盐酸戊乙奎醚后处理对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚后处理对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 成年雄性Wistar大鼠144只,体重220～250 g,随机分为4组(n=36):对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、缺血后处理组(IPO组)和盐酸戊乙奎醚后处理组(IPHC组).IR组、IPO组和IPHC组采用弹力橡皮筋环扎大鼠双后肢近心端3 h,再灌注24 h的方法建立肢体缺血再灌注模型.再灌注即刻IPO组于双下肢近心端进行后处理,再灌注30 s、缺血30 s,重复3次;IPHC尾静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.15 mg/kg,用生理盐水稀释为1 m1.分别于再灌注即刻、1、3、6、12和24 h时,采集下腔静脉血样后,各放血处死大鼠6只,取后肢股四头肌组织,测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)的活性、TNF-α和IL-10含量,测定股四头肌组织MDA含量,SOD、氧化物酶(MPO)、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的活性及HIF-1α表达,光镜下观察病理学结果.结果 与C组比较,IR组、IPO和IPHC组血清LDH、CK的活性和TNF-α、IL-10的浓度升高,股四头肌组织SOD、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的活性降低,MPO活性和MDA含量升高,HIF-1α表达上调(P＜0.05或0.01);与IR组比较,IPO组和IPHC组血清LDH、CK的活性和TNF-α浓度降低,IL-10浓度升高,股四头肌组织SOD、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的活性升高,MPO活性和MDA含量降低,HIF-1α表达下调(P＜0.01),病理学损伤减轻;与IPO组比较,IPHC组血清LDH活性和TNF-α浓度降低,CK活性和IL-10浓度升高,股四头肌组织SOD、MPO的活性和MDA含量降低,HIF-1α表达下调(P＜0.05或0.01),Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的活性差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚后处理可减轻大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与其抑制炎性反应和脂质过氧化反应,减轻细胞内钙超载,改善细胞能量代谢等有关.     

纳洛酮对大鼠急性缺血性肾衰的保护作用

为探讨纳洛酮（NAL）对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的保护作用，利用大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注致急性缺血性肾功能衰竭（肾衰）模型，观察NAL对肾缺血再灌注后血中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及肾组织中Na+、K+－ATP酶和Ca2+－ATP酶的影响，并观察组织病理学变化。结果缺血60min再灌注后，血MDA含量明显升高，SOD活力明显降低，肾组织Na+、K+－ATP酶和Ca2+－ATP酶活力均显著降低。用NAL（Ⅰ组为2mg／kg，Ⅱ组为4mg／kg）后，MDA显著下降，SOD和Na+、K+－ATP酶及Ca2+－ATP酶均明显升高，且有量效关系。组织病理学检查显示应用NAL后肾小管上皮细胞的损伤明显减轻，NAL－Ⅱ组明显好于NAL－Ⅰ组。认为NAL对急性缺血性肾衰有一定的保护作用。     

线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道在利多卡因预先给药减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 评价线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道在利多卡因预先给药减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 雌性成年Wistar大鼠,体重220～250 g,采用Langendorff装置建立大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型.取模型制备成功的大鼠心脏24个,随机分为3组(n=8):缺血再灌注组(IR组)、利多卡因组(L组)和利多卡因+格列苯脲组(LG组).K-H液平衡灌注10 min后,C组、L组和LG组分别灌注K-H液、含2.5 mg/L利多卡因的K-H液、含2.5 mg/L利多卡因+10μmol/L格列苯脲(线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道阻断剂)的K-H液20 min,然后缺血30 min,再灌注60 min.分别于平衡灌注末(T0)、再灌注15 min(T1)、30 min(T2)、45 min(T3)和60 min(T4)时,记录HR、左心室发展压(LVDP)、左心室内压最大上升速率(+dp/dtmax)和左心室内压最大下降速率(-dp/dtmax).于T0和T4时,收集冠状动脉流出液,测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)的活性.于T4时取心尖周围心肌组织,测定Na+-K+-ATP酶和SOD的活性、MDA和Ca2+的含量.结果 与IR组比较,L组HR、LVDP、+dp/dtmax和-dp/dtmax升高,CK和LDH的活性降低,心肌Na+-K+-ATP酶和SOD的活性升高,Ca2+和MDA的含量降低(P＜0.05),LG组上述各指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与L组比较,LG组HR、LVDP、+dp/dtmax和-dp/dmax.降低,CK和LDH的活性升高,心肌Na+-K+-ATP酶和SOD的活性降低,Ca2+和MDA的含量升高(P＜0.05).结论 利多卡因预先给药减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤与促进线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道的开放有关.     

肾缺血预处理对肾小管上皮细胞内钙超载的影响

目的：通过观察肾缺血预处理（IPC）和缺血再灌注（I/R）过程中血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）和细胞内游离钙离子浓度（[Ca^2＋]i）含量的变化,进一步探讨肾IPC的保护机制。方法：将雄性SD大鼠88只随机分为11组,摘除右肾,分离并夹闭左肾动脉制备肾I/R和缺血预处理后缺血再灌注（IPC-I/R）动物模型。Ⅰa～Ⅴa（I/R）组为缺血再灌注0、1、24、48、72h组,Ⅰb～Ⅴb（IPC-I/R）组为缺血预处理后缺血再灌注0、1、24、48、72h组,Sham组为假手术组。比色法测定血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、SOD、MDA含量,流式细胞仪检测肾小管上皮细胞内[Ca^2＋]i水平,TUNEL原位标记法观察细胞凋亡情况。结果：除0h组外,IPC-I/R与I/R各组比较肾功能损害、细胞凋亡均明显减轻,SOD升高,MDA降低,[Ca^2＋]i水平下降;两种模型中均以再灌注24h组损伤最严重,Scr、BUN、MDA和[Ca^2＋]i水平最高,SOD水平最低,细胞凋亡最多;再灌注24h前损伤呈加重趋势,24h后逐渐减轻;组间比较,[Ca^2＋]i与血清SOD水平呈负相关,与MDA呈正相关。结论：肾IPC可以减轻I/R过程中膜脂质过氧化损伤和细胞内钙超载,从而减轻肾脏形态及功能损伤;膜脂质过氧化和细胞内钙超载相互作用,共同发挥对肾I/R损伤的保护作用。     

肝细胞内糖原含量与肝脏缺血再灌注损伤关系的实验研究

目的　探讨细胞内糖原含量与肝脏缺血再灌注损伤之间的关系及其相关机理。方法　对3组糖原含量显著不同的兔肝脏缺血再灌注过程中的组织形态学、肝脏酶学、组织ATP含量及细胞膜Na K ATP酶,Ca2 ATP酶活性进行观察。结果　糖原含量高的肝脏,其细胞能量代谢旺盛、细胞膜Na K ATP酶及Ca2 ATP酶活性强、组织结构及功能损伤轻。结论　缺血前增加肝糖原负荷可显著减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤程度。     

丙泊酚对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤后海马线粒体ATP含量和ATP酶活性的影响

目的观察丙泊酚对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤后海马线粒体三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量、ATP酶活性、脂质过氧化和超微结构的影响.方法采用大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型.40只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组（A组）、缺血-再灌注对照组（B组）和缺血-再灌注丙泊酚预处理组,后者按丙泊酚用量又分为50 mg/kg（C1组）、100 mg/kg（C2组）和150 mg/kg（C3组）三个亚组.观察全脑缺血10 min再灌注60 min时海马线粒体的超微结构、ATP和丙二醛（MDA）的含量及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷光甘肽（GSH）活性的变化.结果与B组比较,丙泊酚各处理组海马线粒体的ATP含量、Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶、SOD和GSH的活性均有不同程度的增高（P〈0.05或0.01）,MDA含量有不同程度的降低（P〈0.05或0.01）,线粒体超微结构的损伤程度亦明显减轻.结论丙泊酚对脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护效应可能与其抑制线粒体脂质过氧化反应,减轻线粒体的损伤,促进线粒体ATP含量和ATP酶活性的恢复有关.     

大鼠肝缺血再灌注后肝细胞内糖原含量及细胞膜ATP酶活力的变化

目的 探讨肝细胞内糖原含量及细胞膜ATP酶活力与肝缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的关系及相关机制.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠16只,随机分为2组(每组8只),①对照组:术中只分离肝周围韧带,不作肝门阻断及再灌注;②I/R组:进行45 min的部分肝门阻断及60 min的再灌注.取下腔静脉血2 mL,并迅速切取缺血肝组织.检测血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH);测定肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二七醛(MDA)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、肝糖原、Na+K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶、Mg2+-ATP酶等指标.结果 I/R组MDA、XOD较对照组升高;SOD、肝糖原、Na+K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶下降(P<0.05).结论 肝I/R损伤与肝细胞生物能量缺乏、细胞膜离子泵功能障碍有关.     

丹参注射液对造影剂诱导的肾小管上皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的：研究丹参注射液对造影剂碘海醇诱导的肾小管上皮细胞损伤的保护作用并对其作用机制进行探讨。方法：体外培养的人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2细胞）,分为正常对照组、甘露醇对照组（与碘海醇渗透压相当）、造影剂对照组（碘海醇100mg/ml）、丹参防治组（碘海醇100mg/ml＋丹参注射液15mg/ml）。比色法测定细胞培养上清液LDH水平,MTT法测定细胞增殖活力,DCFH-DA荧光探针测定细胞内活性氧（ROS）,硫代巴比妥酸法测定细胞内MDA含量,黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定SOD活性,RT-PCR测定细胞内血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）mRNA表达,Westernblot检测细胞内HO-1蛋白表达。结果：碘海醇100mg/ml可明显抑制HK-2细胞增殖、引起培养液中LDH水平上升、促使细胞内ROS和MDA含量增高而细胞内SOD活性下降,同时碘海醇可诱导HO-1mRNA和蛋白表达上调。加入丹参可明显降低培养液中LDH水平,促进细胞增殖,同时抑制细胞内ROS的产生,降低细胞内MDA含量,保护细胞内SOD活性,并使HO-1mRNA和蛋白表达进一步增强。结论：丹参对造影剂碘海醇所致肾小管上皮细胞具有明显的保护作用,其作用机制与其抗氧化能力及诱导HO-1表达有关。     

缺血预处理减轻大鼠供肝冷保存损伤的作用及其机制

目的 研究缺血预处理对大鼠冷保存供肝细胞质膜胆固醇含量和Na+ K+ -ATP酶活性的影响,以探讨缺血预处理减轻大鼠供肝冷保存损伤的可能机制.方法 将25只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、冷保存组、缺血预处理组、30和100μmol/L阿托伐他汀处理组(A30组和A100组),共5组,每组5只.分别测定5组大鼠肝细胞质膜胆固醇含量、磷脂含量及Na+ -K+ -ATP酶活性.结果 对照组、冷保存组、缺血预处理组、A30组及A1 00组大鼠肝组织细胞质膜的胆固醇含量分别为(310.4±27.5)、(187.7±13.1)、(394.3±25.9)、(201.8±14.6)和(122.6±7.7)nmol/mg蛋白,Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性分别为(46.55±3.20)、(27.4±2.81)、(52.71±3.02)、(30.67±2.78)和(19.64±2.11) μmol Pi·mg蛋白-1·h-1,5组间细胞质膜胆固醇含量及Na+ K+ -ATP酶的活性的两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；而5组间细胞质膜磷脂含量的两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 肝细胞质膜胆固醇含量和Na -K+-ATP酶活性下降是造成供肝冷保存损伤的因素之一,而缺血预处理可以明显改善细胞质膜Na+-K+ ATP酶的活性,并升高细胞质膜胆固醇含量.使用阿托伐他汀能够降低细胞质膜胆固醇的合成,使Na+ -K+ -ATP酶的活性明显下降,从而减轻供肝的冷保存损伤.     

乙酰左旋肉碱预处理对低氧低糖诱导PC12细胞凋亡的影响

目的 评价乙酰左旋肉碱预处理对低氧低糖诱导PC12细胞凋亡的影响.方法 PC12细胞接种于96孔板中,采用随机数字表法,将细胞随机分为5组(n=6):对照组(C组)、细胞损伤组(Ⅰ组)和不同浓度乙酰左旋肉碱预处理组(A1-3组).C组加入含葡萄糖4.5 g/L的DMEM溶液孵育3h;Ⅰ组加入含葡萄糖0.5 g/L和Na2SO4 3 mmol/L的DMEM溶液孵育3h;A1-3组分别加入0.2、0.4和0.6 mmol/L乙酰左旋肉碱孵育24h,然后加入含葡萄糖0.5 g/L和Na2S2O4 3mmol/L的DMEM溶液孵育3h.采用MTT法检测细胞活力,采用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率,测定细胞SOD和ATP酶的活性和MDA含量.结果 与C组比较,Ⅰ组细胞活力降低,细胞凋亡率升高,SOD和ATP酶的活性降低,MDA含量增加(P＜0.05),A1-3组细胞活力、细胞凋亡率、SOD和ATP酶的活性和MDA含量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,A1-3组细胞活力升高,细胞凋亡率降低,SOD和ATP酶的活性升高,MDA含量下降(P＜ 0.05);A1-3组间细胞活力、细胞凋亡率、SOD和ATP酶的活性和MDA含量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 乙酰左旋肉碱预处理可通过抑制细胞凋亡,减轻低氧低糖诱导PC12细胞损伤.     

Renal Adenoma Associated with Renal Cyst Formation

We report a renal adenoma associated with renal cyst formation in a 49-year-old male. A small renal mass inside a right renal cyst was discovered incidentally by ultrasonography. A right nephrectomy was performed. A pathologic examination revealed a well-differentiated, benign papillary tumor which was composed of slightly eosinophilic cells. We therefore diagnosed this patient as having a renal adenoma with hemorrhage.     

Renal Ischemic Injury Affects Renal Hemodynamics and Excretory Functions in Sprague Dawley Rats: Involvement of Renal Sympathetic Tone

The role of renal sympathetic nerves in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) and the immediate changes in the renal excretory functions following renal ischemia were investigated. Two groups of male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were anesthetized (pentobarbitone sodium, 60 mg kg^?1 i.p.) and subjected to unilateral renal ischemia by clamping the left renal artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion. In group 1, the renal nerves were electrically stimulated and the responses in the renal blood flow (RBF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were recorded, while group 2 was used to study the early changes in the renal functions following renal ischemia. In post-ischemic animals, basal RBF and the renal vasoconstrictor reperfusion to renal nerve stimulation (RNS) were significantly lower (all p < 0.05 vs. control). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), basal RVR, urine flow rate (UFR), absolute and fractional excretions of sodium (U_NaV and FE_Na), and potassium (U_KV and FE_K) were higher in ARF rats (all p < 0.05 vs. control). Post-ischemic animals showed markedly lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p < 0.05 vs. control). No appreciable differences were observed in urinary sodium to potassium ratio (U_Na/U_K) during the early reperfusion phase of renal ischemia (p > 0.05 vs. control). The data suggest an immediate involvement of renal sympathetic nerve action in the pathogenesis of ischemic ARF primarily through altered renal hemodynamics. Diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis due to impaired renal tubular functions are typical responses to renal ischemia and of comparable magnitudes.     

核素肾动态显像法测定肾小球滤过率在老年肾癌患者中的应用

目的：探讨核素肾动态显像法测定肾小球滤过率（GFR）在老年肾癌患者中的临床应用价值.方法：回顾性分析30例老年肾癌患者术前及术后1个月应用99锝-二乙三胺五乙酸（99TC-DTPA）肾动态显像法测定GFR的结果,对健侧肾及术侧残肾进行手术前后的比较,观察其代偿性变化.结果：肾根治性切除组术后健侧肾GFR为（57.6±11.8）ml/min,较术前健侧肾（41.2±7.4）ml/min增加39.8%,但与术前双肾GFR（74.9±12.8）ml/min比较则下降了23.1%.肾部分切除组术侧残肾GFR为（27.8±4.8）mI/min,较术前（36.5±6.4）ml/min减少23.9%,健侧肾GFR手术前后比较差异无统计学意义.结论：采用核素肾动态显像法测定GFR在评估老年肾癌患者分肾功能、选择手术方式及监测术后肾功能方面有重要临床价值.     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石通道建立技巧的探讨

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）治疗鹿角形肾结石术中穿刺点、穿刺径路的合理选择及扩张、通道建立的技巧。方法：总结在X线定位下PCNL治疗36例鹿角形肾结石患者的经皮肾通道建立与治疗效果。结果：Ⅰ期手术穿刺、通道建立、成功碎石率100％;Ⅰ～Ⅲ期结石完全清除率83．33％;单通道26例（72．22％）,双通道7例（19．44％）,三通道3例（8．33％）;无大出血、感染休克等严重并发症发生。结论：PCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石的第一个穿刺点首选中后组盏,径路应与目标盏长径相吻合;带鞘扩张时扩张器应进入集合系统内约2cm,退出扩张器直接完成通道建立;Ⅰ期建立单通道处理。肾盂、中组肾盏结石为主,Ⅱ期先经Ⅰ期通道处理上下盏残留结石,慎重建立第二、三条经皮肾通道。     

Renal Oncocytoma in Taiwan

Background. Renal oncocytoma has been repeatedly reported in Western countries, but only a few cases have been reported in Eastern countries. This study aims to review the clinical course of renal oncocytoma in an Eastern country such as Taiwan. Materials and Methods. Sixteen cases of renal oncocytoma seen between 1987 and 2002 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, were studied. Results. Preoperatively, all patients were diagnosed to have renal cell carcinoma, following various radiologic studies. Perioperatively, frozen sections of three patients indicated renal oncocytoma in two and renal cell carcinoma in one. Renal oncocytoma has marked similarities to renal cell carcinoma, according to various radiologic, cytologic, and pathological investigations, so an accurate diagnosis is difficult to achieve, either preoperatively or perioperatively. Therefore, rather than being treated with partial nephrectomy, all patients were treated aggressively with unilateral radical nephrectomy. Postoperatively, all 16 patients were followed up, from 12 to 189 months, with a mean of 58.7 months. Notably, all patients survived with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Conclusions. The experience in Taiwan is generally that renal oncocytoma behaves benignly, as reported in other areas. The excellent prognosis associated with this tumor appears to indicate that partial nephrectomy may suffice for removing the tumor, while sparing other unaffected renal parenchyma.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术中肾盂压力对肾功能的影响

目的：探讨微创经皮肾镜取石（MPCNL）术中肾盂内压力变化对肾功能的影响。方法：通过逆行所置输尿管导管连接尿动力学仪监测肾盂内压力，术后即刻及术后每天测定尿蛋白：尿微量白蛋白（尿Alb）及B2微球蛋白（尿β2-M）。结果：肾盂内压力≥3．92kPa的总时间≥5min为高压组，高压组肾盂压力平均为2．59kPa（1．27～14．60kPa），低压组平均为2．19kPa（1．08～12．25kPa）；术后即刻尿蛋白明显增高，与术前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），此后尿蛋白逐渐下降，高压组与低压组同一天所测尿蛋白相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：MPCNL大部分时间其肾盂压力是相对安全的，MPCNL术后出现了短暂肾功能损害，且肾盂压力越高，肾功能损害越严重。     

Renal cancer

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an adenocarcinoma of the renal cortex. It is the commonest type of kidney cancer and accounts for over 85% of renal cancer diagnoses. The remaining malignancies are transitional cell carcinomas, sarcomas, Wilms’ tumour, and rarely lymphomas and metastatic deposits. 10%–15% of renal masses are benign, such as oncocytomas and angiomyolipomas. Simple renal cysts are benign, however more complex renal cysts have a risk of being malignant. Renal cell carcinoma is commonly diagnosed at an earlier stage due to the widespread availability of imaging, and as a result the described classic triad of symptoms of haematuria, renal angle pain and a palpable mass is increasingly uncommon. The management of renal cancer includes active surveillance for older, comorbid patients, nephron-sparing surgery or ablative therapies for smaller renal masses, radical nephrectomy for larger tumours, and systemic treatment with a combination of immunotherapies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors and for metastatic disease.     

肾活检在老年急性肾衰竭临床应用的探讨

目的：探讨肾活检术对老年急性肾衰竭的应用价值,提高老年急性肾衰竭的诊治水平。方法：66例不明原因老年急性肾衰竭均行实时超声引导肾自动穿刺活检术,分析其成功率、并发症,总结肾活检后诊断和治疗的修正率。结果：66例肾活检取材均成功;其中取材不良4例（6.1%）,取材良好62例（93.9%）;3例出现轻度并发症（4.5%）,其中肉眼血尿2例,肾周血肿1例,未出现严重并发症;66例中病因误诊19例,26例治疗方案有较大调整。结论：老年急性肾衰竭患者行经皮肾脏穿刺活检术安全且成功率高;相当部分老年急性肾衰竭病因被误诊,对不明原因老年急性肾衰竭应及时行肾活检术,以免延误诊治。     

Native Renal Cysts and Dialysis Duration Are Risk Factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipients

Urinary tract cancers are the third most common cancers in renal transplant recipients (RTX). This study examined the impact of dialysis duration and native renal cyst(s) (NRC) on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) occurrence among 1036 RTX followed‐up from 1995 to July 2007. Abdominal ultrasonography was planned within 1‐month of transplant, then every 5 years, or 2 years if renal cysts developed. Based on presence and time of development of NRC, RTX were grouped into those with no (No‐NRC), new (New‐NRC), preexisting (Pre‐NRC) and time‐indeterminate NRC (TI‐NRC). Ten asymptomatic RTX were diagnosed with RCC at a median of 5.8 years posttransplant and had 5‐year graft and patient survivals of 90% and 100%, respectively, following appropriate therapy. RCC occurred only in Pre‐NRC and TI‐NRC who had significantly longer dialysis duration than No‐ or New‐NRC (6.7 ± 3.9 and 3.3 ± 3.2 vs. 2.7 ± 3.1 and 2.6 ± 2.4 years, respectively). These results suggest that NRC and increased dialysis duration are risk factors for RCC posttransplant. Since early treatment of RCC gives excellent outcomes, regular ultrasonography performed within a month of transplantation, then every 5 years for those without cysts and every 2 years for those with cysts for early detection of RCC is recommended.     

Renal Disease in Colombia

Chronic renal disease represents a problem of public health in Colombia. Its prevalence has increased in last decade, with a prevalence of 44.7 patients per million (ppm) in 1993 to 294.6 ppm in 2004, considering that only 56.2% of the population has access to the health. This increase complies with the implementation of Law 100 of 1993, offering greater coverage of health services to the Colombian population. The cost of these pathologies is equivalent to the 2.49% of the budget for health of the nation. The three most common causes of renal failure are diabetes mellitus (DM; 30%), arterial hypertension (30%), and glomerulonephritis (7.85%). In incident patients, the DM accounts for 32.9%. The rate of global mortality is 15.8%, 17.4% in hemodialysis and 15.1% in peritoneal dialysis. In 2004, 467 renal transplants were made, 381 of decease donor with an incidence of 10.3 ppm.

The excessive cost of these pathologies can cause the nation's health care system to collapse if preventative steps are not taken. In December of 2004, the Colombian Association of Nephrology with the participation of the Latin American Society of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension wrote the “Declaration of Bogotá,” committing the state's scientific societies and promotional health companies to develop a model of attention for renal health that, in addition to implementing national registries, continues to manage renal disease.