Combustion analysis of Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine

Non-edible filtered Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and Polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil based mono esters (biodiesel) produced and blended with diesel were tested for their use as substitute fuels of diesel engines. The major objective of the present investigations was to experimentally access the practical applications of biodiesel in a single cylinder diesel engine used in generating sets and the agricultural applications in India. Diesel; neat biodiesel from Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga; and their blends (20 and 50 by v%) were used for conducting combustion tests at varying loads (0, 50 and 100%). The engine combustion parameters such as peak pressure, time of occurrence of peak pressure, heat release rate and ignition delay were computed. Combustion analysis revealed that neat Polanga biodiesel that results in maximum peak cylinder pressure was the optimum fuel blend as far as the peak cylinder pressure was concerned. The ignition delays were consistently shorter for neat Jatropha biodiesel, varying between 5.9^° and 4.2^° crank angles lower than diesel with the difference increasing with the load. Similarly, ignition delays were shorter for neat Karanja and Polanga biodiesel when compared with diesel.     

用离子液体脱除燃料油中有机硫化物的研究

以咪唑类离子液体作为萃取脱硫剂,在正辛烷和甲苯的混合溶液中加入少量的噻吩构成油品模拟体系。采用正交实验,系统考察了单级萃取中温度、时间、剂油比以及离子液体碳数对脱硫效率的影响,得到了较优的脱硫条件:温度约60℃、萃取时间约40 min、剂油比为1∶1、侧链碳数为10。考察了多级脱硫效率以及离子液体的回收利用。结果表明,经过5级脱硫后,燃料油含硫可以达到欧Ⅲ标准,离子液体重复使用5次后,脱硫效率约降低了2%。回归得到了模拟油品中脱除噻吩的萃取动力学方程。该研究为基于离子液体的燃料油脱硫工艺提供了重要的基础。     

Frying performance of palm oil liquid fractions

Palm oil liquid fractions were used as frying media in household and industrial fryers and were compared to standard edible oils and fats, such as soybean, groundnut, sunflower, rapeseed and tallow. The analytical evaluation covered free fatty acids, viscosity, smoke and flame points, oxidized fatty acids, nonelution material (NEM), UV differential spectra, polymers and foam index. These values measure the extent of the oil degradation, i.e., oxidation, hydrolysis, splitting and polymerization. Moreover, they were combined with other analytical procedures (fatty acid composition, keeping qualities such as the time necessary for an oxygen-absorbing sample to reach a -0.5 psi pressure in a closed system) in order to have a large analytical control during the frying processes. The data collected show the suitability of edible oils and fats for frying purposes and indicate that palm oil liquid fractions perform satisfactorily as frying media. They have low degradation and produce fried foods with acceptable keeping qualities. Presented at the ISF/AOCS World Congress, New York, April 1980.     

Properties of rapeseed oil for use as a diesel fuel extender

Chemical and thermal analyses were carried out on degummed and filtered (5 μm) rapeseed oil (referred to as SRO, i.e., semirefined rapeseed oil) to determine its suitability as a diesel fuel extender. The upper rate for inclusion of SRO with diesel fuel is 25%. This fuel blend had a phosphorus level of 2.5 ppm, which was comparable to rape methyl esters (1.0 ppm phosphorus). Thermogravimetric analyses were used to estimate the cetane ratings of the fuels. A 25% SRO/diesel blend had an estimated cetane index of 32.4 compared to 38.1 for diesel fuel only. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses were used to compare the volatility ranges of the fuels. SRO needed higher temperatures for volatilization (i.e., 70–260°C for diesel fuel vs. 280–520°C for SRO). This indicated poorer cold-starting performance of SRO compared with diesel fuel. SRO fuel is a low-sulfur, high-oxygen fuel giving SRO a more favorable emissions profile than pure diesel fuel.     

Adsorptive removal of nitrogen compounds from fuel oil by a poly ionic liquid PVIm-PXDC

ABSTRACT

A poly ionic liquid, poly(1-vinyl imidazole)-p-xylylene dichloride (PVIm-PXDC), was synthesized and used for fuel oil denitrogenation. The structure of PVIm-PXDC was characterized and the denitrogenation performance was investigated. Results indicate that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model are appropriate to describe the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics, respectively. The adsorption ability of PVIm-PXDC for different nitrogen compounds follows the order of indole > pyrrole > quinoline > pyridine. The equilibrium adsorption amount decreased about 10% for all the nitrogen compounds after six regeneration cycles and the denitrogenation and regeneration processes have no influence on the structure of PVIm-PXDC.     

液体酚抗氧剂的合成及在燃料油中的应用研究

在有机锡催化下,以3–(3,5–二叔丁基–4–羟基苯基)丙酸甲酯和异辛醇为原料合成了液体酚抗氧剂,在优选的反应条件下,抗氧剂的收率95%,质量分数99%。经分析和应用验证,所合成的抗氧剂可明显抑制或延缓燃料油的氧化老化。     

Transesterified milkweed (Asclepias) seed oil as a biodiesel fuel

The methyl and ethyl esters of milkweed (Asclepias) seed oil were prepared and compared to soybean esters in laboratory tests to determine biodiesel fuel performance properties. The pour points of the methyl and ethyl milkweed esters measured −6 °C and −10 °C, respectively, which is consistent with the high levels of unsaturation characteristic of milkweed seed oil. The oxidative stabilities measured by OSI at 100 °C were between 0.8 and 4.1 h for all samples tested. The kinematic viscosities determined at 40 °C by ASTM D 445 averaged 4.9 mm²/s for milkweed methyl esters and 4.2 mm²/s for soybean methyl esters. Lubricity values determined by ASTM D 6079 at 60 °C were comparable to the corresponding soybean esters with average ball wear scar values of 118 μm for milkweed methyl esters and 200 μm for milkweed ethyl esters.     

Preparation of liquid motor fuel components from oil shale gasification products

The gasification of shale from two domestic deposits (Kashpirskoe and Leningradskoe) and the subsequent transformation of the products of this process into the components of liquid motor fuels were studied.     

Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender: Endurance tests

Engine performance and crankcase lubricant viscosity were followed with 1∶2 and 1∶1 fuel mixtures of degummed soybean oil in No. 2 diesel fuel in tests with a John Deere 6-cylinder, 404 cubic in. displacement, direct-injection, turbocharged engine for a total of 600 running hours. A crankcase oil contamination problem resulting in an unacceptable thickening and a potential for gelling did exist with a 50/50 blend or a greater concentration of soybean oil, but it did not occur with the 1∶2 blend. The data accumulated during the initial 600 hr running time indicates that a fuel blend of one-third degummed soybean oil and two-thirds No. 2 diesel (1∶2 blend) may be a suitable fuel for agricultural equipment during periods of diesel fuel shortages or allocations. Additional data are being accumulated and will be analyzed in the future.     

以煤代油烘干磷酸二铵

宏福实业开发有限总公司DAP产品干燥时,原燃煤炉采用柴油为燃料,60万t/aDAP年消耗烘干用燃料成本3000多万元。采用低飞灰沸腾炉(GXDF),以烟煤为燃料进行技改,介绍其工艺流程、工艺参数及煤代油后所取得的效果:年节约烘干DAP燃料成本2000多万元,DAP外观颜色基本无变化,各项指标均达到优等品要求。     

Effect of compression on the performance of a HT-PEM fuel cell

This paper shows by thorough electrochemical investigation that (1) the performances of high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies of three suppliers are differently affected by compressive forces. (2) Membrane thickness reduction by compressive pressure takes place less than expected. (3) A contact pressure cycling experiment is a useful tool to distinguish the impact of compression on the contact resistances bipolar plate/gas diffusion layer (GDL) and GDL/catalytic layer. A detailed visual insight into the structural effects of compressive forces on membrane and gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is obtained by micro-computed X-ray tomography (μ-CT). μ-CT imaging confirms that membrane and GDEs undergo severe mechanical stress resulting in performance differences. Irreversible GDL deformation behavior and pinhole formation by GDL fiber penetration into the membrane could be observed.     

Studies on improving the performance of rubber seed oil fuel for diesel engine with DEE port injection

Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to a marginally inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity and carbon residue. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by injecting a small quantity of diethyl ether (DEE) along with air. The main objective of this study is to improve the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with rubber seed oil (RSO) through DEE injection at different flow rates of 100, 150 and 200 g/h. A single cylinder diesel engine with rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was converted to operate in the DEE injection mode. DEE was injected into the intake port during suction stroke, while rubber seed oil was injected directly inside the cylinder at the end of compression stroke. The injection timing of DEE was optimized for this mode of operation. Results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine improves from 26.5% with neat RSO to a maximum of 28.5% with DEE injection rate of 200 g/h. Smoke reduces from 6.1 to 4 BSU with DEE injection at the maximum efficiency flow rate. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are also less with DEE injection. There is an increase in the NO_x emission from 6.9 g/kWh to 9.3 g/kWh at the optimum DEE flow rate. DEE injection with RSO shows higher peak pressure and rate of pressure rise compared to neat RSO. Heat release rate indicates an increase in the combustion rate due to the reduced ignition delay and combustion duration with DEE injection.     

高硫燃油加热炉用耐火材料性能的研究

在石油/气精炼和石油化工行业中,加热炉用耐火材料内衬在加热炉性能和使用寿命方面起重要作用。本文研究和分析了采用高硫燃油作燃料的加热炉耐火材料内衬性能（内衬配置为热面是隔热砖,背衬隔热是硅酸钙大砖）和使用了10年所面临的问题。     

Combustion of a liquid fuel in a rectangular channel

The possibility of flame spread over the surface of a liquid fuel (n-butanol) in two-phase flow with a gaseous oxidizer in a narrow rectangular channel is demonstrated. The results of a detailed experimental study of combustion in this system are given. Dependences of the flame propagation speed on the initial temperature and oxidizer and fuel flow rates are obtained.