Polybrominated anisoles in marine fish,shellfish, and sediments in Japan

The concentrations of polybrominated anisoles (2,4-dibromoanisole, 2,4,6-tribromoanisole and pentabromoanisole) were determined in marine fish, shellfish, and sediments collected in Japan. 2,4,6-Tribromoanisole was found in fourteen of 24 fish and shellfish samples, with a range of 0.1–5.4 (Μg/kg (ppb) on a wet weight basis. The concentrations of 2,4,6-tribromoanisole were similar to pentachloroanisole and hexachlorobenzene but about one-hundredth of those of polychlorinated biphenyls. The correlation between 2,4,6-tribromoanisole and polychlorinated biphenyls levels in fish and shellfish samples was statistically significant. 2,4-Dibromoanisole was found in four fish samples, with a range of 0.6–1.3 ppb. However, pentabromoanisole was not found in any samples of fish and shellfish. No polybrominated anisoles were detected in the sediment samples.     

Triazine and chloroacetamide herbicides in Sydenham River water and municipal drinking water,Dresden, Ontario,Canada, 1981–1987

Samples of raw river water from the Sydenham River, Ontario were collected 30 to 50 times per year between 1981 and 1987 along with paired samples of drinking water from the town of Dresden. Atrazine and its metabolite, deethyl atrazine, were found in 89 to 100% of the raw water over the seven year period. Alachlor was found only in 1982, 1984 and 1985 when 2 to 17% of raw waters were contaminated. Cancellation of the registration to use alachlor at the end of 1985 resulted in no residues being found in 1986 and 1987. Cyanazine was found in 3 to 29% (1982–87), metolachlor in 19 to 27% (1984–87) and metribuzin in 2 to 7% (1982-86) of raw river water. Comparison of those residues in raw with those in drinking water revealed that chlorination of river water had no effect in reducing herbicide concentrations. During 1985 the addition of up to 50 mg/L of powdered charcoal to raw water reduced residues to near or below detection limits fors-triazine and Chloroacetamide herbicides. However, in 1986, with a reduced rate of 20 mg/L of charcoal herbicide residues were only slightly reduced and in 1987 with only 5 mg/L no reductions occurred.     

Organochlorine pesticides in the surface water and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, South China

Samples of surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and surface sediment, collected from the Pear River Estuary, Guangdong Province, China in July of 2002 and April of 2003, were analyzed for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The levels of total HCHs in water varied from 213 to 3,116 pg/L, although in sediments they ranged from 181 to 1,388 pg/g dry weight. The levels of DDTs were in the range of 228 to 3,284 pg/L in water and 57 to 2,244 pg/g dry weight in sediments, respectively. The observed spatial and temporal variability of concentrations of the target compounds in water body could be attributed to the differences of SPM contents in water body and organic carbon contents in SPM between the two sampling periods. Seven of the 10 water samples collected in July of 2002 had the ratio of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane/(dichlorobischlorophenylethane + dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) (DDT/[DDD + DDE]) higher than one, indicating that there were likely fresh inputs of DDT to the Pearl River Estuary. The significant positive correlations between the organochlorine pesticide concentrations and organic carbon contents in SPM and sediments indicated that organic matter played an important role in controlling the distributions of these pollutants in the marine environment. Varied correlations between the partition coefficients of pollutants and total organic carbon, salinity, and total SPM contents have been observed, which indicated the influences of these factors on controlling the transport and fate of pollutants in the marine environment.     

Fate and effects of azadirachtin in aquatic mesocosms--1: fate in water and bottom sediments

The fate and effects of azadirachtin were examined using in situ enclosures deployed in a typical forest pond of northern Ontario. A commercial azadirachtin-based insecticide formulation, Neemix 4.5, was applied as the test substance. Fate studies were conducted to determine kinetics and persistence of azadirachtin isomers A and B in the aqueous phase and whether either isomer partitioned significantly to bottom sediments or pore water. Aqueous azadirachtin residues dissipated following slow linear kinetics with time to 50% dissipation of 25, 45, and 30 days for azadirachtin A, azadirachtin B, and total residues, respectively. Sediment pore water concentrations increased slowly, reaching low-level equilibrium with the overlying water column toward the end of the summer season. No significant sorption to bottom sediments was observed. Results demonstrated that fate and dissipation of azadirachtin residues are consistent from year to year and that biota may be chronically exposed to diminishing levels of azadirachtins A and B in aqueous phase under conditions of a typical forest pond environment.     

邻苯二甲酸二(2–乙基己)酯中毒机制研究进展

  目的  建立稳定性同位素内标-自动固相萃取-气质联用测定水中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的方法,并应用于水质分析。  方法  2016年1 — 2月采集福建省福州某医院血液透析科、闽江、居民家中和某大型超市水样各1 L,气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析,内标法定量。测定透析水,江水、管网末梢水、地下水等实际水样,并以实际水样为本底,进行低、中、高3种浓度水平的加标实验（n = 6）,计算回收率与相对标准偏差（RSD）。  结果  4类水体均含有邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2–乙基）己酯（DEHP）等PAEs,浓度0.041～0.843 μg/L,方法检出限（MDL）为0.005～0.017 μg/L,方法定量限（LOQ） 0.015～0.051 μg/L,回收率为74.0 % ～118 %,RSD为 1.1 % ～20 %。  结论  该方法克服了手动固相萃取缺点,水样处理效率高,准确,可靠,适用于水中PAEs的检测。     

淮河流域某县水体富营养化及水体、底泥微囊藻毒素污染状况研究

目的研究淮河流域某县不同水体中富营养化状态和藻类及微囊藻毒素的污染状况。方法分别于平水期(5月)和丰水期(8月),采集淮河流域某县S河、Y河和代表性池塘的水和底泥,国标方法测定水中总氮、总磷、叶绿素a、化学耗氧量、藻细胞密度;利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中溶解性、藻细胞内和底泥中微囊藻毒素MC-LF/LR/LW/RR/YR。结果该县水污染严重,氮磷严重超标,多数检测指标处于Ⅲ类～劣Ⅴ类水质。干流S河以总氮污染最为严重(4.78mg/L),丰水期水质显著好于平水期(P<0.05)。内河Y河和池塘水则是丰水期水质劣于平水期,池塘水中叶绿素a浓度最高达648.4mg/m3。不同水体平水期蓝藻比例低于10%,丰水期急剧增高至40%,成为优势藻,池塘水蓝藻占44%。水中溶解性、藻细胞内、底泥中的主要微囊藻毒素为MC-RR,水中MC-RR浓度最高达17.731μg/L,底泥中MC-RR浓度最高达0.802μg/g,而多数样品中MC-LR/LF/LR/YR检出率和浓度均较低。结论该县水体处于中度和重度富营养化状态,丰水期底泥中的MC-RR含量显著高于平水期(P<0.05)。     

Fate of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in water and goldfish

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (Hex) underwent chemical alterations in water forming both lipophilic and hydrophilic products. Its half-life in goldfish of about nine days, which was less than that of cyclodienes, was due to its rapid degradation. The lipophilic nonpolar products in fish were extremely volatile. Three days after the intraperitoneal injection of¹⁴C-Hex, the ethyl acetate-extractable radioactivity was approximately 47% while water-solubles and unextractables were 11 and 20% of the injected radioactivity, respectively. The remaining radioactivity was eliminated in the water. About 97% of the injected radioactivity was accounted for. Ethyl acetate extracts of fish included at least eight unidentified breakdown products. Water-solubles from fish and from exposure water included at least 4 and 11 unidentified products, respectively.     

Radionuclides in Peconic River fish, mussels, and sediments.

For regulatory oversight and quality control of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) actions, fish, mussels, and sediments were analyzed from the Peconic River system on Long Island, NY, downstream of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, as well as from control locations. The analyses were for photon-emitting radionuclides (notably 60Co and 137Cs), uranium, plutonium, and americium. Sediments were cored in 4 sections to 0.37 m depth, whole fish were analyzed, and mussels were separated into flesh and shells. Radioisotopes of the cited elements were detected in sediment, some of the fish contained 137Cs, 241Am, and uranium, and mussel flesh contained 137Cs and uranium. All of the 60Co, 233U, and enriched uranium, and some of the 137Cs and 241Am, can most likely be attributed to Brookhaven National Laboratory. The other radionuclides (and some of the 137Cs and 241Am) are believed to have either fallout or nature as their origin. The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) evaluated the radiological data in terms of adverse health implications due to consumption of fish with the levels of reported radioactivity. The NYSDOH determined that the added radiation doses likely to result from eating this fish are a small fraction of the radiation dose that normally results from radionuclides present in the body from natural sources.     

Seasonality effects on pharmaceuticals and s-triazine herbicides in wastewater effluent and surface water from the Canadian side of the upper Detroit River

The influence of seasonal changes in water conditions and parameters on several major pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) and s-triazine herbicides was assessed in the wastewater and sewage treatment plant (WSTP) effluent as well as the downstream surface water from sites on the Canadian side of the upper Detroit River, between the Little River WSTP and near the water intake of a major drinking water treatment facility for the City of Windsor (ON, Canada). The assessed PhACs were of neutral (carbamazepine, cotinine, caffeine, cyclophosphamide, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, pentoxifylline, and trimethoprim) and acidic (ibuprofen, bezafibrate, clofibric acid, diclofenac, fenoprofen, gemfibrozil, indomethacin, naproxen, and ketoprofen) varieties. The major assessed s-triazine herbicides were atrazine, simazine, propazine, prometon, ametryn, prometryn, and terbutryn. At sampling times from September 2002 to June 2003, 15 PhACs were detected in the WSTP effluent at concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 1244 ng/L. The PhAC concentrations decreased by as much 92 to 100% at the Little River/Detroit River confluence because of the river dilution effect, with further continual decreases at sites downstream from the WSTP. The only quantifiable s-triazine in WSTP effluent, atrazine, ranged from 6.7 to 200 ng/L and was higher in Detroit River surface waters than in WSTP effluent. Only carbamazepine, cotinine, and atrazine were detectable at the low-nanogram and subnanogram levels in surface waters near a drinking water intake site. Unlike the PhACs, atrazine in the Detroit River is not attributable to point sources, and it is heavily influenced by seasonal agricultural usage and runoff. Detroit River surface water concentrations of carbamazepine, cotinine, and atrazine may present a health concern to aquatic wildlife and to humans via the consumption of drinking water.     

The distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotypes in Kenyan seafish,shellfish, marine water and sediment

Vibrio parahaemolyticus was recovered from 74 of 912 marine samples screened for the organism. Of 74 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus obtained from marine fish, crustacean shellfish (prawns, lobster, crabs), and molluscan shellfish (oysters), and from water and sediment collected off the coast of Kenya, only 33 were positively identified. The isolates were only from seafish and shellfish. The main serotypes were 0,3:K37; 0,3:K40; 0,8:39; 0,10:23; 0,10:K52; and 0,11:K40. All the serotypes were Kanagawanegative. The rest of the samples, mainly marine sediment and water, revealed what was described as untypable Vibrios. This is the first report of the organism in this part of the world where no clinical disease is reported.     

Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water and river water in the Werribee Basin, Australia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in water used for irrigation in the Werribee River Basin, Australia, including river water and reclaimed effluent water (reclaimed water). Samples of reclaimed water, collected over a one-year period, were screened for the occurrence of ARGs using PCR detection assays. The presence of ARGs in the reclaimed water samples were contrasted with that of water samples taken from the Werribee River Basin, collected over the same time period, from five points selected for varying levels of urban and agricultural impact. Of the 54 river water samples collected, 2 (4%), 2 (4%), 0 and 0 were positive for methicillin, sulfonamide, gentamicin and vancomycin-resistant genes, respectively, while 6 of 11 reclaimed water samples were positive for methicillin (9%) and sulfonamide (45%). The presence/absence of ARGs did not appear to correlate with other measured water quality parameters. The low detection of ARGs in river water indicates that, regardless of its poor quality, the river has not yet been severely contaminated with ARGs. The greater prevalence of ARGs in reclaimed water indicates that this important agricultural water source will need to be monitored into the future.     

Fate of malathion andO,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate by-product in Hawaiian soil and water

The fate of malathion (I) and a formulation byproduct,O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (II), were determined in soil and water from an agricultural area on Kauai, Hawaii. Rapid degradation of I was observed in laboratory soil microcosms (t_1/2 = 8.2 h) and in the field (t_1/2 = 2 h) and dimethyl phosphorodithioic acid and diethyl fumarate were identified as degradation products. Degradation of II was relatively slow in laboratory soil microcosms (t_1/2 = 6.4 d) and the degradation rate of both I and II decreased significantly after irradiation. Degradation of I in river, ground and seawater (avg. t_1/2 = 4.7 d) was controlled by an elimination reaction; photolysis and biodegradation played minor roles. Dissipation of II in river water was primarily by biodegradation. Strong sorption of I to Lihue silty clay soil (K_oc = 405) was determined while II was weakly bound (K_oc = 9.8). Rapid degradation and strong sorption of I suggest a low potential for groundwater contamination. Although II degrades slowly and is weakly bound to Lihue soil, the extremely low concentrations found in the dilute formulations applied in fruit-fly control should not present a groundwater problem.