DIPA降低~(241)Am致骨肉瘤发生率的实验研究

超铀元素~(241)Am,除了可用作某些原子序数更高的超钚元素的靶材料外,并可在医疗领域中发挥其特有的作用,如~(241)Am发射的59.57keV的γ射线适用于骨密度测定及甲状腺扫描等。但由于~(241)Am是比活度很高的α辐射核,它和其它的超铀核素一样,一旦进入体内就会在肝、骨等组织中沉积,晚期可诱发骨肉瘤。因而,随着~(241)Am在医学上的应用,进一步研究它的辐射损伤,尤其是如何最大限度地降低骨肉瘤发生率具有重要的意义。本文报道了大鼠~(241)Am中毒后给予DTPA促排,观察骨肉瘤发生率,组织滞留量、肺部转移,体重,X光摄片以及组织病理学的特点等。     

~(241)Am混合α源中微量~(242)Cm测量技术研究

提出了一种~(241)Am中微量~(242)Cm的直接测量方法,确定了~(242)Cm α粒子可测量的计数率下限为1×10~(-5)/s,研究并确定~(241)Am对~(242)Cm测量的主要应影响是脉冲叠加效应的影响。采用组合测量方法,得到不同~(241)Am峰计数率条件下可测量的~(241)Am与~(242)Cm α强度比,对~(241)Am中微量~(242)Cm实验测量具有一定的指导意义,对类似混合α源实验测量有一定的参考意义。     

替代241Am低能光子源的准单色X射线机的研制

研究了用滤光片法产生50～60 keV的准单色X射线的条件,对输出的X射线进行了数种金属滤光片实验研究,选出合适的滤光片,通过实验对准直器的机械结构进行了确定。采用自行设计委托加工的X射线管、准直器和购买的高压电源,组装成符合实验要求的X射机。该装置输出了50～60 keV能量段的准单色光谱,在料位计上能替代²⁴¹Am低能光子源。     

基于尿样测量的~(241)Am内照射常规监测与评价技术研究

~(241)Am属于极毒组α核素,吸入人体将产生内照射危害。尿样核素分析监测技术是工作人员内照射常规监测与评价的重要方法之一。本文通过研究~(241)Am大体积尿样的前处理、分离纯化、电沉积等因素,建立了大体积尿样中~(241)Am的分析监测技术,同时考察了该分析监测技术在~(241)Am内照射监测与评价中的应用。研究结果表明:建立的大体积尿样中~(241)Am分析监测技术化学回收率为86.2%、精密度为3.88%、相对偏差小于10%;对Pu的去污系数大于1.0×10~3;探测限为31.8μBq/L。对于1.6 L 24 h尿样,常规监测周期为360 d时,最小可测待积有效剂量为0.13 mSv,低于常规监测所规定的2 mSv调查水平,表明该监测技术适用于工作人员~(241)Am内照射的常规监测以及剂量评价。     

1976年汉福特镅照射事故

本文将扼要介绍1976年美国汉福特核企业发生的~(241)Am 照射事故。在这次事故中一名工人受伤,其~(241)Am 沾染量达居里级。由于采取了有效措施,事故后几小时即下降到约6mCi。DTPA治疗不仅防止了严重的急性效应的发生,同时使血液中的~(241)Am 经尿、粪排出体外,避免了~(241)Am在骨、肝等器官中的积累。目前病人除右眼被硝酸烧伤十分怕光外,一般健康状况良好。     

用液体闪烁计数法测定^147Pm

用液体闪烁计数法测量含α-羟基异丁酸、HNO_3和~(241)Am等杂质的~(147)Pm。研究了闪烁液用量、α-羟基异丁酸和HNO_3存在量对~(147)Pm测量的影响及有~(241)Am存在时的干扰情况;对~(147)Pm的仪器探测效率进行了刻度。在所选定的测量~(147)Pm条件下,被同时记录的~(241)Am不超过~(241)Am总计数的1%。方法还实测了核燃料后处理高放废液中经化学分离后的~(147)Pm的绝对含量,相对标准偏差<1%。     

钚中~(241)Am的测定方法

本文报道了用NaI(T1)γ谱仪和α谱仪测定钚中~(241)Am的两种方法。 (1)方法一 用~(241)Am和纯钚标准溶液标定γ谱仪60keV峰区的探测效率ε_(Am)和ε_(Pu),再用γ和α谱仪分别测量单位重量钚样品溶液的γ计数率γ(Am+Pu)和α衰变率α(Pu),则钚样品溶液中~(241)Am和钚的α放射性比为     

DGA树脂萃取色层法分析土壤样品中的~(241)Am

为了对核设施及周边环境的放射性污染水平进行有效监测,需要对大量土壤样品中的~(241)Am进行分析。本工作首先考察了接触时间、介质酸度、温度对~(241)Am在DGA树脂柱上的吸附影响,确定了最佳吸附条件,为动态柱实验提供了输入条件;然后进行了动态柱实验的验证:以萃取色层法为分离纯化手段,采用高酸上柱,EDTA络合解吸,以低本底液闪谱仪为放射性测量手段,建立了一个快速分析土壤中~(241)Am的方法。当土壤样品量为10g,使用8mol/L HNO_3浸取灰化后的模拟污染土壤样品,该方法对~(241)Am的化学回收率约为95%,最低可探测比活度为3.1Bq/kg,全流程分析时间小于3h。对其它核素~(137)Cs、~(90)Sr-~(90)Y、~(239)Pu、~(99)Tc有很好地去污能力。因此该方法可广泛应用于环境土壤样品的~(241)Am分析。     

~(243)Am制备中r 核物理测定方法

本文介绍了用几种核物理探测方法,测定用堆照钚靶制备的~(243)Am产品及其杂质核素的含量,也对进堆前的钚料液和极低含量的杂质,特别是~(241)Am进行了测定,测出了存在于~(238)Pu中α放射性约为10~(-6)的~(241)Am的相对含量。文中描述了探测方法及定性定量结果。     

TRPO萃取-电沉积法同时测定食品中的~(239)pu、~(241)Am和~(237)Np

本文叙述了用 TRPO 萃取、TTHA-HLac 分别反萃,电沉积制源、低本底α计数器测定的食品中~(239)Pu、~(241)Am 和~(237)Np 的同时测定方法。18种食品的分析结果表明,该方法对~(239)Pu、~(241)Am 和~(237)Np 的全程回收率分别为:(67.2±3.9)%、(67.0±3.9)%和(71.2±2.3)%;测最时间为48h 时,8g 灰样三种核素的方法灵敏度的均值为35μBq/g(灰);具有良好的去污效果;能满足测定食品中~(239)Pu、~(241)Am 和~(237)Np 的要求。     

康普顿背散射X射线源的初步设计

文章提出一种由北京大学DC-SC光阴极注入器驱动、基于超导加速器和能量回收技术（ERL）的康普顿背散射X射线源的设计方案。理论分析和程序模拟表明,利用该方案可获得具有良好单色性的、高通量X射线。     

Recycling heterogeneous americium targets in a boiling water reactor

One of the limiting contributors to the heat load constraint for a long term spent fuel repository is the decay of americium-241. A possible option to reduce the heat load produced by Am-241 is to eliminate it via transmutation in a light water reactor thermal neutron environment, in particular, by taking advantage of the large thermal fission cross section of Am-242 and Am-242m. In this study we employ lattice loading optimization techniques to define the loadings and arrangements of fuel pins with blended americium and uranium oxide in boiling water reactor bundles, specifically, by defining the incineration of pre-loaded americium as an objective function to maximize americium transmutation. Subsequently, the viability of these optimized lattices is tested by assembling them into bundles with Am-spiked fuel pins and by loading these bundles into realistic three-dimensional BWR core-wide simulations that model multiple reload cycles and observe standard operational constraints. These simulations are possible via our collaboration with the Westinghouse Electric Co. which facilitates the use of industrial-caliber design tools such as the PHOENIX-4/POLCA-7 sequence and the Core Master 2^© GUI work environment for fuel management.     

An intense channeling radiation source

A non-conventional X-ray source which is based on the production of electron channeling radiation in a diamond crystal has been installed at the radiation source ELBE. The brilliant electron beam with an average current of up to 200 μA allows to reach photon rates of quasi-monochromatic channeling radiation between 10¹⁰ s⁻¹ and 10¹¹ s⁻¹ per 10% bandwidth. The photon energy can be tuned by variation of the beam energy. On-line X-ray monitoring was realised at high beam currents using a Compton spectrometer. Monochromisation of channeling radiation and bremsstrahlung background reduction has been investigated applying X-ray diffraction at a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite crystal.     

Time-integrated radiotoxicity index for study of transmutation of long-lived nuclides

Radiotoxicity of actinides is investigated based on the Annual Limit on Intake (ALI). A new radiotoxicity index, which takes the radiotoxicity of a parent and its all daughters into account, is defined. Three time-integrated radiotoxicity indices are also introduced for three time intervals of 0 to ∞ (ultimate), 0 to 1 × 10⁴ years (short-term) and 1 × 10⁴ to 1 × 10⁸ years (long-term). For 29 actinides, these indices are calculated theoretically and numerically. The ultimate indices of the actinides are almost the same. The long-term indices, however, show a wide range of values. Neptunium-237 and Am-241 have the largest long-term indices. On the contrary, Pu-240, Pu-242 and Pu-244, Cm-244 and Cm-246 have very small values which are 11/50 to 1/100 of those of Np-237 and Am-241 If these indices are used in the study of transmutation, one can examine and compare easily radiotoxicity and its time dependence for any material.     

Development of Soft X-Ray Sources with Electron Guns of Field Emission- and Thermal Cathode-Types and Their Application to Counter Experiments

Soft X-ray sources have been developed with electron guns of field emission- and thermal cathode-types. Those sources are used mainly to investigate the electron drift and avalanche properties in a gas counter. Thin films of aluminum, titanium, iron, copper and nickel are used as the X-ray targets. Beams of quasi-monochromatic X-rays are obtained with these targets. The emitted X-rays consist of characteristic and bremsstrahlung radiations, which are checked by using a high purity germanium detector. Generation of pulsed X-rays is also tried. As an example of the application of the X-ray source, results of measurements of the SQS (Self Quenching Streamer) phenomenon in a gas counter have been shown.     

The Borrmann effect in parametric X-radiation under asymmetric reflection conditions

Parametric X-radiation (PXR) of a relativistic electron traversing a single crystal plate is considered in Laue geometry. The expressions describing spectral-angular distributions of PXR formed on the atomic planes situated under arbitrary angle δ to surface of the plate (asymmetric reflection) obtained on basis of two-wave approximation of dynamic diffraction theory are used for definition of the conditions of the most pronounced manifestation of the Borrmann effect (optimal value of angle δ) are clarified. This effect leads to considerable increase of the intensity of the quasi-monochromatic tuning source of coherent X-radiation built on basis of PXR.     

Peak identification of L X-ray spectra of elemental Np and U

The L X-ray photons emitted by transuranic (TRU) elements are expected to be useful for developing nondestructive TRU monitors. Energy spectra of L X-rays emitted by ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁹Pu sources were measured by a transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter, which allowed precise peak identification with high energy resolution. In the measurements using the TES microcalorimeter, the full width at half-maximum energy resolution was 62.6 eV at 17.222 keV for ²³⁹Pu source, 62.5 eV at 17.222 keV for ²³⁸Pu source and 60.9 eV at 17.751 keV for ²⁴¹Am source. This study demonstrates the separation of ²⁴¹Am and plutonium isotopes by L X-ray spectroscopy using a TES microcalorimeter.     

The effect of an external electric field on radiation transmission and Compton scattering in plexiglass

The effect of an external electric field on radiation transmission of a plexiglass sample has been studied by using an extremely narrow-collimated-beam transmission method. Also, the photon scattering properties of the charge centers have been determined by changing the charge density distributions of the plexiglass sample with an external electric field having an intensity in the range 0-1000 V/cm. The plexiglass sample was bombarded by 59.5 keV gamma rays emitted from an Am-241 point source. The transmitted and Compton scattered photons were detected by a Si(Li) detector. Appreciable variations were observed in the transmission factors of the plexiglass sample as a function of applied field. The results show that the electrical properties of the plexiglass sample changes with the applied electric field and the gamma ray irradiations although it is a dielectric material. Furthermore, the negatively charged scattering centers are slightly more effective than the positively charged scattering centers in the Compton scattering of gamma rays from an insulator sample, similar to result found for conductor and semiconductors.     

CMPO修饰杯[4]芳烃对三价An/Ln离子的萃取分离性能

对正辛基苯基-N,N′-二异丁基胺甲酰甲基氧化膦(CMPO)是一种对镧系和锕系金属离子具有很好萃取效率的萃取剂。本工作以两种CMPO修饰杯[4]芳烃分子a(上缘)和b(下缘)为主体,考察了其对三价152 Eu和241 Am核素离子的萃取分离性能,并对溶剂、酸度、盐析剂和时间等影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:化合物a具有较好的241 Am萃取分离选择性,而正十二烷+正辛醇(体积比1∶1)为较合适的萃取溶剂,同时在c(H+)为1~2mol/L、萃取时间为10min、c(NaNO3)4mol/L的条件下,萃取剂达到最佳241 Am/152 Eu分离性能。