甲酸乙酯对三种主要仓储害虫的熏蒸作用

为明确甲酸乙酯对仓储害虫的实际控制效果,避免二氧化碳对熏蒸作用的影响,该研究利用循环熏蒸系统(FTFS),测定甲酸乙酯对米象、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹三种主要仓储害虫混合虫态的熏蒸作用.结果表明:在25℃、70%RH条件下,甲酸乙酯43.34、80.72、99.08、117.74、146.49mg/L 熏蒸处理6 h,对赤拟谷盗和谷蠹混合虫态有很好的控制作用,死亡率大于95.96%;甲酸乙酯80.72、99.08、117.74、146.49mg/L处理对米象混合虫态的杀虫效果较好.甲酸乙酯对米象蛹的杀虫效果较差.     

甲酸乙酯对面粉中赤拟谷盗的熏蒸效果

本文研究了甲酸乙酯对面粉中赤拟谷盗不同虫态的熏蒸作用。通过对熏蒸期间熏蒸剂浓度检测,计算浓度时间乘积(CT)计算不同时间下甲酸乙酯对赤拟谷盗各虫态达到99%控制的处理指标(Lct_(99))。结果表明甲酸乙酯熏蒸能有效防治面粉中的赤拟谷盗各虫态,赤拟谷盗不同虫态对甲酸乙酯的敏感性由强到弱依次为:卵>低龄幼虫>成虫>高龄幼虫>蛹。在23℃条件下处理6h和12h对面粉中赤拟谷盗的Lct_(99)分别为448.42和599.34mg·h/L     

甲酸乙酯对不同磷化氢抗性水平赤拟谷盗的毒力比较

参考FAO推荐的熏蒸剂毒力测定方法,测定了甲酸乙酯对4种不同磷化氢抗性水平的赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum(Herbst))品系的毒力.主要结果为甲酸乙酯对4个磷化氢抗性系数分别为1、3、170和247倍的赤拟谷盗品系的LD50值相应地为17.354L/m3、18.776L/m3、20.464L/m3和21.470 mL/m3.结果表明,不同磷化氢抗性的赤拟谷盗品系对甲酸乙酯的敏感相似,对磷化氢具有明显抗性的赤拟谷盗对甲酸乙酯未表现出抗性.     

臭氧对不同磷化氢抗性储粮害虫作用效果研究

为探明臭氧对主要储粮害虫的熏蒸效果及其与磷化氢抗性的关系,本研究采用臭氧发生装置测定浓度为0.84 g/m^3臭氧对5种主要储粮害虫(赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、玉米象、锈赤扁谷盗、谷蠹)的熏蒸效果,及对具有不同磷化氢抗性的赤拟谷盗(抗性系数为1.7~862.7)和杂拟谷盗(抗性系数为2.3~144.7)的毒力效果,并统计分析了试虫经臭氧熏蒸1 h后在不同时间内的行为状态差异。研究结果表明:在0.84 g/m^3臭氧浓度下,5种害虫对臭氧均具有较强敏感性,其LT50在0.58~1.53 h,其中谷蠹对臭氧的耐受性相对最强;赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的不同磷化氢抗性品系对臭氧的敏感性差异较小,表明磷化氢与臭氧无交互抗性。经臭氧熏蒸1 h后,试虫有正常爬行、非正常爬行和死亡3种行为状态,其中较大比例的试虫(24%~66%)处于非正常爬行状态,且持续时间较长,约10 d后此部分试虫恢复正常或死亡。结果表明,臭氧对储粮害虫具有高效性和广谱性,且与磷化氢无交互抗性,可作为储粮害虫防治及磷化氢抗性治理药剂。     

硅藻土对5种储粮害虫和不同磷化氢抗性水平杂拟谷盗防治效果的研究

为初步了解硅藻土对储粮害虫的防治效果以及与害虫磷化氢抗性发生发展的关系, 本研究采用直接拌粮法(设置剂量梯度为0?0.2?0.4?0.6 g/kg和 0.8 g/kg)测定硅藻土对赤拟谷盗?杂拟谷盗?锈赤扁谷盗?谷蠹?玉米象的防治效果, 以及磷化氢抗性杂拟谷盗(抗性倍数为 2.3~144.7)对硅藻土的敏感性差异; 除此之外, 本研究还分析了0.4 g/kg硅藻土在 4 种粮食(小麦?玉米?大豆?稻谷)中对赤拟谷盗的杀虫效果?研究结果表明:一定剂量(0.2~0.8 g/kg)的硅藻土均能够在一定时间内有效杀死上述 5种储粮害虫, 不同储粮害虫对硅藻土的敏感性存在显著差异(P<0.05), 其中杂拟谷盗对硅藻土的耐受性最强, 玉米象对硅藻土最为敏感?除个别品系外, 不同磷化氢抗性品系的杂拟谷盗对硅藻土的敏感性不存在显著差异(P>0.05), 且与磷化氢抗性无关; 硅藻土在不同粮食中对害虫的作用效果存在显著性差异(P<0.05)(处理 7 d后, 死亡率为 13%~98%), 其中在大豆中对赤拟谷盗的杀虫效果最强, 在玉米中对其作用效果不明显?因此本研究得出结论:硅藻土对主要储粮害虫均具有一定的防治作用, 且对抗磷化氢的杂拟谷盗具有良好的致死效果?因此, 硅藻土具备成为储粮害虫防治及其磷化氢抗性治理药剂的潜力?     

磷化铝的应用

磷化铝熏蒸贮粮害虫在国外已用多年,据试验报告:对杂拟谷盗、赤拟谷盗、米象、谷象、印度谷螟、谷皮蠹、谷蠹、锯谷盗、麦蛾等不同发育阶段的虫态,都有效果。 此外,谷蛾、干果蛾、地中海粉螟、粉螨、蘑菇螨、室螨以及啮齿类小动物,对磷化氢都很敏感,每50立方呎用量不到一片,即有效。     

蛇床子素粉剂对主要储粮害虫的生物活性测定

蛇床子素乳油是由武汉绿世纪生物工程有限责任公司研制,天惠生物工程有限公司开发的一种植物性杀虫剂,在农业害虫、蔬菜害虫和储粮害虫的防治上其效果显著,为扩大其应用范围,开发新的粉剂剂型,故研究了蛇床子素粉剂对储粮害虫玉米象、谷蠹及后期性害虫赤拟谷盗的防治效果。现将试验结果报告如下:1材料和方法1·1供试药剂4%蛇床子素粉剂(由2%蛇床子素乳油配制而成),武汉天惠生物工程有限公司提供。1·2供试害虫玉米象(Sitophilus zeamaisMotschulsky);谷蠹(Rhizopertha dom inicaFabricius);赤拟谷盗(Tribo-lium ferrugineumFabricius)。…     

八角茴香精油的杀虫活性与化学成分研究

本文报道了八角茴香(Illicium verum Hook.f.)精油的杀虫活性及其化学成分。使用剂量为50mg/L的精油进行熏蒸,赤拟谷盗[Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)]成虫24小时内平均校正死亡率高达100％;剂量为10mg/L的处理死亡率仍达80.6％。但在有储粮的条件下熏杀效果较差。使用剂量为0.1％(w/w)的精油处理小麦或全麦粉,可完全抑制赤拟谷盗、谷蠹(Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius)和黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor Linne)的种群繁殖。黄粉虫的中期卵对八角茴香精油最敏感。使用800μg/cm~2的剂量处理,对赤拟谷盗的忌避率最高,处理后第8周仍达55.6％,采用GC—MS法分析了八角茴香精油的化学成分,检出了35个成分,鉴定了其中32个成分的化学结构,结合生物活性测定,明确此精油的主要杀虫成分为反式一大茴香脑。     

在散装粮船中害虫分布的情况

1980年9月下旬至10月中旬,对进口美国小麦船(“启明”、“云海”,“裕宁”轮),分别进行机器深层扦样检验,现将检验到的害虫情况作简单介绍。这几条船上发现害虫有锈赤扁谷盗、谷蠹、玉米象、米象。锈赤扁谷盗虫口密度为最高,其次是谷蠹,玉米象和米象虫口密度     

高效储粮杀虫涂料的研究

运用微胶囊技术把氰戊菊酯与毒死蜱原药包裹在囊中，然后与涂料制成0．5％、1．0％、2，0％、5．0％杀虫涂料，经试验，2．0％～5．0％的微胶囊杀虫涂料对谷蠹Rhyzopertha dominica F．、玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsy、赤拟谷盗Tribolium castanoznensis L，杀灭率为100％，对书虱Atropus pulsatoria Linnaeus、螨Acarus类杀灭率在90％以上，1．0％的杀虫涂料对以上害虫杀灭率在90％以上，进口杀虫涂料对谷蠹、玉米象、赤拟谷盗杀灭率在85％以上，但对书虱、螨类无效。经成本核算，若采用3％新型杀虫涂料，成本仅为进口杀虫涂料的29．1～33．3％。     

胡瓜新小绥螨对B型烟粉虱的控制能力

为明确胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius的控害潜能,在（26±1）℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期16L：8D条件下,研究了各螨态胡瓜新小绥螨对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的捕食作用。结果表明,胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨期较短,不取食烟粉虱,其他不同螨态的胡瓜新小绥螨可捕食除4龄若虫和成虫以外的其他各虫态的烟粉虱,捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型;胡瓜新小绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵的日捕食量最大（8.5粒/雌）,对烟粉虱3龄若虫的日捕食量最小（2.1头/雌）;雌成螨对烟粉虱卵具有较高的瞬间攻击率（0.038）和寻找效应（0.025）。研究表明,胡瓜新小绥螨对烟粉虱卵及低龄若虫的捕食能力较强,是烟粉虱发生初期的有效天敌。     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

具条实蝇研究综述

具条实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)scutellata(Hendel)]是我国对外重要检疫害虫,地理分布广,危害程度重,使我国果蔬生产遭受了严重经济损失。文章综述了具条实蝇的形态特征、分类地位、寄主范围、地理分布、种群数量动态以及分子生物学等方面的研究进展,并提出未来研究展望。     

Base-catalysed hydrolysis of (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos

The rates at which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed in aqueous solutions in the pH range 8.7–11.5, and in the temperature range 30–50°C, have been measured. The overall activation parameters have been calculated, and equations to allow calculation of the rates in any basic conditions are given. The complicated routes by which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed to simple molecules have been deduced. The rates for the individual steps in each route have been either measured experimentally, or have been calculated through analogue simulation of all the reactions, by matching the calculated to the observed ultraviolet spectral changes during hydrolysis. It is proposed that (Z)-2-carboxyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate is not observed as a hydrolysis product of (Z)-mevinphos because it decomposes by an extremely fast intramolecular reaction. The reasons for the greater lability of (E)-mevinphos are also discussed.     

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Pheromone traps were placed in the market place in Banja Luka, and in greenhouses and open field tomato crops, on 13 September 2010 to determine the presence of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Banja Luka region. Based on examination of traps, the presence of T. absoluta was confirmed for the first time in the Republic of Srpska. Only mines of Liriomyza species were found by examining leaves under a stereomicroscope. In 2011, pheromone traps were placed in greenhouses at several locations (Banja Luka, Prijedor, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Ljubinje and Trebinje) at the beginning of June, and in open fields in Bijeljina and Trebinje at the beginning of September. Examination of the traps was carried out at intervals of 15 days. A sample of 100 leaves, taken from 20 randomly selected plants, was examined in order to evaluate the intensity of the attack. The first adults were caught in greenhouses in Ljubinje and Trebinje on 18 June 2011; in open field crops in Bijeljina on 9 September 2011 and in Banja Luka on 5 October 2011. Adults were not captured in Prijedor, Novi Grad or Kozarska Dubica, and no mined leaves were observed. The intensity of attack was evaluated on the basis of active infestation (percentage of leaves with active mines compared with all mined leaves). The strongest intensity of active infestation was recorded in the open field crops in Trebinje, where 19% of leaves with active mines were found.     

检疫性害虫南亚果实蝇生物学及控制技术

南亚果实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)tau(Walker)]是黄瓜、南瓜、丝瓜、冬瓜和苦瓜等多种果蔬作物上的一种重要检疫性害虫。近年来在我国多个省市发生危害,发生程度呈加重和扩大蔓延的趋势,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。本文概述了南亚果实蝇的发生危害规律、生物学特性,提出了加强植物检疫、农业防治、诱集灭虫、雄性不育技术和保护天敌等防治措施。     

多异瓢虫对豆无网长管蚜捕食作用研究

在实验室内测定了多异瓢虫成虫,各龄幼虫对豆无网长管蚜的捕食作用,结果表明,多异瓢虫成虫及4龄幼虫对豆无网长管蚜有较强的捕食作用;多异瓢虫成虫及各龄幼虫对豆无网长管蚜密度的功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ型;多异瓢虫成虫自身密度的功能反应能用Hassell数学模型较好地反映。     

伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

室内条件下研究了伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明：伪钝绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和雌成螨的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,搜寻效率a′与处理时间Th值分别为0.5902、1.0025、0.9697、0.3146和0.0150、0.0240、0.0520、0.1681。伪钝绥螨的雌成螨喜食二斑叶螨的卵、幼螨和若螨,而对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力较弱。伪钝绥螨捕食率随着自身密度的增加而下降。捕食者密度低时,捕食率下降较快;随着捕食者密度进一步增加,捕食率下降缓慢,干扰反应方程拟合为E=0.3101P~（-0.412）。