养殖密度对杂交鳢仔鱼生长与存活的影响

在温棚水族箱中养殖杂交鳢仔鱼,养殖密度分别为0.5、1、2、4、8尾/L,共养殖15 d,试验结果表明:养殖密度在0.5～4尾/L之间,杂交鳢仔鱼的最终体重、特定生长率、日增重都随着养殖密度的增大而升高,当养殖密度为4尾/L时,三者达到最大值;进一步增加养殖密度,仔鱼的生长反而下降。高密度组(4、8尾/L)杂交鳢仔鱼个体生长速度离散度明显加大,仔鱼的成活率随养殖密度增加而下降。     

Evaluation of Larval Growth and Survival in Mexican Mojarra,Cichlasoma urophthalmus,and Bay Snook,Petenia splendida,Under Different Initial Stocking Densities

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the initial stocking density in larvae of Bay snook, Petenia splendida, and Mexican mojarra, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, using a recirculation system. Five initial stocking densities (0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L) were evaluated by triplicate for 45 d. Weight and total length (TL) were measured every 15 d, and fish production was calculated for each density. The larvae stocked at the lowest densities (0.5 and 1 larvae/L) presented the highest growth for both species: C. urophthalmus (0.78 g and 45‐mm TL, and 0.76 g and 45‐mm TL, respectively) and P. splendida (0.80 g and 52‐mm TL, and 0.79 g and 49‐mm TL, respectively). However, lowest fish production was recorded (35 and 69 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 34 and 70 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida) compared with those at densities of 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L (336, 584, and 604 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 341, 679, and 912 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida). The polynomial model for biomass production related to the stocking density shows that the optimum stocking densities for C. urophthalmus and P. splendida are 12 and 14 larvae/L, respectively.     

放养密度和饵料种类对中国大鲵幼苗存活与生长的影响

研究了放养密度和饵料种类对幼中国大鲵（Andrias davidianus）生长发育的影响,跟踪分析了自胚胎孵化至一龄幼鲵的存活与生长发育状况。结果表明,自胚胎孵化至一龄幼鲵的养殖密度为每0.1m210～20尾时,其成活率可达到100%,投放密度每0.1m2自20尾增加到60尾,平均存活率、年体长增加和年体重增加均显著降低。投喂摇蚊幼虫、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉和小鱼虾,幼苗的存活率分别为100%、90%、95%、85%和95%,体长增加分别为8.09cm、5.45cm、5.28cm、4.57cm、6.82cm,体重增加分别为25.97g、12.68g、11.82g、10.86g和20.67g。可见,摇蚊幼虫和小鱼虾是一龄幼大鲵的适宜饵料。     

The Effect of Initial Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Pike-perch Fingerlings Reared under Intensive Conditions

Pond-nursed pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) fry were trained to artificial diet and reared under controlled conditions maintained in aquaria using three stocking densities (1.25, 1.66 and 2.08 g/l). Two replicates per treatment were applied. The survival during the 4-week period of the experiment ranged from 44.2 to 49.6%. The majority of the losses were caused by cannibalism; only 8–14% could be attributed to natural mortality. Both cannibalism and natural mortality occurred in the first 2–3 weeks of rearing. The differences in the rate of cannibalism were independent of the stocking density. Natural mortality decreased with increasing density, consequently the highest survival was observed under the highest stocking density. Stocking density did not significantly influence growth, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of the pike-perch fingerlings (p < 0.05).     

菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期不同培育密度对生长、成活率的影响

2001年～2002年在大连普兰店市进行了菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期在大水体培育条件下,培育密度为260万～400万枚/m2对稚贝的日生长速度、成活率的影响试验,2001年试验中总平均日生长速度为44 7μm,出苗量为12 168亿枚,成活率为85 4%;2002年试验中总平均日生长速度为39 2μm,出苗量为15 47亿枚,成活率为90 7%。试验表明,菲律宾哈仔稚贝培育密度为260万～400万枚/m2在实际生产中是可行的,对稚贝的日生长速度、成活率影响不显著。     

放养密度对虹鳟稚鱼生长的影响

虹鳟稚鱼伞长、体重生长速度随着放养密度的增大而降低,而这种差异随着生长时问的延长,表现更为显著稚鱼体重持定生长率随着放养密度的增大而降低,两者间存在着显著的负相关关系;Y=-5．0979X＋36．727（R2=0．9844）,Y代表体重特定生长率,X代表放养密度.日增重、饵料转化丰随着放养密度的增大而降低．净增重随着放养密度的增大而增加.     

养殖密度对地图鱼幼鱼生长发育的影响

在室内水族箱中养殖地图鱼的幼鱼,密度分别为50、100、200、400尾/m2,共养殖28d。试验结果表明,各密度组地图鱼幼鱼的生长速度存在明显差异,增重率、增长率、特定生长率和平均日增重都随养殖密度的增加而降低;高密度组(400、200尾/m2)地图鱼的幼鱼个体生长速度离散度明显加大。     

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of 3-Month-Old Juvenile Marron,Cherax tenuimanus,Raised in a Semi-Controlled Environment

ABSTRACT

The effect of three stocking densities (3, 6, and 13 animals/ m²) on growth, survival, biomass, harvest rate, and the size distribution of 3-month-old marron, Cherax tenuimanus(3.1 ± 0.1 g mean initial weight), was assessed in a 160-day trial in a recirculating system. There was no difference (P>0.05) in specific growth rates (SGR) at the end of 160 days. Survival of marron at 13/m² was significantly lower than marron stocked at 3 and 6/m² (70.0% and 57.5%, respectively). Harvest rate of marron stocked at 6/m² was 101.3 g/m², which was significantly higher than the harvest rate of marron stocked at 3 and 13/m² (48.7 g/m² and 58.7 g/m², respectively). By the end of the trial, the densities of all treatments had decreased to the same level (2.3 to 3.0/m²). Final size frequency distribution of marron at the stocking density of 6/m² was flat and less positively skewed as compared to the 3 and 13/m²treatments. Therefore, the stocking density of 6/m² is recommended under semi-controlled environment.     

培育密度对菲律宾蛤仔浮游幼虫生长与成活的影响

试验结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔浮游幼虫试验密度为5,10,15,20个/ml,各组幼体的平均日生长速度依次为18 7,12 1,11 2,8 3μm,成活率依次为88 0%,82 0%,79 8%,50 4%。综合分析认为,菲律宾蛤仔浮游幼虫在生产中育苗密度以10个/ml,15个/ml较为适宜。     

密度、饲料配比和投饲频率对菲牛蛭成活和生长的影响

采用湿土网箱法,在内铺土层厚度约6．0cm,规格35．0cm×14．5cm×11．5cm的网箱中层,饲养体质量≥1．5 g的菲牛蛭,以存活率和个体体质量增长率为考察指标,采用L9（34）正交试验法,对养殖密度、饲料配比和投饲频率三个因素进行考察,以确定合理的养殖密度、饲料配比和投饲频率。采用层次分析法统计正交试验结果,分析各因素各水平对试验结果的影响权重。试验结果表明,以存活率为考察指标时,三种因素对成活率的影响依次为养殖密度＞投饲频率＞饲料配比,以50尾／箱的养殖密度,饲料配方Ⅱ和每15 d投喂一次的投饲频率组合为最佳;以菲牛蛭个体体质量增长率为考察指标时,三种因素对个体体质量增长率的影响依次为饲料配比＞投饲频率＞养殖密度,投喂以密度为50尾／箱、饲料配方为Ⅰ、投喂频率为每10 d投喂一次组合为最优。层次分析表明,各因素对正交试验的指标值影响的主次顺序为养殖密度、投饲频率和饲料配比,正交试验的最优方案为50尾／箱的养殖密度、配方Ⅰ和每10 d投喂一次的投饲频率。     

Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth and Survival of Spotted Sand Bass Paralabrax maculatofasciatus Larvae in a Closed Recirculating System

Abstract.— The effect on growth and survival of the initial stocking density (50, 100, 150, and 200 larvae/ L) in larval rearing of spotted sand bass was evaluated over 30 d in a closed recirculating system. Larvae were fed with rotifers, copepods, nauplii and adult Artemia , and spotted sand bass yolk-sac larvae. Water quality was monitored daily. The notochordal or standard length of sampled larvae was measured by image analysis. Specific growth rates at each density were compared by covariance analysis. Survival was estimated from day 15 to the end of the experiment, when a resistance test was used to evaluate the juvenile quality among densities. At the end of the experiment, mean standard length of larvae at lower densities was significantly larger ( P < 0.05) than at higher densities. Higher specific growth rates were found at lower densities. Significantly higher survival ( P < 0.05) was recorded for the lowest density, but the highest number of harvested fish was obtained with the highest densities (150 and 200 larvae/L). The lowest density also showed the significantly ( P < 0.05) higher survival after using a resistance test. We conclude the highest density can be used in larval rearing of spotted sand bass. However, better survival, growth, and seed quality are obtained at the lowest density. To recommend an optimal density for this specie, it is necessary to improve the water quality in the culture system and to make a cost-benefit study.     

Effects of Stocking Density, Salinity, and Light Intensity on Growth and Survival of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma Larvae

Four separate studies were done on Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae during first feeding and metamorphosis to determine the effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival. One study used stocking densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80 fish/L during first feeding; the second study compared the growth and survival of larvae stocked at 20 and 33 ppt; and a third experiment evaluated stocking densities of 1/L and 3/L under two different light intensities (1,600 lux vs 340 lux) during metamorphosis. The fourth experiment tested the effects of different salinities (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) on larval growth and survival during metamorphosis. Growth and survival (overall 6.9%) were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) for stocking rates up to 80/L. Larvae placed into 20 ppt salinity had survival through first feeding similar to that of larvae raised at 33 ppt. During metamorphosis, light intensity had no effect ( P > 0.05) on growth or survival, but fish stocked at 3/L had significantly lower ( P < 0.05) survival than fish at 1/L. Complete mortality of larvae occurred at 0 ppt. Growth and survival past metamorphosis were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) at 10, 20 and 30 ppt, but unmetamorphosed fish did not survive to day 60 at 10 ppt. Based on these results, practical larviculture of Southern flounder may require a two-step process with high stocking rates (80 fish/L) through first feeding and lower densities (1/L) through metamorphosis. Fingerling production in fertilized nursery ponds might he possible at salinity as low as 20 ppt.     

培育密度及饵料种类对四角蛤蜊幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响

在水温22.8～24.6℃,盐度24～25,pH 7.82～8.36的条件下,研究了培育密度及饵料种类对四角蛤蜊幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响.试验结果表明,不同的培育密度(5、10、15、20、30个/ml)下,幼虫的生长速度、存活率随着密度的增大而降低;30个/ml试验组幼虫不能发育至匍匐幼虫;5、10、15、20个/ml试验组幼虫的变态率随着密度的增大而降低,各阶段的发育时间随着密度的增大而增加.不同的饵料种类及投喂方式,即单独投喂金藻(J)、小球藻(Q)与混合投喂[JQ11(J:Q=1:1)、JQ12(J:Q=1:2)、JQ21(J:Q=2:1)]对幼虫的生长速度、存活率、变态率及幼虫各阶段发育时间的影响也不同,单独投喂效果较差,混合投喂效果相对较好.在四角蛤蜊苗种生产过程中,培育密度10个/ml较为合理,且混合投喂比单独投喂效果更好.     

Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth,Survival, and Behavior of Postpuerulus Western Rock Lobster,Panulirus cygnus (George) (Decapoda: Palinuridae)

The effect of four stocking densities (30, 60, 100, and 150 lobsters/m²) on the growth and survival of Panulirus cygnus postpueruli was determined over a 112‐d grow‐out trial. Agonistic behavior at each experimental density was recorded using infrared filming. Survival and growth decreased with increasing density, although this trend was only significant between the lowest (30/m²) and the highest densities (150/m²) (P < 0.05) at the conclusion of the grow‐out trial. Density had no significant effect on apparent feed intake but significantly affected food conversion ratios (FCR) across all four densities, with FCR being best at 30/m² and worst at 150/m². The number and frequency of agonistic encounters per tank differed significantly with density, with agonistic encounters being highest at 150/m² and lowest at 30/m². Agonistic encounters coincided with the crepuscular foraging pattern of postpueruli. The reduction in survival and growth of postpueruli at the highest density (150/m²) can be attributed to the significant increase in the number of agonistic encounters. This study supports that P. cygnus postpueruli should be stocked at densities less than 100/m² in order to minimize the negative effect of density on growth and survival.     

Effect of Feeding Frequency, Water Temperature, and Stocking Density on the Growth of Tiger Puffer, Takifugu rubripes

Effects of daily feeding frequency, water temperature, and stocking density on the growth of tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, fry were examined to develop effective techniques to produce tiger puffer in a closed recirculation system. Fish of 4, 14, and 180 g in initial body weight were fed commercial pellet diets once to five times a day to apparent satiation each by hand for 8 or 12 wk at 20 C. Daily feeding frequency did not affect the growth of 14‐ and 180‐g‐size fish. However, the daily feed consumption and weight gain of the 4‐g‐size fish fed three and five times daily were significantly higher than those of fish fed once daily (P < 0.05). Fish of 4 and 50 g in initial body weight were reared with the pellet diet at 15–30 C for 8 wk. The weight gain of fish increased with increasing water temperature up to 25 C and decreased drastically at 30 C for both sizes. Similar trends were observed for feed efficiency, although 4‐g fish had highest efficiency at 20 C. Effects of stocking density on growth were examined with fish of 8, 13, and 100 g in initial body weight. Fish were reared with the pellet diet for 8 or 16 wk at 20 C. Fish were placed in floating net cages in the culture tank, and the stocking density was determined based on the total weight of fish and volume of the net cage. Fish of 8 g in body weight grew up to 35–36 g during the 8‐wk rearing period independent of the stocking density of 8, 15, and 31 kg/m³ at the end of rearing. Final biomass per cage reached 32, 60, and 115 kg/m³ for 13‐g‐size fish, and 10, 18, and 35 kg/m³ for 100‐g‐size fish, and the growth of the fish tended to decrease with increasing stocking density for both sizes.     

Survival and Growth of Walleye Stizostedion vitreum Fry as Affected by Water Recirculation, Feed Transition Age, and Stocking Density

Abstract.— The effects of recirculation aquaculture on walleye Stizostedion vitreuin fry culture was evaluated from hatch (day 0) to day 65 and compared to traditional flow-through aquaculture used at New York State's Fish Culture Station, Oneida, New York, USA. A comparison of survival rates of walleye fry through a feed transition period was also conducted with the variable being the age (d) at which dry feed was first introduced to fingerlings; this trial was conducted using recirculation aquaculture systems only. Comparisons were made of growth rates and survival rates broken down into two life stages: stage one was from day 0 to day 45 and stage two from day 45 to day 65. All systems were taken off live feed completely on day 45 resulting in a feed transition period between days 45 and 65. Fish in the flow-through system had the highest cumulative growth rates through day 70 (P < 0.05) while fish in the recirculating system grew faster through day 53 (P < 0.10). The recirculating system showed significantly higher survival rates during the feed transition period (day 45–65) than fish in the conventional flow-through system (P < 0.05). This is important because the transition period is the most stressful period in training fingerlings onto dry feed from a live diet. It was found that fish started on a dry diet on day I or day 14 in addition to the live diet had a significantly higher survival rate through the feed transition period than fish started on dry feed on day 30 (P < 0.1). The age at which dry feed was introduced had no significant impact on growth rates. There was a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) between survival rates and the initial stocking density over a range of densities from 3,500 to 7,000 fish/m³.     

饲养密度对条石鲷生长的影响

通过模拟工厂化养殖模式,采用单因素实验方法进行各体长阶段的密度梯度饲养试验。经过为期60的饲养管理后,对条石鲷的增长率及饵料系数进行比较分析,结果表明：适宜条石鲷工厂化养殖的各体长阶段放养密度：体长在10-13cm,养殖密度为80ind／m3;体长在14-16cm,养殖密度为52ind／m3;体长在17～20em,养殖密度为36ind／m3;体长在21—24cm,养殖密度为24ind／m3。     

循环水养殖赤点石斑鱼幼鱼放养密度研究

将体质量(10.82±0.17)g的赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)幼鱼饲养在室内循环水、直径40cm×水深50cm池中,每个池中10(G_(10))、20(G_(20))和40(G_(40))尾,投喂常规饲料,每周测4次水质。8周的养殖结果表明,养殖时间和放养密度均影响赤点石斑鱼的生长、存活和水质。随着养殖时间的加长,成活率逐步降低,但整体保持在40.00%~90.00%之间,G_(10)组的成活率显著高于G_(40)组(P0.05)。试验结束时,赤点石斑鱼的增重率(WGR)变化在(47.97±1.98)~(68.02±2.34)%之间,特定生长率(SGR)变化在(0.70±0.33)~(0.93±0.42)%/d之间,两指标不同密度组差异显著(P0.05),而各组鱼的肝体比(HIS)、内脏比(VSI)和肥满度(CF)差异不显著(P0.05)。     

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth,Yield, and Costs of Producing Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in Cages

Abstract

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were raised in culture cages (1 m³) to determine the effect of stocking density on growth, survival, and percentage of market-size fish. Large fingerling rainbow trout (20-25 cm, 232 g average weight) were stocked into six cages located in a 0.4-ha pond. Two stocking densities (100 or 200 fish/cage) were used, and fish were grown for 140 days (2000-April 2001). Average total harvest weight (35.0 kg) in the low-density cages was approximately one-half the average total harvest weight (61.2 kg) in the high-density cages. Average weight gain (11.7 kg to 15.1 kg) and feed conversion (1.2 to 1.5) were also smaller for the low-density cages. Average survival was 96.7% for the low-density cages and 94.2% for the high-density cages, with the percentage of market-size fish (< 29 cm) averaging 50.3% and 52.0%, respectively. Production costs for the actual experiment and the revenues from fish sold at the end of the study were collected. An enterprise budget based on the experimental results for the two densities was developed to determine if a culture operation of this size would produce a net return. Production costs and revenues from the experiment resulted in a large negative return (-$3,124) and high breakeven price ($13.53/kg).