咪达唑仑联合利多卡因在微等离子体治疗痤疮瘢痕中的效果分析

目的:分析咪达唑仑肌肉注射联合利多卡因表面麻醉在微等离子体治疗过程中的镇静止痛效果。方法:回顾性分析笔者医院微等离子体治疗的30例痤疮瘢痕患者,均为首次治疗时采用5%复方利多卡因乳膏表面麻醉,再次治疗时选择咪达唑仑肌肉注射联合利多卡因乳膏表面麻醉辅助微等离子体治疗。记录并对比咪达唑仑联和组与利多卡因单用组治疗前后收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、焦虑评分(Anxiety visual analog test,AVAT)、疼痛评分(Visual analogue scale,VAS)、满意度评价及顺行性遗忘评价。结果:微等离子体治疗中咪达唑仑联用组患者的SBP、DBP及HR较利多卡因单用组均下降(P0.0001),SpO_2改变不明显。咪达唑仑联用组VAS和AVAT评分较利多卡因单用组均有显著降低(P0.0001)。辅助应用咪达唑仑后患者满意度及顺行性遗忘率均提高(P0.05)。结论:微等离子体治疗痤疮瘢痕过程中,咪达唑仑联合利多卡因表面麻醉安全可行,可显著降低治疗的疼痛程度,缓解患者的焦虑,提高顺行性遗忘率和患者满意度。     

腹腔镜手术病人咪达唑仑-芬太尼-异丙酚麻醉诱导的优化配伍方案

目的 采用权重配方法探讨腹腔镜手术病人咪达唑仑、芬太尼、异丙酚复合麻醉诱导的优化配伍方案。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期腹腔镜手术病人60例，男34例，女26例，年龄31～55岁。诱导药物的低效量和足量分别确定为咪达唑仑0．02、0．06mg／kg，芬太尼2、6μg／kg，异丙酚0．5、1．5mg／kg。根据权重配方法，将病人随机分配至3种药物不同剂量组合的6个配伍组（n=10）。连续监测脑电双频谱指数（BIS）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）。各组依次静脉注射相应剂量咪达唑仑、芬太尼、异丙酚和罗库溴铵0．6mg／kg行麻醉诱导和气管插管。记录诱导前即刻、异丙酚注入后1、2min、插管即刻、插管后1、3、5、7min的BIS、MAP及HR。按权重配方法的剂量优化原则评判复合药效，分析各组份药的重要程度及相互作用的性质。结果以BIS为评价指标，当咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg／ks、异丙酚1．0mg／kg配伍时，异丙酚为主药，异丙酚与咪达唑仑和芬太。尼具有相加性作用；以MAP为评价指标，当咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg，kg、异丙酚1．5mg／kg配伍时，异丙酚为主药，异丙酚与咪达唑仑具有协同性作用，异丙酚与芬太尼具有相加性作用；以HR为评价指标，当咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg／kg、异丙酚1．0mg／kg配伍时，芬太尼为主药，异丙酚与咪达唑仑和芬太尼具有协同性作用。结论腹腔镜手术病人咪达唑仑、芬太尼、异丙酚复合麻醉诱导在维持镇静方面为相加作用，在维持血液动力学稳定方面为协同作用；优化配伍方案为咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg／kg、异丙酚1．5mg／kg。     

老年病人麻醉前肌肉注射咪达唑仑的安全剂量

老年手术病人多合并有高血压、心脏病、糖尿病等,术前上述病症虽得到控制,但因术前精神紧张、焦虑不安可致血压增高、心率(HR)加快等,因此有必要应用具有较强抗焦虑、镇静作用而对心血管功能影响小的术前药。肌肉注射0.06～0.07 mg/kg咪达唑仑作为成人术前用药,能产生满意的镇静、抗焦虑和顺行性遗忘作用。但以咪达唑仑作为老年病人术前用药的剂量尚未定论。本研究拟探讨咪达唑仑肌肉注射用于老年病人术前用药的安全剂量,为临床应用提供参考。     

咪达唑仑联合芬太尼静脉辅助硬膜外麻醉应用于妇科手术的效果观察

目的观察咪达唑仑联合芬太尼静脉辅助硬膜外麻醉在妇科手术中的效果。方法将70例在硬膜外麻醉下实施妇科手术的患者随机分为2组,各35例。观察组辅助用药采用咪达唑仑联合芬太尼,对照组采用氟哌利多联合芬太尼。比较分析2组患者术前、术中的血氧饱和度(SPO2)、血压(Bp)、心率(HR)。采用Ramsay法评价2组的镇静麻醉效果。结果观察组顺行性遗忘和麻醉效果明显优于对照组,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。但2组患者的Bp、SPO2、HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论妇科手术应用咪达唑仑联合芬太尼作为硬膜外阻滞的辅助用药,小剂量分次给药,麻醉效果好,不良反应轻,且对循环功能无明显影响,呼吸并发症少,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

无痛化眼部美容术

目的 探讨实施无痛化眼部美容手术的可行性.方法 对136例因恐惧手术疼痛但能与医师良好沟通的眼部美容受术者,采用静脉注射咪达唑仑复合氯胺酮辅助局部麻醉实施无痛化眼部美容术,并对镇痛、镇静效果、治疗依从性和治疗行为效果及术后遗忘进行了临床观察和评定,并在术中全程监测SpO2、HR、SBP和心电图变化.结果 静脉注射咪达唑仑和氯胺酮后,恐惧疼痛的受术者均顺利接受局麻注射和眼部美容手术;沉睡中,受术者均无局麻注射痛.麻醉成功后,镇静期无术中疼痛反应,显示了良好的清醒镇静和可靠的无痛及顺行性遗忘效果.6例受术者在镇痛期出现了一过性低氧血症(SpO2<80%),15例术中出现眼心反射,但都不影响手术的顺利完成.未出现严重的并发症.受术者一直在较为清醒的状态下配合手术,治疗依从性和治疗行为效果理想.结论 咪达唑仑复合氯胺酮辅助眼部局部麻醉是一种安全有效的无痛技术.值得在美容外科手术中推广应用.     

咪达唑仑在肝脏恶性肿瘤TACE治疗中的应用

目的探讨咪达唑仑在肝脏恶性肿瘤TACE治疗中应用的临床效果。方法对30例接受TACE的原发性或转移性肝脏肿瘤患者于术前肌内注射咪达唑仑注射液0.06mg/kg体质量,并于注射前、注射后10、30、50min分别监测心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)。TACE术中使用Ramsay改良分级法评价患者镇静状况,术后评价患者对手术过程及术中不良反应的遗忘情况。结果患者术前平均BP偏高,用药后各时间段HR和BP与用药前相比均有所下降(P均<0.01);镇静评价1级7例,2级23例。术后对手术过程及痛苦感受遗忘评价,完全遗忘22例(22/30,73.33%),不完全遗忘8例(8/30,26.67%)。结论 TACE术前使用咪达唑仑,可以迅速起到镇静、催眠和顺行性遗忘作用,适合在动态生命体征监测下使用,为介入治疗前理想的镇静药物。     

咪达唑仑对经内镜鼻胆管引流术患者的镇静麻醉效果观察

目的探讨咪达唑仑对经内镜鼻胆管引流术患者的镇静麻醉效果。方法将48例接受经内镜鼻胆管引流术的患者随机分为观察组和对照组2组,各24例。观察组术中给予咪达唑仑镇静麻醉,对照组单纯应用安定进行镇静麻醉。比较2组患者术前、术中与术后SBP、DBP、HR及Sp O2的变化。结果观察组患者术中、术后SBP、DBP、HR、Sp O2与术前相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);对照组患者术中与术后SBP、DBP、HR与术前相比均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术中与术后SBP、DBP、HR明显优于对照组,手术时间明显短于对照组,镇静程度显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对经内镜鼻胆管引流术的患者实施咪达唑仑镇静麻醉,围术期生命体征稳定,镇静效果满意,可明显缩短手术时间。     

硬膜外麻醉下异丙酚联合咪达唑仑镇静对内隐记忆的影响

目的探讨术中异丙酚联合咪达唑仑镇静对内隐记忆的影响,分析内隐记忆消失的中潜伏期听觉诱发电位(MLAEP)参数界值,为临床镇静深度监测提供一项新的客观指标。方法 硬膜外麻醉下择期手术病人45例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级),随机分为异丙酚组(P)、联合用药一组(PM1)、联合用药二组(PM2)3组,每组15例。P组:异丙酚2 mg·kg-1·h-1;PM1组:异丙酚1.5 mg·kg-1·h 咪达唑仑0.03 mg·kg-1·h-1;PM2组:异丙酚1.5 mg·kg-1·h-1 咪达唑仑0.06 mg·kg-1·h-1。所有病人经异丙酚或异丙酚联合咪达唑仑镇静15 min后,让病人听录音带即内隐记忆刺激。记录入室时(T1)、行硬膜外麻醉后(T2)、静脉给药后15min(T1)、切皮后2min(T4)、内隐记忆刺激完成即刻(T5)等时点的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、MLAEP。术后6 h进行记忆调查,测定病人的模糊辨听率。结果 异丙酚镇静Pa、Nb波潜伏期延长、波幅降低(P<0.05),但联合用药组潜伏期延长更明显、波幅降得更低(P<0.05)。所有病人外显记忆均消失;P组均存在内隐记忆,两联合用药组内隐记忆均消失。结论异丙酚和咪达唑仑联合镇静可以消除外显记忆和内隐记忆。MLAEP参数Pa、Nb波潜伏期、波幅可以作为评价术中镇静深度的客观监测指标。     

瑞马唑仑与咪达唑仑用于心脏同步电复律镇静效果的比较

目的：比较瑞马唑仑与咪达唑仑在心房颤动患者心脏同步电复律中的镇静效果与安全性。
方法：选择2021年1月至2022年12月行心脏同步电复律的心房颤动患者32例,男22例,女10例,年龄18～80岁,BMI 20～30 kg/m²,ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为两组：瑞马唑仑组和咪达唑仑组,每组16例。瑞马唑仑组静注瑞马唑仑0.2 mg/kg进行镇静,咪达唑仑组静注咪达唑仑0.025 mg/kg进行镇静,两组推药时间均为1 min。记录麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间和定向力恢复时间。记录麻醉诱导前（T1）、睫毛反射消失时（T2）、电复律完成后（T3）、苏醒时（T4）的SBP、DBP和SpO₂。在患者清醒后5 min行神经行为认知状态检查（NCSE）,包括语言能力、结构能力、记忆力、计算能力和推理能力,计算每项能力测试的通过率。记录术中（体动、呼吸暂停）及术后12 h内（恶心呕吐、胸痛）不良反应的发生情况。
结果：与咪达唑仑组比较,瑞马唑仑组麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间明显缩短（P<0.05）。两组不同时点SBP、DBP和SpO₂差异无统计学意义。与咪达唑仑组比较,清醒后5 min瑞马唑仑组推理能力测试的通过率明显升高（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。
结论：与咪达唑仑比较,瑞马唑仑用于心房颤动同步电复律术前镇静起效更快、苏醒更快、定向力恢复更快,术后患者NCSE中的推理能力恢复更快。     

地佐辛联合咪达唑仑在大隐静脉射频闭合术中的临床应用

目的研究地佐辛＋咪达唑仑在大隐静脉射频闭合术中的镇静作用,并观察其对生命体征的影响以及不良反应的发生情况。方法选取60例行大隐静脉射频闭合术患者,根据麻醉方式分为芬太尼＋咪达唑仑组和地佐辛＋咪达唑仑组2组,每组30例。分别监测心率（HR）、动脉血氧饱和度（SpO2）、平均动脉压（MAP）,记录用药后5 min和30 min的镇静评分、生命体征以及术中不良反应的发生情况。结果给药后5 min和30 min的镇静效果评分芬太尼＋咪达唑仑组分别为（2.95±0.14）分和（4.09±0.05）分,地佐辛＋咪达唑仑组分别为（3.16±0.09）分和（4.08±0.08）分,2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。2组给药后5 min和30 min的HR、SpO2及MAP比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;与给药前（0 min）比较,差异也无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。2组患者镇静良好,无躁动,均无一例发生呼吸抑制,仅芬太尼＋咪达唑仑组有4例发生呛咳。结论芬太尼和地佐辛联合咪达唑仑用于大隐静脉射频消融手术患者,镇静效果良好,对生命体征影响小,但地佐辛组无呛咳,不良反应发生率更低。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.