整合医疗：中国医改的战略选择

本文从理论、国际经验和趋势,以及中国现状,阐述整合医疗在医疗卫生改革中的重要性和作用。建议将整合医疗作为中国医改的战略选择,大力整合医疗卫生体系,建立公立医院之间、公立医院与城乡基层医疗卫生机构的分工协作机制,恢复三级医疗卫生网络,实行分级医疗、双向转诊的医疗服务模式,从根本上改变目前医疗卫生体系分割的局面,提高医疗卫生资源的利用效率,切实缓解群众＂看病难、看病贵＂的问题。     

Aversion to health inequalities in healthcare prioritisation: A multicriteria optimisation perspective

In this paper we discuss the prioritisation of healthcare projects where there is a concern about health inequalities, but the decision maker is reluctant to make explicit quantitative value judgements and the data systems only allow the measurement of health at an aggregate level. Our analysis begins with a standard welfare economic model of healthcare resource allocation. We show how – under the assumption that the healthcare projects under consideration have a small impact on individual health – the problem can be reformulated as one of finding a particular subset of the class of efficient solutions to an implied multicriteria optimisation problem. Algorithms for finding such solutions are readily available, and we demonstrate our approach through a worked example of treatment for clinical depression.     

基于员工调查的深圳市罗湖医院集团化改革的成效初探

目的:研究员工对深圳市罗湖医院集团化改革后的初步评价。方法:采用问卷调查法,对罗湖区医疗集团内的3家区属医院和23家社康管理中心的员工进行调查。结果:共发放问卷480份,回收有效问卷412份,有效回收率为85.83%。37.21%的医生表示下社康管理中心出诊很有动力或非常有动力;75.38%的员工感受到集团化改革近两年来医院发生"较明显"或"非常明显"的变化;员工对于工作本身、人际关系和医院发展的满意度评分均值均在4.20分以上,且一致性较高。结论:被调查员工对改革初期的评价总体较积极。集团建设运营近两年来,附设医疗机构的总体发展呈上行态势,集团内纵向联合局面有所显现,二级及以上医院医生下社区意愿增强,尤其体现在内科、中医科等。集团不断引导各附设医院错位布局,协同发展,带动集团整体提升。各医院员工对集团的未来发展有所期待,希望集团能协调好各方利益,兑现承诺。     

医疗卫生服务体系整合：国际视角与中国实践

为应对老龄化和医疗卫生服务体系碎片化等挑战,许多国家和地区开展了不同内容和形式的医疗卫生服务体系整合改革,内容上主要包括服务提供、治理机制、组织管理和筹资支付等方面,形式上可分为水平和垂直整合、虚拟和实体整合等模式。新医改以来,我国一些地方,尤其是公立医院改革试点城市,在医疗卫生服务体系整合方面进行了改革实践。这些做法各有特点,主要有政府主导是目前整合的主要改革动因;以技术为纽带的虚拟整合简便易行,形式灵活;委托管理或联合体式的整合涉及资产的管理,一体化程度较高;联合兼并式的实体整合具有更强的资源配置能力。但目前我国医疗卫生服务体系整合还存在诸多障碍,如政府分级管理体制、公立医院单体扩张需求、公立医院与基层医疗卫生服务机构衔接、患者自由流动意愿与医保自由就医政策等。应对的主要策略有,注重发挥政府行政调控与市场机制结合的双重作用,因地制宜、循序渐进推动整合,通过改革支付制度等多种方式建立激励机制,有赖于公立医院改革的进一步深化等。     

我国城市社区卫生机构健康管理开展现状分析

目的：通过分析我国城市社区卫生机构健康管理的开展现状及存在的问题,提出完善城市社区卫生机构健康管理功能的建议。方法：采取了定量调查和定性访谈相结合的方法。结果：我国城市社区卫生服务机构的健康体检水平存在较大地区差异,健康档案的开展水平和健康管理的信息化水平有待提高。     

Building China's municipal healthcare performance evaluation system: a Tuscan perspective

Regional healthcare performance evaluation systems can help optimize healthcare resources on regional basis and improve the performance of healthcare services provided. The Tuscany region in Italy is a good example of an institution which meets these requirements. China has yet to build such a system based on international experience. In this paper, based on comparative studies between Tuscany and China, we propose that the managing institutions in China's experimental cities can select and commission a third-party agency to, respectively, evaluate the performance of their affiliated hospitals and community health service centers. Following some features of the Tuscan experience, the Chinese municipal healthcare performance evaluation system can be built by focusing on the selection of an appropriate performance evaluation agency, the design of an adequate performance evaluation mechanism and the formulation of a complete set of laws, rules and regulations. When a performance evaluation system at city level is formed, the provincial government can extend the successful experience to other cities.     

农村社会健康治理的思路

本文尝试从农村社会健康治理的目的、结构、机制和人才等几个要项提出相关思路，以推进农民健康水平的提高。为实现农村地域全民健康，健康治理结构必须统筹兼顾农民和农民工、公共卫生服务、初级卫生保健和医疗保障、中西部以及欠发达的农村地区。     

Five types of OECD healthcare systems: Empirical results of a deductive classification

This article classifies 30 OECD healthcare systems according to a deductively generated typology by Rothgang and Wendt [1]. This typology distinguishes three core dimensions of the healthcare system: regulation, financing, and service provision, and three types of actors: state, societal, and private actors. We argue that there is a hierarchical relationship between the three dimensions, led by regulation, followed by financing and finally service provision, where the superior dimension restricts the nature of the subordinate dimensions. This hierarchy rule limits the number of theoretically plausible types to ten. To test our argument, we classify 30 OECD healthcare systems, mainly using OECD Health Data and WHO country reports. The classification results in five system types: the National Health Service, the National Health Insurance, the Social Health Insurance, the Etatist Social Health Insurance, and the Private Health System. All five types belong to the group of healthcare system types considered theoretically plausible. Merely Slovenia does not comply with our assumption of a hierarchy among dimensions and typical actors due to its singular transformation history.     

农村公共卫生服务体系绩效评价指标在农村卫生改革中的实践

目的:评价中国农村卫生发展项目(简称"卫十一项目")实施期间,项目地区公共卫生服务体系的绩效。方法:采用项目开发的农村公共卫生服务绩效评价指标体系,连续收集40个项目县2008—2013年的投入、产出指标,进行综合分析与评价。结果:项目地区2008—2013年间公共卫生的投入和产出均逐年提高,分别由项目初期的22.73分和39.05分增加到32.62分和57.60分,增幅达43.15%和47.50%,部分项目省份投入增幅较产出明显。项目地区投入产出比从1.72增加到1.77,年间略有波动。结论:采用公共卫生服务体系绩效考核指标监测项目实施进程,有利于及时发现农村公共卫生服务体系建设中存在的薄弱环节,从而针对性地采取有效措施促进体系的完善。在加大公共卫生投入的时候,如何高效利用资源,提高服务效果依然是亟需解决的问题。     

Global implications of China's healthcare reform

The ongoing healthcare reform in China has a powerful spillover effect beyond the health sector and the borders of China. A successful completion of the Chinese reform will offer a new model for social justice development, shift the global economy toward sustainability and create a new hub for science and technology in medical and health science. However, reforming the healthcare system in the most populated country is a daunting task. China will not live up to its promise, and all the potentials may end with hype not hope if coherent national strategies are not constructed and state‐of‐the‐art navigation is not achieved with staggering domestic and global challenges. The cost of failure will be immensely high, socioeconomic costs for Chinese and an opportunity cost for the world as a whole. A full appreciation of the global implications of China's healthcare reform is crucial in keeping China receptive toward good practices evidence‐approved elsewhere and open minded to fulfill its international obligations. More critically, the appreciation yields constructive engagements from global community toward a joint development and global prosperity. The current report provides a multiple disciplinary assessment on the global implications of the healthcare reform in China. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新中国70年卫生改革发展的道路与展望

新中国成立70年以来，党和国家始终高度重视人民健康。针对不同时期人民健康的主要影响因素，不断推进卫生改革发展，稳步提升公共卫生服务能力，构建起世界上最大的基本医疗保障网，不断健全医疗卫生服务体系，提高医疗质量水平，使群众从“不得病、少得病”到“看得起病、看得上病、看得好病”，提高了人民健康水平，走出了一条符合我国国情的卫生改革发展道路，为全球健康治理和人类命运共同体建设贡献了中国智慧。历史经验表明，我国卫生改革发展要坚持党的领导和与时俱进的卫生健康工作方针，坚持立足国情，预防为主，卫生工作与群众路线相结合。随着新时代我国卫生健康事业面临社会主要矛盾变化、经济社会转型、人口疾病状况转变、医改进入深水区等一系列形势和挑战，要始终坚持正确的改革理论、路径和方法，为人民健康更好地提供全方位、全周期的健康保障，同时为全球健康治理提供更多的智慧和经验。     

香港地区医疗体制对内地的借鉴意义

香港医疗体制的特点是高福利、低收费、公益性强。与香港相比,内地虽然医疗资源相对丰富,医疗效率较高,但公立医院得到的政府财政补偿不足,导致公立医院运行困难、公益性淡化。借鉴香港的医疗体制,提出逐步建立双向转诊机制;建立社会医疗保障补充机制;建立统一的医疗信息系统;强化整体医疗卫生概念;强化行业管理,建立和完善考核评审机制;建立良性运行机制,保障可持续发展的能力。     

深圳市医疗服务体制改革回顾与展望

分析了深圳市医疗服务发展现状及其改革探索情况,提出了深圳市医疗服务管理体制的改革思路:①加快实施卫生事业"一大一小"发展战略,促进区域卫生资源均衡化布局;②构建资源配置合理、信息资源共享的公立医院集群;③全面推进公立医院管理体制改革,建立政事分开、管办分开的公立医院管理体制;④完善权责清晰、监管有力的公立医院监管机制;⑤建立有效激励、自我约束的科学运行机制;⑥建立医药分开、规范统一的公立医院服务模式.     

The Armenian healthcare system: recent changes and challenges

Background  Armenian healthcare reforms have been carried out since independence in 1991, but achieved their full scale starting in 1995–1996. Although the healthcare system has already been modified and changed for 10 years, there is a lack of research in this regard. Objectives  This paper aims to present the organization of the healthcare system in Armenia, its changes and challenges throughout the reform process. Methods  This paper is mainly based on a review of the relevant professional literature, a review and interpretation of legal acts in the healthcare field, and a review of research and assessment works done by several international and local organizations. Results  There are still large numbers of elements typical for the Soviet Semashko model in Armenian healthcare structures. Implemented reforms have separated the institutions of the public payer and the providers, but did not manage to change the model of financing to be based on compulsory insurance. The level of financing is similar to the average in Central and Eastern Europe, but is based mainly on out-of-pocket payments contributing to about 80% of all system resources. The informal payments reach even 45% of expenditures. The structure of hospital beds remains ineffective, and there are still no mechanisms of increasing the quality of services. Privatization has been applied, but the role of private providers is still limited. Conclusions  The reforms have not caused satisfactory improvement in healthcare performance, although the health indicators are better than at the beginning of the transformation period. The stability of the reforming processes in previous years as well as the engagement of international institutions is a chance for positive changes in the near future.     

The recent health reform in Croatia: True reforms or just a fundraising exercise?

Croatia's most recent reform of the healthcare system was implemented in 2008. The aim of the reform was to enhance financial stability of the system by introducing additional sources of financing, as well as increase the efficiency of the system by reducing sick pay transfers to households, rationalising spending on pharmaceuticals, restructuring hospitals etc. This paper attempts to assess the success of the 2008 healthcare system reform in reaching financial stability and sustainability, and to evaluate the effects of the reform on equity in funding the system. It takes into account the fact that the reform coincided with a severe economic crisis and decline in the overall living standard of Croatian citizens. The paper shows that the reform ended up being expansionary and thus impaired the necessary fiscal adjustment. Finally, it is argued that in circumstances of declining disposable incomes, increased co-payments aimed at the financial stabilisation of the health system made health services less affordable and could have had detrimental effects on equity in the utilisation of health care.