甘草地上部分黄酮研究概况

甘草又名甜根、蜜草，来源于豆科甘草属，全世界有23个品种。我国是甘草分布最多的国家，有12个品种，其中乌拉尔甘草(即中国甘草)是我国列入药典的3种甘草中分布最广、产量最高、质量最好的甘草品种，在国际市场上享有盛誉。人类应用甘草已有近4000年的历史，明朝李时珍的《本草纲目》中把甘草列于1000余种中药的第一味。我国有“十方九草”、“无草不成方”之说，     

甘草:有望战胜艾滋病

日本山口大学医学系山本直树教授和福岛医科大学伊藤正彦助教授组成的科研组，最近在研究中发现，甘草既能预防又能治疗艾滋病。临床实验的效果证实：给予东京４所医院住院的７名艾滋病者甘草甜素，有６名患者效果显著，免疫细胞活性增强，免疫功能有了恢复，病情正在好转。甘草，又名甜菜、蜜草、美草，是一种豆科植物，生长在向阳干燥的草原上钙质土地以及河岸沙质土地中。其主要产地分布在我国的东北、西北、华北一带，西伯利亚和乌拉尔地区也有生产。我国内蒙古伊克昭盟杭锦旗所产的甘草品质最佳。我国古今医学家在几千年的临床实践中一…     

甘草锌冲剂稳定性实验研究

以甘草锌冲剂中的有效成份锌元素和甘草酸为指标，进行了高温恒温，低温恒温恒湿加速实验和自然存放实验，考察了甘草锌冲剂的稳定性。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术研究甘草甜素免疫调节靶基因

目的应用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术构建甘草甜素刺激的人T淋巴细胞Jurkat差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库，筛选并克隆甘草甜素免疫调节靶基因，阐明甘草甜素免疫调节的分子生物学机制。方法以甘草甜素刺激Jurkat细胞，同时以生理盐水刺激的相同细胞作为对照；24h后提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA，进行抑制性消减杂交分析并构建cDNA消减文库，随机挑选文库克隆，PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果文库扩增后得到28个阳性克隆，进行菌落PCR分析，均得到200～1000bp插入片段。挑取含有插入片段的22个克隆进行测序，并通过生物信息学分析获得11种已知蛋白基因编码序列。主要包括IL-12、IL-18、胸腺素等免疫调节基因。结论应用SSH技术成功构建了甘草甜素处理的淋巴细胞差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库。为进一步阐明甘草甜素的免疫调节机制及深入了解甘草甜素用于防治病毒性肝炎的药理作用机制提供了依据。     

不同浓度羧甲基纤维素钠对兔口服甘草锌药动学与生物利用度的影响

甘草锌为我国自行研制补锌新药，含锌量为5％，已载入十三版新编药物学[1]。其胶囊制剂用于胃和十二指肠溃疡治疗有一定疗效[2]。此外还用于治疗座疮和缺锌症者的补锌。为寻找其颗粒剂的助悬剂，我们对常用助悬剂羟甲基纤维素钠（CMC－Na）影响口服甘草锌在家兑体内药动学及生物利用度的情况进行考察。现报道如下。试剂与仪器甘草锌，新疆制药厂生产；CMC－Na，中国医药公司上海市公司分装，原批号DA3－1批号840421；医药用淀粉，北京医药公司分装批号871124；甘草锌颗粒剂（自制）；甘油，优级纯，天津市化学试剂工厂“；10μg／ml锌标…     

毛细管区带电泳法测定甘草浸膏粉中甘草酸和甘草次酸的含量

目的　建立测定甘草浸膏粉中甘草酸和甘草次酸含量的方法。方法　用毛细管区带电泳法 ,紫外检测波长 2 2 8nm ,电压 14kV ,以 5 0mmol·L-1硼砂溶液为背景电解质 ,氢氯噻嗪为内标 ,对甘草浸膏粉中的甘草酸和甘草次酸进行定量分析。结果　甘草酸和甘草次酸的相对峰面积 (氢氯噻嗪为内标 )与各自的质量浓度呈良好的线性关系 ,甘草酸和甘草次酸的平均回收率分别为 98.2 %、96 .8% .结论　该法操作简便、准确、快速     

甘草及其衍生物的临床应用

甘草为多年生豆科草本植物,其根及根状茎提取物主要成分为甘草甜素、甘草次酸及黄酮类化合物,具有肾上腺皮质激素样的作用,为临床常用中草药之一,广泛应用于抗菌、抗病毒、保肝解毒等方面,其应用也由医药领域拓展到食品、化工等不同领域,所含有的甘草甜素也被列为世界公认精细化工产品之一。现代药理研究认为：甘草主含甘草甜素、甘草甙、甾甘露醇、β-固甾醇、糖类、有机酸等物质。因此,甘草具有解毒作用、抗利尿作用、抗肝癌、呼吸系统疾病等。     

甘草茎叶饲料资源的开发利用

综述近年来国内对甘草茎叶的开发利用研究现状，特别是它的营养成分研究以及在畜牧业上的利用研究，为甘草茎叶作为饲料资源的进一步开发利用研究提供科学依据。     

新疆甘草资源开发利用现状与保护措施

通过对新疆甘草的种类、分布、产业化发展现状进行综述,针对新疆甘草资源保护性利用所面临的问题提出相关建议,为新疆甘草产业发展提供借鉴。     

甘草酸抗炎抗病毒及免疫调节作用研究进展

目的：综述近年来甘草酸类及其制剂在抗炎、抗病毒、免疫调节方面的药理研究和应用状况,以供研究和临床参考。方法：查阅近几年国内外有关文献资料,并进行分析评述。结果：甘草酸类具有抗炎、抗病毒、免疫调节及抗动脉硬化、抗癌等作用。结论：甘草酸类在抗炎、抗病毒及免疫调节方面具有良好的研究发展和应用前景。     

Trends in the analysis of abrin poisoning for forensic purposes

Abrus precatorius is a poisonous plant known since ancient times. Accidental poisoning is more common due to the intake of plant seeds containing deadly abrin which is a highly toxic and a thermolabile plant toxalbumin. Abrin has also been reported to be a potential chemical agent that can be used as bioweapon in military or terrorism. Abrin is a ribosome inactivating protein that contains multiple isotoxic forms of protein subunits called chain A and B. The identification of this toxalbumin in the plant is important to determine cause of death in poisoning cases. Therefore, the present review focuses on the structure, mode of administration, tokicokinetics, extraction procedures and forensic analysis of abrin and other constituents. It is observed that most of the researchers have utilized immunological methods for the detection of plant components. This technique has proved to be more sensitive, reliable and accurate for the detection of extremely low concentrations of toxin.     

Analysis of radionuclide transfer factors from soil to plant in tropical and subtropical environments

In this study, the factors that influence the variability of soil to plant radionuclide transfer factors (TF) in tropical and subtropical environments were statistically analyzed. More than 2700 TF values were obtained from the literature, and from this four broad soil groups and 13 plant groups were investigated. Additionally, different plant compartments were distinguished. The wide variability and uncertainty observed in TF is considerably reduced when data are independently grouped into groups of plant/plant part/soil type combinations. In most plant groups Zn and Sr have the highest transfer values. TFs are lower for Cs and the lowest TFs were found for Ra, U and Pb.     

田湾核电站周围居民核电站认知调查

目的 调查核电站周围公众对核电站的认知和态度,了解影响公众对核电站认知和态度的因素。方法 按照居住地距连港市田湾核电站的距离,将调查对象分为4层:0km～, 4km～, 8km～和 30km～50km。用问卷调查的方式调查了田湾核电站周围50km内的常住居民共计1408人。调查问卷共37个问题,包括个人基本情况、对辐射相关知识的了解、对常见工业设施和核电站的环境影响评价、对核电站的认知和态度及其影响因素等信息。用ordinal logistic模型进行多因素回归分析。结果 调查对象中91.18%的人听说过核电站,35.36%的人对切尔诺贝利核电站事故有所了解,71.05%的人认为核电站对环境没有负面影响,37.03%的人认为核电站是安全的,74.27%的人认为我国有必要发展核电站,63.29%的人支持当地发展核电站。回归分析表明:受教育程度高、男性、认为当地政府处理突发事件能力强、家庭年收入高、认为本地区建核电站对自己有经济好处是影响调查对象对核电站认知和态度的正向因素,而认为核电站对环境有影响和担心核电站对健康有影响是负向因素。调查对象对核电站的负向态度(否定或不支持)与距离核电站的距离的关系曲线呈右侧拖尾倒置"U"型。结论 受教育程度、性别、家庭年收入和预期经济回报等是影响公众对核电站认知和态度的主要因素,为了提高公众对核电的接受性,需要针对重点人群和主要影响因素做更多工作。     

Determination of water content of plant leaves by beta attenuation

The method of determination of absolute water content of a plant leaf, based upon the measured relative intensities and the mass attenuation coefficient of β-particles from ²⁰⁴Tl through the fresh and dry leaves of the plant, is described. Moisture content of plant leaves of Cotton, Sunflower, Mung and Spinach as estimated by this method agrees with the direct weighing measurements within ±4%.     

植物基除臭剂的配方设计及净化效果的试验研究

目的通过研究植物基除臭剂的配方,探讨其净化效果。方法采用市售植物复配精油为基底,三甘醇为溶剂,加入一定比例的乳化剂、助剂和去离子水配制植物基除臭剂。乳化剂选用比较常见的10种表面活性剂进行冷储和热储对比试验,助剂选用β-环糊精,通过三因素三水平正交试验确定配方中植物精油、乳化剂和助剂含量。通过气相色谱质谱分析除臭剂的活性成分。净化试验采用静态染毒和自动喷雾系统测试除臭剂的净化效果,并和自然沉降、去离子水和3M异味抑制剂效果进行对比。结果植物基除臭剂检出活性有效成分33种,大部分为含氧化合物。精油质量浓度0.6%、β-环糊精质量浓度1.0%,吐温-80质量浓度3.0%为最佳配比,该植物基除臭剂的平均除臭效率高于去离子水和化学除臭剂,10 min后硫化氢和甲硫醇的净化效率达到100%,30 min后氨气净化效率达到95%。结论植物基除臭剂含有反应活性很高的功能团,能与恶臭物质进行各种化学反应,从而达到抑制恶臭气味的目的,该除臭剂对硫化氢和甲硫醇的净化效果强于对氨气的净化效果。     

空间微生物废物处理装置地面试验样机研制

目的 研制空间微生物废物处理装置地面试验样机，为今后空间环境条件下植物不可食部分等废物转化为植物栽培液、实现空间物质的循环利用奠定基础。方法 提出技术指标和性能要求，进行方案论证和设计、各组件加工和性能检测、系统安装与调试，而后进行微生物废物处理试验。结果 该装置系统运行稳定，其能耗、体积和重量满足设计要求，出水水质和微生物处理能力好于设计要求。pH值和溶解氧浓度能自动控制，O2能实现无泡供应。生菜不可食部分等废物在该装置中能被所选用的微生物降解，总有机碳(TOC)和化学需氧量(COD)含量均显著下降。分别达92．1％和95．5％。结论 该装置结构设计合理，主要工作原理满足空间微重力条件设计要求，可作为空间条件下的废物降解处理装置。     

微生物处理废物实验装置的研制

目的 建成微生物处理废物实验装置，拟将植物不可食生物量转化为植物营养液供植物生长发育，方法 提出技术指标和性能要求，进行方案论证、图纸设计、加工、调试和初步微生物废物转化试验。结果 该装置生物反应器中的温度、搅拌速度和供气流量可以实现自动控制，ｐＨ值和溶解氧浓度可以实现自动测量和手动控制，达到了预设的技术指标要求。１５ｄ的初步微生物处理废物试验表明，该装置运行平稳，参数测控精确，生菜不可食生物量的     

A potential dating technique using 228Th/228Ra ratio for tracing the chronosequence of elemental concentrations in plants.

We propose a radiometric method based on measurement of the radioactivity of the naturally occurring radionuclides (228)Ra and 228)Th and the derived (228)Th/(228)Ra ratios in plant samples to estimate plant age and the corresponding nutritional conditions in a field-growing fern, Dicranopteris linearis. Plant age (tissue age) was associated with the (228)Th/(228)Ra ratio in fronds, which implies the accumulation time of immobile elements in the plant tissue or the life span of the fronds. Results indicated that the accumulation of alkaline earth elements in D. linearis is relatively constant with increased age, while the K concentration is reversed with age because of translocation among plant tissues. Estimation of dating uncertainty based on measurement conditions revealed that the radiometric technique can be applied to trace chronosequential changes of elemental concentrations and environmental pollutants in plants with ages of less than 10-15 years.     

Rays as weapons

PURPOSE: Ionizing radiation is being regarded as life threatening. Therefore, accidents in nuclear power plants are considered equal threatening as nuclear bomb explosions, and attacks with dirty bombs are thought as dangerous as nuclear weapon explosions. However, there are differences between a nuclear bomb explosion, the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and an attack with a dirty bomb. It is intended to point them out. METHOD: The processes are described, which damage in a nuclear bomb explosion, in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and in an attack with a dirty bomb. Their effects are compared with each other, i.e. explosion, heat, shock wave (blast), ionizing radiation, and fallout. RESULTS: In the center of the explosion of a nuclear bomb, the temperature rises to 100Mio degrees C, this induces damaging heat radiation and shock wave. In the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant and in the conventional explosion of a dirty bomb, the temperature may rise up to 3000 degrees C, heat radiation and blast are limited to a short distance. In nuclear power plants, explosions due to oxyhydrogen gas or steam may occur. In nuclear explosions the dispersed radioactive material (fall out) consists mainly of isotopes with short half-life, in nuclear power plants and in dirty bomb attacks with longer half-life. The amount of fall out is comparable in nuclear bomb explosions with that in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, it is smaller in attacks with dirty bombs. An explosion in a nuclear power plant even in the largest imaginable accident is not a nuclear explosion. In Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there were 200,000 victims nearly all by heat and blast, some 300 died by ionizing radiation. In Chernobyl, there have been less than 100 victims due to ionizing radiation up till now. A dirty bomb kills possibly with the explosion of conventional explosive, the dispersed radioactive material may damage individuals. The incorporation of irradiating substances may kill and be difficult to detect (Litvinenko). A new form of (government supported) terrorism/crime appears possible. CONCLUSION: The differences are important between a nuclear weapon explosion, the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and an attack with a dirty bomb. Nuclear weapons kill by heat and blast; in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, they are less strong and limited to the plant; an attack with a dirty bomb is as life threatening as an ("ordinary") bomb attack, dispersed radiating material may be a risk for individuals.     

Identification of poisonous plants by DNA barcoding approach

The plant exposures are one of the most frequent poisonings reported to poison control centres. The diagnosis of intoxicated patients is usually based on the morphological analysis of ingested plant portions; this procedure requires experience in systematic botany, because the plant identification is based on few evident traits. The objective of this research is to test DNA barcoding approach as a new universal tool to identify toxic plants univocally and rapidly. Five DNA barcode regions were evaluated: three cpDNA sequences (trnH-psbA, rpoB and matK) and two nuclear regions (At103 and sqd1). The performance of these markers was evaluated in three plant groups: (1) a large collection of angiosperms containing different toxic substances, (2) congeneric species showing different degrees of toxicity and (3) congeneric edible and poisonous plants. Based on assessments of PCR, sequence quality and resolution power in species discrimination, we recommend the combination of plastidial and nuclear markers to identify toxic plants. Concerning plastidial markers, matK and trnH-psbA showed consistent genetic variability. However, in agreement with CBOL Plant Working Group, we selected matK as the best marker, because trnH-psbA showed some problems in sequences sizes and alignments. As a final and relevant observation, we also propose the combination of matK with a nuclear marker such as At103 to distinguish toxic hybrids form parental species. In conclusion, our data support the claim that DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for poisonous plant identifications.