心房颤动病人华法林抗凝治疗安全性评价

目的评价华法林用于心房颤动(房颤)病人抗凝治疗的安全性.方法选择符合本研究标准的42例房颤病人随机分为2组华法林治疗组(治疗组)23例,给予华法林,自3mg/d开始口服,用药第1周隔日测国际标准化比值(INR),1周后若INR未达到2.0～3.0,增加华法林至4mg/d,每隔1周测INR,使其达到2.0～3.0之间,4周后每月测INR 1次,若病人增加或减少某种药物时,随时再测INR,根据INR调整华法林剂量.阿司匹林对照组(对照组)19例,给予阿司匹林200mg/d,分2次口服,每月复查大便潜血1次.结果治疗组病人10～14(平均11.1±2.2)天INR达2.0～3.0(平均2.35±0.11),有1例病人在华法林3mg/d口服3个月后出现消化道出血,当时INR为2.15,胃镜检查诊断为"胃溃疡".对照组2例病人出现上腹部烧灼感.2组总不良反应发生率,差异无显著性.2组病人均无血栓栓塞事件发生.结论在华法林治疗4周内及改变其它药物时加强INR监测,随时调整华法林剂量,使INR保持在2.0～3.0之间,病人和医师保持密切联系,华法林在房颤病人中的使用是安全的.     

华法林对中国人心房颤动患者抗栓的安全性和有效性研究

目的　通过回顾性分析心房颤动 (房颤 )患者的抗栓治疗 ,初步探讨中国人华法林国际标准化率 (INR)的合理范围。方法　调查 4 35例房颤患者应用华法林抗凝及INR监测情况 ,分析出血和血栓栓塞事件的危险因素及与INR的关系。结果　华法林疗程时间中位数 7个月 ,平均剂量为(2 77± 0 83)mg。共发生出血事件 31例 (7 11% ) ,其中严重出血 5例 ,轻微出血 2 6例。发生出血患者年龄略高于对照组 [(6 5 1± 10 0 )岁与 (6 2 0± 12 2岁 ) ],但差异无统计学意义 (P =0 2 5 9) ;出血患者血压高于对照组 ,合并心力衰竭较多 (P =0 0 5 )。多因素分析中INR≥ 3为预测出血的独立危险因素 (OR =3 74 )。血栓栓塞事件 37(17 4 7% )例 ,发生缺血性卒中或栓塞的危险随INR下降明显增加。结论　房颤患者华法林抗凝目标INR值应避免低于 1 5或高于 3 0。     

老年心房颤动患者的华法林抗凝治疗

脑卒中是严重威胁我国老年人群健康的主要疾病之一,规范的抗凝治疗可以显著减少与心房颤动(房颤)相关的心源性脑卒中的发生率。现对老年房颤患者的华法林抗凝治疗的有关问题作一阐述。1老年房颤的流行病学房颤是最常见的心律失常。在美国,约有230万房颤患者,每年因房颤住院的患     

老年心房颤动患者华法林抗凝治疗剂量达标情况及安全性

目的探讨老年心房颤动患者使用较低剂量华法林抗凝治疗的达标情况及安全性。方法选择80例老年房颤患者,分为持续性(n=39)及永久性(n=41)两组,根据房颤指南分为中危(n=42)及高危(n=38)两组,分析使用华法林抗凝治疗预防血栓栓塞事件的剂量达标情况。结果房颤治疗第1周与第2周比较,达标例数及总达标率均有显著差异(P0.05),而剂量达标时的国际标准化比值(INR),第1周与第2周相比无显著差异(P0.05)。结论老年房颤患者使用华法林抗凝治疗,在较低剂量下即可获得较满意的疗效,只要严格掌握适应证及严密监测INR,使用华法林抗凝治疗是安全可靠的。     

华法林在心房颤动抗凝治疗中的应用

心房颤动(AF)是最常见的持续性心律失常,其主要可能致命的危险就是血栓形成。华法林抗凝治疗可显著减少2/3卒中风险,对瓣膜病和非瓣膜病AF均有效,但存在监测较麻烦、治疗窗窄、有潜在出血危险等不利之处。本文比较了华法林临床应用与其他口服凝血酶抑制剂和Xa因子拮抗剂及抗血小板药物治疗的现状。     

华法林在心房颤动抗凝治疗中的应用

心房颤动(AF)是最常见的持续性心律失常,其主要可能致命的危险就是血栓形成.华法林抗凝治疗可显著减少2/3卒中风险,对瓣膜病和非瓣膜病AF均有效,但存在监测较麻烦、治疗窗窄、有潜在出血危险等不利之处.本文比较了华法林临床应用与其他口服凝血酶抑制剂和Xa因子拮抗剂及抗血小板药物治疗的现状.     

老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者华法林抗凝治疗的护理

非瓣膜性心房颤动是缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素,胡大一等在全国18家医院进行的房颤脑卒中病例对照研究显示,我国房颤脑卒中的患病率为24．8％。马长生等对北京地区非瓣膜病房颤患者缺血性脑卒中的发生率报告,非瓣膜病房颤患者非抗凝状态下缺血性脑卒中年发生率为5．3％。     

老年持续性心房颤动患者口服华法林抗凝治疗的护理

心房颤动是老年人最常见的心律失常,缺血性脑卒中是心房颤动最常见的并发症。华法林抗凝治疗可以明显降低脑卒中67％风险［1］,但其引发的出血目前仍然是华法林应用的最大顾虑,我国目前仅有2％的心房颤动患者应用华法林治疗［2］。如何降低老年心房颤动患者缺血性脑卒中,同时减少出血的发生一直是老年心房颤动治疗的研究热点。为提高老年心房颤动患者华法林抗凝治疗的依从性,现将本科收治的112例心房颤动患者口服华法林抗凝治疗的护理体会介绍如下。     

华法林在慢性心房颤动抗凝治疗中的应用

目的:探讨华法林在慢性心房颤动(CAf)抗凝治疗中的合理应用。方法:共入选234例具有血栓栓塞高风险的CAf患者,给予华法林抗疑治疗,监测国际标准化比值(INR)以调整华法林用量,随访观察华法林的不同起始剂量、不同的抗凝强度以及高龄(≥65岁)等因素对INR达标时间、INR稳定值、华法林维持量、出血率及栓塞率的影响。结果:分别采用开始剂量为普通剂量(2．5mg／d)与小剂量(1．25 mg／d)2种方式,两者最终获得稳定的INR、华法林维持量及出血率均差异无统计学意义,但前者能明显缩短INR首次达标时间及获得INR 稳定值的时间(均P<0．01),并有降低栓塞率的趋势;与低强度抗凝相比,中强度抗凝能显著降低栓塞率(P< 0．05),虽然伴出血率明显升高(P<0．05),但无严重出血发生;在相同的目标INR内,高龄患者出血率并不增加,但所需的华法林维持量有所降低(P<0．01)。结论:以普通量的华法林开始CAf抗凝治疗是安全的,抗栓塞效果优于小剂量;对具有栓塞高风险的CAf需保持中强度抗凝水平;华法林抗凝治疗并不增加高龄患者的出血风险。     

华法林抗凝治疗老年非瓣膜房颤的疗效及安全性

目的探讨华法林抗凝治疗老年非瓣膜房颤的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2011年9月~2013年9月间收治的老年非瓣膜房颤患者54例,随机分为华法林组和阿司匹林组,比较两组终点事件及出血发生情况。结果华法林组患者终点事件发生率明显低于阿司匹林组(P0.05),两组出血发生率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论华法林抗凝治疗老年非瓣膜房颤安全有效     

Chronic Atrial Fibrillation

ABSTRACT One hundred consecutive patients admitted in 1980–82 for direct current conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) were followed. The first attempt to convert was made without the institution of class I antiarrhythmics. If AF relapsed, patients were selected for further conversions, in connection with which quinidine or disopyramide treatment was instituted. The proportion of patients maintaining sinus rhythm (SR) one and two years after the first conversion was 23% and 16%, after the second conversion 40% and 33% and after any number of conversions [1–12] 54% and 41%. Fifty-three per cent of the patients were symptomless before at least one conversion. Of the patients maintaining SR two years after conversion, 46% did not receive antiarrhythmic therapy. More than two conversions should be exceptional since symptoms of AF are often absent and the additional effect of further conversions is minor. A first attempt to convert without antiarrhythmics identifies a substantial proportion of patients maintaining SR without any prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy.     

Evaluation of Atrial Refractoriness and Atrial Fibrillation Inducibility Immediately after Internal Cardioversion in Patients with Chronic Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Summary. Objective: To prospectively evaluate right atrial refractoriness and sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility at programmed electrical stimulation in two groups of patient: a series of patients with chronic persistent AF, studied immediately after successful low energy internal atrial cardioversion, and a group of control patients without history of supraventricular arrhythmias.Patients: Nineteen patients with chronic persistent AF (mean AF duration 11 ± 10 months, range 2–61 months) submitted to successful internal low energy atrial cardioversion in fully conscious state and 11 control patients without history of supraventricular arrhythmias.Methods: An electrophysiological evaluation was performed to measure atrial refractoriness and AF inducibility, by delivering single atrial extrastimuli in high right atrium, at decremental coupling, during spontaneous sinus rhythm and after 8 beats at 600, 500, 400 and 330 ms cycle length. If sustained AF was induced the protocol was terminated.Results: During programmed atrial stimulation sustained AF was induced in 8 out 19 (42%) of the AF patients but in none of the control group. Atrial effective refractory period was significantly shorter in AF patients compared to controls both at basic cycle length, at 600 ms, 500 ms and 400 ms cycle length, meanwhile no statistically significant differences were found at 330 ms cycle length. An altered relationship between atrial effective refractory period and cycle length was found in AF patients compared to controls: the slope of linear correlation slope was significantly lower in AF group than in controls (0.04 ± 0.07 vs 0.17 ± 0.10, p < 0.002).Conclusions: Marked abnormalities of atrial refractoriness and of its heart rate relationship are observed after internal cardioversion of chronic persistent AF in humans and these abnormalities are associated with an high vulnerability to AF. These observations may explain the high risk of AF recurrences in the early phases following successful cardioversion. In this scenario antiarrhythmic drug therapy seems to be mandatory for reducing arrhythmia relapses.     

超声心动图技术评价心房颤动患者左房功能的应用

左房功能对于维持左室功能有重要意义,超声心动图技术是评价心房颤动患者左房功能最常用的方法,现就近年来常用的关于评价左房功能的各种超声指标进行总结。     

Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm after Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Lone Atrial Fibrillation and Patients with Hypertension

Background: The success rate and prognosis of cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with organic heart disease is well known. In contrast, little data exist about cardioversion success and maintenance of sinus rhythm (SR) in patients with lone AF and in patients with hypertension as the only underlying cardiovascular disease. Methods: In a prospective cardioversion registry 148 of 181 patients (81.8%) with lone AF (age 58 ± 13 years, duration of AF 7.6 ± 19 weeks) and 120 of 148 patients (81.1%) with hypertension (age 62 ± 10 years, duration of AF 6.6 ± 21 weeks) had successful cardioversion and were followed for 7.7 ± 1.9 months. Results: At follow-up, 120 patients (81.1%) with lone AF were in SR, and 18 of these patients had had repeated cardioversion during follow-up (AF total recurrence rate 31.1%). In stepwise regression analysis, the number of previous cardioversions was predictive of rhythm at follow-up (P = 0.0453). Rhythm at follow-up did not differ between patients who were or were not on antiarrhythmic drugs. At follow-up 96 patients (80%) with hypertension were in SR, and 9 of these had had repeated cardioversion during follow-up (AF total recurrence rate 27.5%). As in lone AF, the recurrence rate of AF did not differ between patients with or without antiarrhythmic drug treatment, and in multivariate regression analysis, the number of previous cardioversions was the only clinical predictor of rhythm at follow-up (P = 0.0284). Conclusions: Even in patients with such benign conditions as lone AF or hypertension as the only underlying disease, the prognosis of cardioversion in terms of maintenance of SR is poor. Future studies of rhythm control versus rate control need to include not only patients with organic heart disease but also patients with lone AF and patients with hypertension, since the long-term benefits of these two strategies remain unclear even in these subsets of patients.     

Does Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Induce Cardiac Remodeling?

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF), as opposed to patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), and normal control subjects. Methods and Results: This study included 83 patients, divided into 3 groups: group A, 32 patients with CAF for ≥6 months; group B, 29 patients in sinus rhythm with a documented history of PAF; and group C, 22 patients without history of atrial fibrillation. Patients with CAF were older (71 years vs. 64 in group B, and 64 in group C). Apart from age, groups were clinically similar. After careful clinical evaluation, comprehensive echocardiography studies were performed including cardiac chambers' size, systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. Left atrium (LA) volume index was significantly larger in CAF than PAF and control patients: 39 ± 13 versus 34 ± 9 versus 25 ± 8 (P < 0.003). Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in CAF: 53.8 ± 7 versus 61.6 ± 6.7 versus 58.4 ± 5.2% (P < 0.001). Isovolumic relaxation time was shorter in CAF, 65 ± 16 versus 82 ± 21 versus 81 ± 13 msec (P < 0.001). E/Vp was significantly greater in CAF 2.6 ± 0.8 versus 1.7 ± 0.4 versus 1.7 ± 0.5 (P < 0.001). Additional diastolic parameters were also significantly different. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that in patients with CAF structural and functional cardiac changes occur. Patients with CAF as opposed to both normal subjects and patients with PAF have larger left atria and reduced systolic and diastolic left ventricular function.     

Assessment of Rhythm and Rate Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

A recent series of randomized prospective clinical trials that compared rate control with rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) found no significant difference in primary outcome between the two strategies. However, these trials lacked clear criteria for defining "successful" rate or rhythm control. Various measures have been used to gauge the success of antiarrhythmic drug therapy, including time to first recurrence of AF, any AF recurrence, AF burden, and a reduction in symptoms. Determining the success of antiarrhythmic therapy can be relatively straightforward by using how patients feel during therapy as a key endpoint. Most patients are satisfied with a major reduction in symptomatic AF episodes and can live comfortably with occasional episodes of AF. For those who are bothered by even infrequent, brief AF episodes, a treatment regimen that eliminates nearly all AF recurrences is required, although often hard to achieve. Catheter ablation may be necessary to achieve a successful outcome in these patients. Suppression of AF in a patient at high risk of stroke does not, however, remove the need for concomitant warfarin therapy. The endpoints of ventricular rate control are not clear, and the recently published rhythm versus rate control trials lacked standard criteria for judging acceptable rate control. One relatively simple method is to try and achieve a 24-hour heart rate that mimics expected normal sinus rhythm. It is important to achieve good rate control to minimize symptoms and the risk of tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy.     

Radiofrequency Modification of the Atrioventricular Node in Patients with Chronic Atrial Fibrillation:

RF Modification of AVN in AF. Introduction : We compared, in a prospective and randomized fashion with a cross-over design, the anterior and posterior approaches to radiofrequency (RF) modification of the AV node in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
Methods and Results : Thirty-three patients were randomized to receive first an anterior (group I) or posterior (group II) approach for RF modification of AV nodal conduction. Patients who did not fill the endpoint ventricular rate (< 90 beats/min) were crossed over to the alternative approach. After the anterior approach in group I patients, mean ventricular rate was significantly lower than in group II patients after the posterior approach (79.6 ± 18.8 beats/min vs 110.8 ± 16.2 beats/min, P < 0.001). In group I, 14 (82%) of 17 patients fulfilled the endpoint, 1 (6%) had complete AV block, and 2 (12%) were crossed over to the posterior approach fulfilling the endpoint. In group II, 4 (25%) of 16 patients fulfilled the endpoint. No transient or permanent high-degree AV block was observed. Among the 12 patients who were crossed over to the anterior approach, 8 fulfilled the endpoint, whereas 4 had permanent high-degree AV block. RF ablation carried out only in the anterior region was safer than a stepwise approach (6% vs 33% incidence of AV block), even though the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.09).
Conclusion : Posterior AV nodal modification is less effective but safer than anterior AV nodal modification. However, to reduce the incidence of AV block, the anterior approach is preferable to a stepwise approach from the posterior to the anterior zone.     

Prediction of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study

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