储的支持。现有键值存储系统不能充分发挥SCM与SSD混合存储架构的优势,需要对数据布局以及系统结构进行重新设计。针对SCM和SSD的特点,设计了基于SCM与SSD的混合式高效键值存储系统（SCM and SSD Hybrid Key-Value store,SSHKV）。SSHKV通过将键值存储中元数据信息存储到SCM中,将数据部分以日志方式存储到SSD中,实现性能与容量的兼顾。在SSD空间管理上,SSHKV采用逻辑空间放大策略,通过重映射TRIM指令释放的无效空间,减小了垃圾回收带来的数据迁移开销。SSHKV基于半异步半同步式IO模型实现,经过对比测试,SSHKV的随机写入性能相较于传统基于LSM-Tree的LevelDB提升了约20倍。     

A hybrid filesystem for hard disk drives in tandem with flash memory

The traditional hard disk drive (HDD) is often a bottleneck in the overall performance of modern computer systems. With the development of solid state drives (SSD) based on flash memory, new possibilities are available to improve secondary storage performance. In this work, we propose a new hybrid SSD–HDD storage system and a selection of algorithms designed to assign pages across an HDD and an SSD to optimise I/O performance. The hybrid system combines the advantages of the SSD’s fast random seek speed with the sequential access speed and large storage capacity of the HDD to produce significantly improved performance in a variety of situations. We further improve performance by allowing concurrent access across the two types of storage devices. We show the drive assignment problem is NP-complete and accordingly propose effective heuristic solutions. Extensive experiments using both synthetic and real data sets show our system with a small SSD can outperform a striped dual HDD and remain competitive with a dual SSD.     

NAND flash memory-based hybrid file system for high I/O performance

As the performance potentials of SSD (Solid State Device) have been recognized, adopting SSD to IT products as HDD replacements is rapidly increasing. Since SSD is organized into multiple flash memory packages, it deploys peculiar device characteristics that do not occur in HDD, such as block-unit erasure overhead. Also, its high cost per capacity is the main obstacle to building a large-scale storage subsystem with only SSDs. An alternative is to build a hybrid storage subsystem where a small portion of SSDs are integrated with HDDs so as to utilize SSD’s performance advantages in a cost-effective way. This study introduces a new form of file system, called N-hybrid (New-Form of hybrid file system), that enables us to support the hybrid device structure combined with both HDD and SSD. Our primary objectives in developing N-hybrid are to provide better I/O bandwidth by exploiting the characteristics of HDD and SSD and to provide a flexible data layout maximizing the usage of tight SSD storage resources. Several experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness and suitability of N-hybrid.     

一种面向SSD-HDD混合存储的热区跟踪替换算法

固态驱动器(SSD)读写性能优越,但成本高,因此在实践中人们往往利用SSD和普通硬盘(HDD)构建混合存储系统以获取较高的性价比.在混合存储系统中,如何使更多的IO请求能够命中SSD是充分利用SSD性能的关键.针对多任务共享存储环境下集中访问和随机访问IO存取模式并存,且通常情况下IO工作流大部分请求相对集中于有限区域内的特点,本文提出一种基于热区跟踪(HZT)的缓存替换算法.HZT算法充分考虑了IO工作流的空间局部性和时间局部性,利用IO工作流的历史访问信息,跟踪当前热区,并为热区数据块赋予更高的驻留SSD的优先级,能够有效提高混合存储中SSD缓存的命中率.经测试,在典型多任务共享存储环境下HZT算法可以使SSD缓存的命中率比使用LRU(Least Recently Used)算法的系统提高12%.采用适当的预取策略,该算法的命中率与LRU算法相比可获得23%的提升.     

基于OpenSSD的闪存转换算法优化

随着信息技术的快速发展,数据存储的需求日益增长,人们对硬盘读写性能的要求越来越高.相比于机械硬盘,固态硬盘可靠性高、能耗低,无寻道时间开销,逐渐取代机械硬盘成为主流的存储介质.但固态硬盘访问数据时需要经过转换,对应的闪存转换算法对读写性能影响很大.OpenSSD项目提供了一个可开发SSD固件的平台,基于此平台本文针对其上的闪存转换算法进行研究并优化,分析了影响I/O读写性能的各类因素,设计出一种适合Cosmos OpenSSD的缓存管理和闪存管理方法,大幅提高了Cosmos OpenSSD的性能.     

固态硬盘概述

固态硬盘是利用半导体存储片来存储数据的装置。相较传统硬盘,固态硬盘在某些方面具有较大的优势。本文分别就固态硬盘的定义、分类、特点、结构和工作原理进行了系统的介绍,并且讨论了它的热点技术及发展趋势。固态硬盘应用领域愈加广泛,有望取代传统硬盘。     

面向Lustre文件系统的固态盘存储加速技术研究

磁盘的随机I/O延时制约了存储系统的性能提高,具备高性能随机I/O特性的固态盘(solid state disk,SSD)逐渐成为关注的热点.分析了磁盘、Flash型SSD以及DRAM型SSD三类设备不同的性能特点,讨论了SSD存储加速技术的研究现状,提出了一种面向Lustre文件系统的固态盘存储加速系统架构,介绍和分析了各模块的构成与原理,提出了对象迁移策略.     

HybridPlan: a capacity planning technique for projecting storage requirements in hybrid storage systems

Economic forces, driven by the desire to introduce flash into the high-end storage market without changing existing software-base, have resulted in the emergence of solid-state drives (SSDs), flash packaged in HDD form factors and capable of working with device drivers and I/O buses designed for HDDs. Unlike the use of DRAM for caching or buffering, however, certain idiosyncrasies of NAND Flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) make their integration into hard disk drive (HDD)-based storage systems nontrivial. Flash memory suffers from limits on its reliability, is an order of magnitude more expensive than the magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs), and can sometimes be as slow as the HDD (due to excessive garbage collection (GC) induced by high intensity of random writes). Given the complementary properties of HDDs and SSDs in terms of cost, performance, and lifetime, the current consensus among several storage experts is to view SSDs not as a replacement for HDD, but rather as a complementary device within the high-performance storage hierarchy. Thus, we design and evaluate such a hybrid storage system with HybridPlan that is an improved capacity planning technique to administrators with the overall goal of operating within cost-budgets. HybridPlan is able to find the most cost-effective hybrid storage configuration with different types of SSDs and HDDs     

基于SSD SMR混合存储的LSM树键值存储系统的性能优化

大数据对存储系统的可扩展性、性能和成本等方面提出了更高的要求。瓦记录(Shingled Magnetic Recor-ding,SMR)硬盘由于存储密度高、价格便宜,正逐步被广泛应用于大数据存储系统。但是,SMR硬盘的随机写性能较差,与快速的基于闪存的固态硬盘(Solid State Drive,SSD)一起构成混合存储时可以显著提升性能。同时,基于写优化的日志结构合并(Log-Structured Merge,LSM)树的键值存储已被广泛应用于许多NoSQL系统,如BigTable,Cassandra和HBase等。因此,如何基于新型的SSD-SMR混合存储构建出高性能的LSM树键值存储系统是一个具有很大研究价值的问题。首先建立基于SSD-SMR混合存储的LSM树键值系统的性能模型,然后针对SSD和SMR的硬件特征以及LSM树键值存储的软件特点,设计了一套面向SSD-SMR混合存储进行性能优化的LSM树键值存储系统,并基于LevelDB实现了该系统。在仅仅使用0.4%～2%空间的SSD的情况下,所提方法可以使SSD-SMR混合存储方案比普通磁盘方案的随机写性能提高20%,随机读性能提高5倍。     

Hybrid storage-based caching strategy for content delivery network services

This study proposes a novel caching scheme for content delivery network services. In general, video content users often watch the first part of video clips and then switch to other content. Therefore, a caching scheme is proposed, in which the first part of the frequently referenced content is stored on a solid state drive (SSD) while the remaining video content is stored on a hard disk drive (HDD),. The proposed hybrid (SSD/HDD) caching scheme offers several benefits, such as an improved average data output capacity due to the high average data rate and average hit capacity of the SSD. That is, performance can be significantly improved at a low extra cost with the cache server of a content delivery network (CDN).