Interpretation of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptations by Local Household Farmers：a Case Study at Bin County,Northeast China

Although climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations have been studied extensively, how smallholder farmers perceive climate change and adapt their agricultural activities is poorly understood. Survey-based data （presents farmers＇ personal perceptions and adaptations to climate change） associated with external biophysical-socioeconomic data （presents real-world climate change） were used to develop a farmer-centered framework to explore climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations at a local level. A case study at Bin County （1980s-2010s）, Northeast China, suggested that increased annual average temperature （0.6＆#176;C per decade） and decreased annual precipitation （46 mm per decade, both from meteorological datasets） were correctly perceived by 76 and 66.9%, respectively, of farmers from the survey, and that a longer growing season was conifrmed by 70%of them. These reasonably correct perceptions enabled local farmers to make appropriate adaptations to cope with climate change：Longer season alternative varieties were found for maize and rice, which led to a signiifcant yield increase for both crops. The longer season also affected crop choice：More farmers selected maize instead of soybean, as implicated from survey results by a large increase in the maize growing area. Comparing warming-related factors, we found that precipitation and agricultural disasters were the least likely causes for farmers＇ agricultural decisions. As a result, crop and variety selection, rather than disaster prevention and infrastructure improvement, was the most common ways for farmers to adapt to the notable warming trend in the study region.     

An Evaluation of the Introduction of Modified Cropping Practices in Yunnan Province, China, Using Surveys of Farmers＇ Households

Problems associated with land degradation are serious in China. Sloping land in South China has experienced a decline in crop productivity by 30-60% due to soil erosion and it has been predicted that most topsoil will be lost within the next 100 years if current erosion rates continue. Considering these situations, an agro-environmental research and development project （Sustainable Highland Agriculture in South-East Asia- SHASEA） was conducted in a catchment in Yunnan Province, China, to address the objectives of increasing crop productivity in sustainable and environmentally-friendly ways. A range of cropping practices was developed and implemented in a rural upland catchment （Wang Jia）. At the end of the project, farmers were surveyed to evaluate project effectiveness. All farmers from Wang Jia Catchment, who were involved in project implementation, were surveyed. A sample of farmers working in an adjacent catchment （not associated with the project） was surveyed for comparative purposes. Farmers had different perceptions of the cropping practices employed. Contour cultivation was preferred and likely to be adopted. Others practices such as straw mulching and intercropping were seen as less appropriate and unlikely to be adopted. Polythene mulch was recognized as effective, but likely to be adopted only if financial returns were favourable. The availability of relevant information had an important impact on the extent of technology testing by farmers and their willingness to adopt the practices in the future.     

Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Farmers and Its Determinants： Evidence from a Survey in Northwestern China

Irrigation water shortage is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agricultural production. In this case, it is very important for policy makers to take measures to improve irrigation water use efficiency, especially in the water-scarce areas. In this paper, the data envelopment analysis （DEA） techniques, based on the concept of input-specific technical efficiency were used to develop farm-level technical efficiency measures and sub-vector efficiencies for irrigation water use. The Tobit regression technique was then adopted to identify the factors that influence irrigation water efficiency differentials under the shortage of water resources. Based on a sample data of 432 wheat farmers in northwestern China, our experimental results of the DEA analysis showed the average technical efficiency of 0.6151. It suggested that wheat farmers could increase their production by as much as 38.49% by using inputs more efficiently. Further, the mean irrigation water efficiency of 0.3065, suggested that wheat farmers could produce the same quantity of wheat using the same quantity of inputs but with 69.35% less water. The results of the Tobit regression analysis showed that the farmer＇s age, income, education level, and the farm size tended to affect the degree of irrigation water efficiency positively, and the channel conditions and different irrigation methods made a significant impact on irrigation water use efficiency. Furthermore, the arrangements of exclusive water property rights and competitive water price mechanism have effectively encouraged the water saving behavior of farmers. These results are valuable for policy makers since it could help to guide policies towards high irrigation water use efficiency.     

Gender Relations in the Masculine Area of Farming： A Case Study of Croatian Farmwoman and Their Entrepreneurial Abilities

A case study of 350 farmwomen in Croatia was conducted to contribute the understudied area of farming and entrepreneurship. The study considered the sociodemographical features of farmwoman and its influence on entrepreneurial and organization skills. Field research was conducted through a questionnaire and interviews. Results showed that farmwoman were keen to start innovations, use new technologies and start new income generating farm activities but their gender roles and process of socialization hinders them in such attempts. High statistical correlations were significant for sociodemographic status to entrepreneurial abilities like farm work organization, actual professional status to involvement in decision making and farm economic status to farm economical position （income）.     

西南地区农业应对极端干旱研究初探

从大气环流动力效应、地形地貌效应和人类活动效应因素出发,对2009年末至2010年初我国西南地区极端干旱成因进行了初步分析,并对西南地区农业如何应对极端干旱进行了初步探索,得出预防性措施和补救性措施相结合是农业有效应对极端干旱的最佳策略。     

农村社区建设实践的社会适应考察与反思——以夏庄村为例

在城乡统筹背景下,农村社区建设是一个不断实践、反思和再实践的过程,其成功的关键在于社区建设是否与社会经济发展水平、农民生产生活需求、发展能力水平相适应。从社会适应角度对农村社区建设实践进行考察和反思,认为只有通过构建公共话语、拓宽就业市场、完善制度设计等才能激活农村社区建设的内生力,进而实现社区建设规划目标与实践结果的契合,具体措施包括差异化社区模式设计、话语权建设、隐性需求刺激和社会保障完善等。     

Interpretation of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptations by Local Household Farmers: a Case Study at Bin County,Northeast China

Although climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations have been studied extensively, how smallholder farmers perceive climate change and adapt their agricultural activities is poorly understood. Survey-based data (presents farmers' personal perceptions and adaptations to climate change) associated with external biophysical-socioeconomic data (presents real-world climate change) were used to develop a farmer-centered framework to explore climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations at a local level. A case study at Bin County (1980s–2010s), Northeast China, suggested that increased annual average temperature (0.6°C per decade) and decreased annual precipitation (46 mm per decade, both from meteorological datasets) were correctly perceived by 76 and 66.9%, respectively, of farmers from the survey, and that a longer growing season was confirmed by 70% of them. These reasonably correct perceptions enabled local farmers to make appropriate adaptations to cope with climate change: Longer season alternative varieties were found for maize and rice, which led to a significant yield increase for both crops. The longer season also affected crop choice: More farmers selected maize instead of soybean, as implicated from survey results by a large increase in the maize growing area. Comparing warming-related factors, we found that precipitation and agricultural disasters were the least likely causes for farmers' agricultural decisions. As a result, crop and variety selection, rather than disaster prevention and infrastructure improvement, was the most common ways for farmers to adapt to the notable warming trend in the study region.     

马铃薯根际土壤细菌群落结构及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为研究马铃薯根际土壤细菌的群落结构及其对干旱胁迫的响应,采用盆栽试验,以开花期马铃薯根际土壤为研究对象,提取其总DNA,通过Illumina Miseq对细菌 V3~V4区进行高通量测序,对干旱处理下马铃薯根际微生物的群落结构进行分析。结果表明,共鉴定有效序列1 263 889条,6 785个OTUs归属33个门、94个纲、267个目、462个科、919个属、1 930个种。与对照土壤相比,种植马铃薯后根际土壤中的变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）为优势菌门,其中放线菌门（Proteobacteria）的相对丰度显著增加。干旱处理提高了马铃薯根际土壤中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）的相对丰度。PCoA（principal coordinates analysis）分析显示,种植马铃薯和干旱胁迫是造成土壤细菌群落结构变异的重要因素。PICRUSt（phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states）分析表明,干旱处理后根际土壤细菌的变化与马铃薯植株的生理代谢、信号转导、防御机制和基本生命活性等密切相关,对植物的生存和耐旱性具有重要意义,为通过改良土壤微生物环境来提高植物胁迫耐受性提供了重要参考。     

营养元素的生理功能及其在植物抗旱性中的作用综述

引用相关文献综述了营养元素与植物生长及抗旱性的研究进展,重点讨论了必需元素氮、磷、钾、钙及有益元素钠和硅的生理功能及其在植物抗旱性中的作用,并对今后植物抗旱性中存在的问题及发展趋势等进行了简要评述。     

试析农户在涉农供应链中的地位和作用

农户在涉农供应链中扮演着十分重要的角色,他关系着整个涉农供应链的竞争力。当前,在我国,真正的涉农供应链还寥若晨星,其中一个很重要的原因,是农户在涉农供应链中的地位和作用没有得到应有的重视。我国涉农供应链的发展,需要政府营造良好的外部环境,需要农户进行行为转变,“以合（作）为贵”,需要涉农企业视农户为企业延伸的一部分,与农户保持战略协同。     

浅谈黑龙江省农作物抗旱节水措施

针对黑龙江省干旱或半干旱地区的实际情况,提出农作物抗旱节水四大措施,以提高黑龙江省粮食单产和总产。     

气象与农业业务化干旱指标的研究与应用现状

分析了国内目前干旱监测业务中使用的气象干旱指标、农业干旱指标和逐日动态干旱指标的构成要素,讨论了各指标揭示的干旱机理及其在各地使用的效果,并提出了干旱指标的研究正朝着多因子综合、能够用于动态监测并与地理信息系统结合的方向发展。     

市场经济与社区合作:泰国南奔府有机农业的个案研究

泰国的小农经济在市场化条件下顽强存在的主要原因是当地的社会结构和道德传统依然具有比较强的韧性和稳定性。对泰国南奔府的有机农业进行人类学田野调查发现,小农户在市场化情境中面临销路不稳定、农业劳动力短缺等风险,但是从事有机农业的农民通过有效运用有机农业的种植技术、社区合作网络来缓解这种风险,维护有机农业的价值。在政府政策、市场力量和“互帮互助”“团结协作”道德规范的共同作用下,小农户积极建立社区企业、学习中心等农业合作组织,这既有助于他们在参与市场化的过程中维护生计安全,同时也使这种道德规范开始具有市场经济的特征,焕发出新的生机与活力。此外,小农户的生产实践也有助于维护乡村的社会秩序,传承原有的道德规范。     

我国水稻抗旱性鉴定方法与指标研究进展

综述了我国在水稻抗旱性鉴定方法与指标方面取得的一些进展,并简单介绍了一些水稻抗旱性的相关研究。