经颈静脉肝内门体分流术在肝硬化静脉曲张出血防治中的地位

静脉曲张出血是肝硬化门静脉高压常见的致死性并发症,大约50%的肝硬化患者在诊断为肝硬化时既已合并静脉曲张。自从1988年经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)首次应用于临床以来,大量的临床研究不断的更新与完善了TIPS的相关知识。本文主要对TIPS在肝硬化门静脉高压静脉曲张出血的防治中的地位作一综述,包括TIPS在肝硬化门脉高压静脉曲张出血的初级预防、急性静脉曲张出血的治疗以及肝硬化静脉曲张再出血的预防中的应用。TIPS是肝硬化门静脉高压静脉曲张的有效疗法,随着技术的不断进步,将有越来越多的患者成为TIPS的适应证,TIPS在肝硬化门脉高压静脉曲张出血的防治中将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Duodenal variceal bleeding after balloon-occluded retrograde transverse obliteration: treatment with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

We report a case of duodenal varix bleeding as a long term complication of balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO), which was successfully treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). A 57-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room suffering from melena. He had undergone BRTO to treat gastric varix bleeding 5 mo before admission. Endoscopy and a computed tomography (CT) scan showed complete obliteration of the gastric varix, but the nodular varices in the second portion of the duodenum expanded after BRTO, and spurting blood was seen. TIPS was performed for treatment of duodenal variceal bleeding, because attempts at endoscopic varix ligation were unsuccessful. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged without complications. A follow up CT scan obtained 21 mo after TIPS revealed a patent TIPS tract and complete obliteration of duodenal varices, but multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma had developed. He died of hepatic failure 28 mo after TIPS.     

采用EVL或TIPS治疗肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张出血患者疗效及其预后分析

目的 探讨采用食管曲张静脉套扎术(EVL)和经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝硬化并发食管曲张静脉破裂出血(EVB)患者的疗效.方法 2016年10月 ～2018年10月我院收治的74例肝硬化并发EVB患者,其中34例接受EVL治疗,另40例接受TIPS治疗,术后均随访2年.结果 入组患者在急性出血被控制后,行E...     

Salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for uncontrolled variceal bleeding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The place of transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) for variceal haemorrhage uncontrolled by sclerotherapy and medical treatment is still undefined. To investigate the outcome of early salvage TIPS for active uncontrolled variceal haemorrhage, and to identify the factors associated with mortality. METHODS: Salvage TIPS was performed in 58 patients as soon as possible after the diagnosis of variceal bleeding refractory to the combination of sclerotherapy and of pharmacological therapy. Twenty-three variables were assessed prospectively to identify predictors of mortality within 60 days of the procedure. RESULTS: The haemorrhage was controlled in 52 of 58 patients (90%). Bleeding persisted in six of 58 patients (10%), and recurred in four patients (7%). Overall, 17 (29%) and 20 (35%) patients died within respectively 30 days and 60 days of TIPS: five patients died of persistent bleeding, two patients died of recurrent bleeding, and 13 patients died of terminal liver failure. The actuarial survival following salvage TIPS was 51.7% at 1 year. On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of early mortality were: the presence of sepsis (P=0.001), the use of catecholamines for systemic hemodynamic impairment (P=0.009), and the use of balloon tamponade (P=0.04). Neither a single factor, nor a combination of factors before TIPS allowed to predict mortality confidently in a given patient. CONCLUSIONS: Early salvage TIPS is an effective treatment to stop active variceal bleeding refractory to sclerotherapy and pharmacological treatment. Pre-treatment prognostic determinants that correlate to mortality can not be used to predict the outcome in individual cases.     

肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的急诊TIPS术可行性

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)用于急性肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的可行性。方法选择2011年9月至2013年9月收治的28例急性肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者,均实施急诊TIPS术。结果 28例患者均1次操作成功接受TIPS术,术后24 h的止血率为100.0%。患者的平均门静脉压力术后较术前显著下降,分别为(27.01±5.32)和(38.23±7.41)cmH2O,门体循环压力差显著减小,分别为(18.76±4.70)和(30.45±7.69)cmH2O,经比较差异均有统计学意义(t=9.56,8.74,均P0.05)。术后,患者肝功能各项指标及凝血酶原时间较之术前均未出现显著改变,经比较差异均无统计学意义,(均P0.05)。术后随访3个月,所有患者支架均通畅,1例分流道为门静脉左支患者出现狭窄闭塞。1例患者出现肝性脑病,1例患者出现肝功能衰竭,经治疗无效死亡。结论急诊TIPS术用于急性肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血可以获得良好的效果,安全性高。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术在肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血中的应用现状与未来展望

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门静脉高压的致命性并发症。经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)是治疗门静脉高压并发症的有效手段。TIPS可用于预防复发性或顽固性腹水患者的首次静脉曲张出血。对急性静脉曲张出血高危(Child-Pugh C级<14分、Child-Pugh B级>7分伴内镜下活动性出血或肝静脉压力梯>20 mmHg)的患者,应当尽早行TIPS治疗。对标准治疗失败的急性静脉曲张出血,TIPS是有效的挽救措施。此外,TIPS也是预防静脉曲张再出血的二线选择。     

介入性门腔分流术治疗门脉高压症所致曲张静脉出血及腹水疗效观察

目的 评价介入性门腔分流术治疗门脉高压症所致曲张静脉出血及腹水的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2004年2月—2010年1月我院55例良性门脉高压症行介入性门腔分流术患者的临床资料,观察分流道近期和远期的通畅情况,并分析生存时间和并发症。结果 手术成功率为100%,患者门静脉压力梯度(portal pressure gradient,PPG)均达到要求,即PPG≤1.60kPa或PPG降低2.00kPa。术后1～5年生存率分别为70.4%、60.8%、60.8%、60.8%、60.8%;分流道再狭窄率分别为7.3%、13.1%、24.0%、24.0%、24.0%;消化道曲张静脉出血复发率分别为9.8%、19.3%、26.0%、26.0%、26.0%;肝性脑病发生率分别为14.8%、23.9%、35.8%、57.2%、57.2%。结论 介入性门腔分流术治疗门脉高压症所致曲张静脉出血及腹水疗效可靠。如应用覆膜支架,门腔分流道通畅率较高。肝性脑病及复发性出血等并发症的发生率较低。     

Surgery versus transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt in the treatment of severe variceal bleeding

The management of patients who have portal hypertension has changed dramatically over the last 2 decades. Pharmacologic therapy benefits the patient by reducing the risk for an initial bleed, improving the management of an acute bleed, and in reducing the risk for a rebleed. Endoscopic management has improved progressively along with endoscopic technology. For those 20% of patients that continues to have persistent high-risks varices or rebleed through first-line therapy, decompression does remain an option. The three options to decompression are liver transplant, a surgical shunt, or a transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt (TIPS). This article focuses on the relative roles of these options with a particular emphasis on the current available data comparing surgical shunt with TIPS.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt treatment of variceal bleeding in an unselected patient population

Objective: To evaluate transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in variceal bleeding in a clinical setting.

Materials and methods: Retrospective review of 131 patients (116 with liver cirrhosis) treated with TIPS with covered stent grafts in a single centre from 2002 to 2016.

Results: Survival at 1 and 2 years was 70% and 57% in patents with, and 100% at 2 years in patients without liver cirrhosis, respectively. A high Child–Pugh score and severe hepatic encephalopathy (HE) within 12 months post-TIPS were related to increased mortality. Re-bleeding occurred in 8% within 12 months and was related to TIPS dysfunction and a post-TIPS portosystemic gradient (PSG) of ≥5?mmHg. The main cause of TIPS dysfunction was that the stent did not fully reach the inferior vena cava. There was no correlation between the PSG and the occurrence of HE.

Conclusions: TIPS was safe and prevented re-bleeding in patients with variceal bleeding, with or without liver cirrhosis, regardless of Child–Pugh class and of how soon after bleeding onset, the TIPS procedure was performed. A post-TIPS PSG of ≥5?mmHg was associated with an increased risk for re-bleeding and there was no correlation between the post-TIPS PSG and the occurrence of HE.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的规范化问题

经颈静脉肝门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, TIPS)临床应用以来,避免了危险而复杂的外科开放手术以及由此带来的较大创伤和全身麻醉的危险,控制了病情的发展,挽救了患者的生命.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的并发症及其防治

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)在治疗肝硬化门静脉高压的应用已得到国内外同行的广泛认可。就TIPS出现的腹腔内出血、急性肺栓塞等致死性并发症和分流道失效、反复出现的分流性肝性脑病,进行了重点描述,并就其形成的原因及如何防范作了详尽的阐述。旨在提高TIPS术中穿刺的精准性和安全性,减少TIPS术后分流道失效、肝性脑病等常见并发症的发生,提高TIPS在治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症应用中的临床疗效。     

The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of portal hypertension

The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) represents a major advance in the treatment of complications of portal hypertension. It is most commonly used in the management of refractory variceal bleeding, where it can be life-saving. Two other indications have been studied in randomized controlled trials: prevention of variceal rebleeding and refractory cirrhotic ascites. These trials have demonstrated that TIPS is superior to standard therapy but is associated with a higher rate of hepatic encephalopathy and with no improvement in survival. Consequently, TIPS is considered a second-line therapy in these situations. TIPS has also been used successfully in the treatment of hepatic hydrothorax, hepatorenal syndrome, severe portal hypertensive gastropathy, Budd-Chiari syndrome and veno-occlusive disease. Its use in these indications has only been reported in small uncontrolled series. TIPS usefulness is limited by two major problems: shunt dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy. Shunt dysfunction is frequently responsible for the recurrence of complications of portal hypertension, and requires a surveillance program to monitor shunt patency. The use of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents may help prevent this complication.     

A clinical study of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt combined with stomach and esopha-geal variceal embolization for gastric varices bleeding

<正>Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)combined with stomach and esophageal variceal embolization(SEVE)for gastric variceal haemorrhage,and the efficacy with or without a gastrorenal shunt.Methods A total of 52 patients with gastric variceal bleeding history     

急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行急诊经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后发生肝性脑病的危险因素分析

目的 通过临床结果分析了解急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行急诊经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术后肝性脑病(HE)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月-2018年12月因失代偿期肝硬化伴急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血在苏州大学附属第一医院接受内镜或者药物治疗失败,72 h内行覆膜支架TIPS治疗的93例患者的临床资料。根据术后发生HE情况分为HE组(n=36)和非HE组(n=57)。收集患者术前临床资料,包括性别、年龄、病因、合并症,血生化指标包括WBC、PLT、红细胞比积、TBil、AST、Alb、血清肌酐、PT等,根据实测值分别计算每位患者MELD评分,记录TIPS支架植入前测得的肝静脉锲压与游离压,肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)为两者的差值。计量资料两组间比较采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ^2检验。二分类变量logistic回归分析TIPS术后患者的预后危险因素。结果 术后HE发病率为38.710%,两组间术前MELD评分[(13.000±3.189)分vs(11.684±2.068)分,t=2.068,P=0.043]、HVPG[(24.908±5.317) mm Hg vs (22.597±4.928) mm Hg,t=2.100,P=0.039]差异均有统计学意义。进一步HE分级显示0~1级17例(47.222%),2级9例(25.000%),3级6例(16.667%),4级4例(11.111%)。逐步logistic回归分析发现,MELD评分[比值比(OR)=0.803,95%可信区间(95%CI): 0.679~0.948,P=0.010)和HVPG(OR=0.896,95%CI: 0.816~0.984,P=0.022)是TIPS术后HE发病的独立危险因素。结论 急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行急诊TIPS术后HE发生率高,术前MELD评分和HVPG可预测TIPS术后HE发生风险。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术与内镜治疗预防肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张再出血的Meta分析

目的比较经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)与内镜治疗(ET)对降低肝硬化静脉曲张再出血的疗效和安全性。方法利用计算机在Pub Med、Ovid、Science Direct、Embase、万方数据库、维普数据库中检索1970年1月1日至2014年1月1日期间关于TIPS和ET预防肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血疗效方面的随机对照试验,选取符合条件的随机对照试验并对其进行质量评价。使用Rev Man 5.2软件对静脉曲张再出血率、治疗后肝性脑病发生率、生存期及住院天数等指标进行Meta分析,并对其中的异质性、敏感性、偏倚作出初步判断。结果共纳入13项随机对照研究,包括TIPS组475例和ET组480例患者。结果显示,与ET相比,TIPS有着更好地控制再出血率及病死率的疗效[相对危险度(RR)=0.48,95%置信区间(CI):0.39~0.58,P0.001;RR=0.37,95%CI:0.20~0.69,P=0.001)];但TIPS更易导致肝性脑病(RR=1.84,95%CI:1.47~2.30,P0.001)。二者术后总病死率、住院天数差异均无统计学意义[(RR=1.09,95%CI:0.88~1.35,P=0.44;加权均数差(WMD)=-0.44,95%CI:-3.25~2.38,P=0.76)]。结论 TIPS较之ET更易导致肝性脑病的发生,但在某些特殊情况下,TIPS仍是目前预防肝硬化静脉曲张再出血的第一选择。