广丰盆地白垩纪红层及其地貌景观发育研究

广丰白垩纪盆地中沉积一套冲积扇相和湖相以红色为主的沉积岩系,其岩石类型为砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩以及透镜状淡水灰岩.在盆地的西南部和东南部,受盆地边界断层和红层岩性制约,形成以复式单斜山、石寨、石蜂、峰林、石柱、石崖、巷谷、一线天、造型石等丹霞地貌景观类型,地貌发育处于壮年期.本文主要阐述广丰盆地红层、构造发育、丹霞地貌景观特征及其相互关系.     

四川巴中市红层地区滑坡发育特征与防范措施

本文以巴中市大量发育的红层地区滑坡为研究对象,分析了巴中市红层地质环境特点,归纳了红层区域滑坡类型为浅表层土质滑坡、深厚层土质滑坡和缓倾顺层岩质滑坡三类,研究了三类红层地区滑坡的分布规律与发育特征。从满足基层防灾管理的现实需要出发,对红层地区滑坡灾害防范核心要点进行了深入总结和提炼,提出的滑坡灾害防范措施具有现实性和可操作性。     

西南红层地区地质灾害发育规律与成灾模式

红层区边坡的变形破坏引发的地质灾害类型多、数量大,造成的人员伤亡和财产损失较大。以彝良县红层地区地质灾害为研究对象,结合实地调查,对彝良县红层边坡变形破坏所引发的49处不稳定斜坡、150处滑坡、53处崩塌进行了统计分析,总结了发育规律及特征。对不同斜坡结构下的红层边坡的成灾模式及破坏过程进行了分析,红层顺向边坡常见破坏模式为滑移-拉裂式;横向边坡常见破坏模式为崩解-冲刷式;反向坡、斜向坡的常见破坏模式为软岩崩解剥落-硬岩卸荷拉裂坠落式。研究可为彝良县等红层发育地区的地质灾害防治和管理提供一定的技术支持和参考。     

福建永安白垩纪红层盆地丹霞地貌及特征

永安白垩纪红层盆地位于福建省中部永安市东隅,大地构造处于华夏古陆武夷隆起的西南部,盆地内晚白垩世崇安组紫红色厚层一巨厚层砾岩、砂砾岩经内、外动力地质作用,发育峰丛、石峰、石堡、石墙、石柱等正地貌和线谷、巷谷、峡谷、峡谷曲流等负地貌,构成风光旖旎的丹霞地貌景观。永安红层盆地丹霞地貌于上新世开始发育,现已处于中年期发展演化阶段,是开展中年期丹霞地貌旅游和科考的宝贵地质遗迹。     

桂南红层岩溶及其发育控制因素探讨

桂南红层岩溶形态主要表现为岩溶缓丘、地下溶洞、岩溶泉以及地下河、天窗等。在地下50m深度范围,溶洞高0.5～3m,多为无充填溶洞,发育数量随深度增加而减少。岩溶泉类型有上升泉和下降泉,泉水流量变化较大。目前尚未发现仅由红层作为含水层的地下河。桂南红层岩溶的发育程度及形态特征与岩性、构造及水文地质条件有关。红层岩溶主要发育于红层盆地边缘的钙质砾岩中。红层的层组结构可分为单一型和互层型,单一型岩溶发育相对强烈,互层型以岩溶顺层发育为特征。通常,在可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带附近红层溶洞发育;在断裂破碎带以及河谷地带红层岩溶发育强烈,溶洞规模较大。     

江西省丹霞地貌发育规律及旅游区划研究

江西省燕山-喜马拉雅运动以块断作用为主,形成了一系列断裂隆起带和断陷盆地,白垩纪、早第三纪红层发育齐全.丹霞地貌主要发育于上白垩统紫红色含钙粗碎屑岩中,受盆缘断裂和中幼年河流控制,是晚第三纪以来新构造运动间歇性隆升,伴随着断裂切割、流水冲刷和风化剥蚀的产物.根据陆地卫星TM图像解译和野外实地调查,查明了全省共有丹霞地貌景观资源123处,其中新发现景点78处.丹霞地貌景观主要分布在该省周边丘陵低山区,明显受不同级别河流的流域控制,具带状分布规律,可划分出9个景观集中分布区域.赣东、赣东南丹霞地貌景观最为密集,结合红色旅游和客家文化特色,该区具有强劲的丹霞地貌旅游开发潜力.     

丹霞山世界地质公园地貌景观控制因素与景观类型研究

丹霞山世界地质公园发育典型的湿润气候型丹霞地貌,以往研究多集中在对单体地貌特征的描述和成因分析,而对整个丹霞盆地范围内地貌发育的控制因素较少涉及,尤其缺乏对断裂体系与丹霞山体相互关系的深入分析。本文根据丹霞盆地野外考察、岩石硬度测量、线性构造遥感解译以及岩石样品实验分析,阐明岩性、沉积相、构造抬升、断裂切割和外动力地质作用在景观塑造过程中的作用,提出丹霞地貌景观的成因和形态分类方案。丹霞盆地上白垩统由长坝组和丹霞组构成,前者出露面积更大,形成了周边低缓山丘;而后者分布区集中且发育具有绝壁陡崖的丹霞地貌。丹霞组发育冲积扇相粗粒碎屑岩和风成砂岩,单层厚度大,胶结致密,密度和硬度大,抗风化能力强。长坝组岩性主要为河湖相细粒碎屑岩,泥质含量高,抗风化能力弱,风化剥蚀后不能形成有陡崖坡的丹霞地貌。在喜马拉雅期构造运动影响下,丹霞盆地呈整体抬升,地层倾角平缓,产生一系列北东向断层及北北东向、北西向和近东西向节理,使红层形成网状断块。这些构造破裂面为随后的风化剥蚀作用提供条件,最终形成悬崖峭壁、网状沟谷和奇峰怪石。丹霞山地处亚热带湿润气候区,风化、崩塌、流水侵蚀和岩溶作用等都是塑造该区地貌的主要外营...     

对兖州煤田红层采动裂隙发育特征的讨论

兖州煤田因为红层在横向上的水力联系较好,红层在横向上受采动影响的范围并不小。纵向上,红层或煤系采动裂隙未达百米。红层水位下降,并非一定是冒裂带波及红层导致红层水下泄所引起;红层水位上升,也并非一定是采动作用后期,存在压实现象,使红层采动裂隙闭合,阻止红层水下泄之果。而压力的增减则是红层水位升降的主要原因。     

我国红层岩溶与红层岩溶塌陷刍议

中国岩溶地区面积广阔,岩溶地貌和现象类型多样。其中我国南方地区红层中出现的岩溶现象较为特殊:可溶岩类型复杂,成岩作用差,溶蚀机理多样,还易风化崩解。近年来红层岩溶塌陷多有发生,成为一个不可回避的问题。文章对我国红层岩溶与红层岩溶塌陷研究现状进行了系统梳理。红层岩溶主要存在于以可溶物质胶结的或含碳酸盐岩砾石的红色沉积岩为主的地区。红层岩溶的特点可以概括为:(1)可溶岩类型复杂,溶蚀机理多样;(2)成岩作用差,力学强度低,易风化崩解;(3)与地质构造密切相关。红层岩溶地区不但会出现覆盖型岩溶区的土层塌陷,而且由于其特殊的岩溶作用还可能出现基岩塌陷。根据红层岩溶地区地质结构,其塌陷模式可概化为红层上覆松散层塌陷、红层溶洞顶板垮塌以及红层整体垮塌三类。今后有必要从红层溶蚀特点和红层岩溶塌陷模式出发,开展红层溶蚀对岩溶塌陷作用机理的专项研究,为红层地区岩溶塌陷地质灾害的风险评估和防治处理提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

孟家山黄土-红层接触面滑坡破坏机理研究

本文以天水市孟家山滑坡为例,分析了黄土-红层接触面滑坡的发育特征,运用相似材料物理模拟试验,研究了“坡体蠕动—后缘拉裂—滑带由中部向两侧发展—剪出口形成—坡体突滑”的变形破坏机理。     

浅议莽山国家森林公园生态旅游的可持续发展

莽山拥有着中国南部保存最完好、面积最大的原生型常绿阔叶林,以独特秀丽的风景和原始自然生态而扬名国内外。简述了莽山国家森林公园的主要旅游资源,并分析了其主要的生态旅游资源特色,就莽山如何进行生态旅游的可持续发展提出了几点建议。     

青州国家地质公园规划编制探讨

＂国家地质公园规划＂是国家地质公园的＂宪法＂,是建设和管理国家地质公园的依据。按照国土资源部的要求,获得资格的地质公园必须按照《国家地质公园规划编制技术要求》编制国家地质公园规划,经省级国土资源部门初审后报部审查。青州国家地质公园规划是山东省第一个通过国土资源部审查批准的国家级地质公园规划,本文详细介绍了青州国家地质公园规划编写的要点和心得,以期与各位同行交流和探讨。     

Geothermal solute flux monitoring and the source and fate of solutes in the Snake River,Yellowstone National Park,WY

The combined geothermal discharge from over 10,000 features in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) can be can be estimated from the Cl flux in the Madison, Yellowstone, Falls, and Snake Rivers. Over the last 30 years, the Cl flux in YNP Rivers has been calculated using discharge measurements and Cl concentrations determined in discrete water samples and it has been determined that approximately 12% of the Cl flux exiting YNP is from the Snake River. The relationship between electrical conductivity and concentrations of Cl and other geothermal solutes was quantified at a monitoring site located downstream from the thermal inputs in the Snake River. Beginning in 2012, continuous (15 min) electrical conductivity measurements have been made at the monitoring site. Combining continuous electrical conductivity and discharge data, the Cl and other geothermal solute fluxes were determined. The 2013–2015 Cl fluxes (5.3–5.8 kt/yr) determined using electrical conductivity are comparable to historical data. In addition, synoptic water samples and discharge data were obtained from sites along the Snake River under low-flow conditions of September 2014. The synoptic water study extended 17 km upstream from the monitoring site. Surface inflows were sampled to identify sources and to quantify solute loading. The Lewis River was the primary source of Cl, Na, K, Cl, SiO₂, Rb, and As loads (50–80%) in the Snake River. The largest source of SO₄ was from the upper Snake River (50%). Most of the Ca and Mg (50–55%) originate from the Snake Hot Springs. Chloride, Ca, Mg, Na, K, SiO₂, F, HCO₃, SO₄, B, Li, Rb, and As behave conservatively in the Snake River, and therefore correlate well with conductivity (R² ≥ 0.97).     

川东红层丘陵区软弱夹层工程特性

在川东丘陵侏罗系红层中,分布有多层厚度稳定的软弱夹层,这些软弱夹层在很大程度上控制着斜坡的结构特征和稳定性。在进行工程建设时,若基础持力层范围内存在软弱夹层,必须对软弱夹层进行详细研究。以川东地区工程实践经验为基础,进行总结,并进行其工程特性和力学参数取值方法的分析。     

Pteraspidomorphs (Vertebrata), the Old Red Sandstone,and the special case of the Brecon Beacons National Park,Wales, U.K.

Pteraspidomorphi are Ordovician to Devonian, jawless vertebrates devoid of paired fins that have developed a variety of phenotypes of mostly demersal aquatic animals of the neritic province. Some, however, were active swimmers in the water column or near to the surface. They show many convergences in adaptive variations with the other ossified agnathan vertebrates or ostracoderms, that is the osteostracans, galeaspids and pituriaspids. They are traditionally known as Old Red Sandstone (ORS) fish, and have been interpreted as fresh-water inhabitants. However, recent palaeoecological and sedimentological analyses have shown that they were near-shore, shallow-marine fishes in the Ordovician, that they occupied marine environments on the Silurian Baltic platform and a wide variety of environments in the Devonian, including those of the ORS (lagoonal, estuarine, deltaic, and open platform). Their peak of diversity was reached in the Early Devonian, and they all disappeared before the Frasnian-Famennian boundary biotic crisis. Within Earth sciences, they are used in biostratigraphy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography. They are good tools for dating siliciclastic sedimentary series of the Silurian and Devonian, including the ORS, and they are good markers of the margins of Ordovician to Devonian palaeocontinents (Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia, Gondwana).     

江西丹霞地貌演化阶段与分布及其构造控制探讨

晚白垩世至古近纪期间,江西省内沿区域性断裂构造发育30余个断陷盆地,沉积了巨厚的红色陆相碎屑岩,为丹霞地貌的形成提供了物质基础。已发现的228处丹霞地貌点主要分布于江西东部武夷山北麓和西麓的红层盆地内。利用面积—高程积分法,对江西省9个盆地的丹霞地貌演化阶段进行了定量分析,结果表明省内丹霞地貌景区的面积—高程HI为0. 17~0. 52,平均为0. 38,即其演化阶段处于壮年晚期至老年早期,在空间分布上具有由南向北,由壮年期转为老年期的趋势。该趋势可能与武夷山的构造隆升有关。构造分析显示,节理与武夷山的隆升对江西丹霞地貌演化起控制作用,具体表现为：① 龙虎山、九仙湖、仙岩、蛤蟆坞、赭亭山、龟峰等地发育的崖壁、一线天、巷谷、石墙、石寨、峰丛、峰林等丹霞典型景观均与节理有关。② 流水侵蚀等外营力的作用对丹霞地貌的剥露、削平起重要作用,统计表明距离武夷山越近,丹霞地貌山峰越密集、崖壁越陡峻,指示武夷山的隆升与丹霞地貌的发育有直接关系。总体来看,江西省内的红层为丹霞地貌的发育提供了物质基础,武夷山的隆升控制了丹霞地貌的分布。值得注意的是,丹霞地貌区的节理构造是否与武夷山的隆升存在直接因果关系还需进一步研究。     

A Preliminary Study on the Red Beds in the Northern Heyuan Basin, Guangdong Province, China

The red beds of the northern Heyuan Basin （Guangdong Province, China） are more than 4,000 m thick. Based on the lithological characters, in ascending order these beds are divided into the Dafeng Formation, Zhutian Formation, and Zhenshui Formation of the Nanxiong Group, Shanghu Formation and Danxia Formation. The Nanxiong Group with relatively mature coarse clastic rocks attains about 2940 m in thickness. The Dafeng Formation is 837 m thick, consisting of conglomerates and sandy conglomerates; the Zhutian Formation, which is 1.200 m thick, consists of purplish red sandstone with gravels, poorly sorted sandstone, feldspathic quartzose sandstone banded granular conglomerate, siltstone, and sandy mudstone. The Zhutian Formation is rich in calcareous concretions. Heyuannia （Oviraptoridae） and turtle fossils were found in this formation. The Zhenshui Formation deposited to a thickness of 900 m consists of coarse sediments, including granular conglomerate, and gravelly sandstone with well developed cross-beddings; the Shanghu Formation, which is 820 m thick, consists of purplish red granular conglomerate coarse sandstone intercalated with fine si~tstone; the Danxia Formation characterized by the Danxia ~andform is composed of coarse c~astic gravels and sandy gravels. The lower part of the Nanxiong Group whence dinosaur eggs and derived oviraptorosaurs come, belongs to the Late Cretaceous. No fossils are found in the Shanghu Formation or the Danxia Formation, but their stratigraphic order of superposition on the Nanxiong Group clearly shows their younger age.     

江西石城国家地质公园龟裂地貌特征及成因分析

江西石城国家地质公园的龟裂地貌主要产于晚白垩世河口组红色砂岩中,造型奇特、多样,形成许多象形景观,如龟寿石、松果石、鳄鱼石、仙人犁田等,引人注目。但是,对这些龟裂地貌的微观研究不足,导致对其成因的解释比较模糊。本次在野外用罗盘测量裂隙走向,同时采集砂岩样品进行偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜实验观察,分析龟裂地貌形成的原因。野外观察发现,龟裂地貌主要发育在颗粒相对均匀的厚层细粒砂岩中,可产在砂岩层面或其它暴露面上,向下延伸一般不超过15 cm。在偏光显微镜下,砂岩样品的碎屑颗粒主要为次棱角状-次圆状,分选性较好,填隙物中含有方解石胶结物。在扫描电镜下,颗粒胶结疏松,颗粒表面的溶蚀小孔和裂隙比较常见。结合国内外类似研究,本文认为岩性是龟裂地貌发育的基本要素,裂隙走向的玫瑰花图显示,断裂构造控制了一部分龟裂的形成,但并不是唯一的原因。在风化作用过程中,由于硅、铁、锰氧化物沉淀而在砂岩表层形成薄层结壳,后由于应力拉张使结壳破裂,形成细小的裂隙,流水沿着裂隙侵蚀使其扩大,最终形成龟裂地貌。最后,提出龟裂地貌的四个阶段演化模式。     

Distribution,Compositions and Significance of Oceanic Red Beds

Oceanic red beds are widely distributed in the global oceans and across the entire Phanerozoic period, which mostly appeared after oceanic anoxic events. They represent typical oxygen-rich sedimentary environment and play a significant role on ocean science research. Numerous studies have been carried out since the oceanic red beds were discovered. However, previous studies mainly focused on the Cretaceous oceanic red beds, and the understanding of the characteristics and scientific significance of oceanic red beds are not comprehensive. Therefore, we here summarized the global distribution characteristics and compared mineral and element compositions of various lithological oceanic red beds, including marly, clayey and cherty oceanic red beds. The main mineral and element components of oceanic red beds have no direct relationship with the color of the sediments, and mainly are affected by the regional environment and provenances. Therefore, the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oceanic red beds should be analyzed in combination with the regional background. The red coloration of oceanic red beds is controlled mainly by hematite, goethite and manganese-bearing calcite, which have two main mechanisms: ① Colored minerals formed in oxic conditions; ② Colored minerals formed due to low deposition rates. These two mechanisms are not completely independent, but complement one another with either dominance in most oceanic red beds. Lithological characteristics of oceanic red beds are controlled by three factors, including water depth, productivity and nutrients. Therefore, the formation of oceanic red beds should be considered with global changes and regional events. The unique origin mechanism and global distribution characteristics of long time-scale oceanic red beds can be used to indicate sedimentary paleoenvironment, paleo-oceanic current, and paleoclimate change. In addition, hydrothermal or magmatic activities on the ocean floor could also produce red-color deposits that are strongly different from sedimentary oceanic red beds. Based on the existing research, we also put forward the future in-depth studies on the oceanic red beds from multidisciplinary perspectives.     

江西丹霞地貌演化阶段与分布及其构造控制探讨

晚白垩世至古近纪期间,江西省内沿区域性断裂构造发育30余个断陷盆地,沉积了巨厚的红色陆相碎屑岩,为丹霞地貌的形成提供了物质基础。已发现的228处丹霞地貌点主要分布于江西东部武夷山北麓和西麓的红层盆地内。利用面积—高程积分法,对江西省9个盆地的丹霞地貌演化阶段进行了定量分析,结果表明省内丹霞地貌景区的面积—高程HI为0.17~0.52,平均为0.38,即其演化阶段处于壮年晚期至老年早期,在空间分布上具有由南向北,由壮年期转为老年期的趋势。该趋势可能与武夷山的构造隆升有关。构造分析显示,节理与武夷山的隆升对江西丹霞地貌演化起控制作用,具体表现为：① 龙虎山、九仙湖、仙岩、蛤蟆坞、赭亭山、龟峰等地发育的崖壁、一线天、巷谷、石墙、石寨、峰丛、峰林等丹霞典型景观均与节理有关。② 流水侵蚀等外营力的作用对丹霞地貌的剥露、削平起重要作用,统计表明距离武夷山越近,丹霞地貌山峰越密集、崖壁越陡峻,指示武夷山的隆升与丹霞地貌的发育有直接关系。总体来看,江西省内的红层为丹霞地貌的发育提供了物质基础,武夷山的隆升控制了丹霞地貌的分布。值得注意的是,丹霞地貌区的节理构造是否与武夷山的隆升存在直接因果关系还需进一步研究。