重庆市南岸区中老年人高血压合并糖尿病的患病率及影响因素分析

目的 了解重庆市南岸区中老年人高血压合并糖尿病的患病情况及相关影响因素,为有针对性地制定防治策略及措施提供科学依据。方法 采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法,选取≥40岁人群进行患病情况问卷调查和相关指标检测,采用描述性流行病学方法分析高血压合并糖尿病患病情况,应用logistic回归分析高血压合并糖尿病患者的危险因素和保护因素。结果 共调查24 792人,检出高血压合并糖尿病患者1 547人,患病率为6.2%。其中男性患病率为6.0%,女性患病率为6.4%,趋势性χ²检验结果显示总人群中高血压合并糖尿病的患病率随年龄增加呈上升趋势（趋势性χ²=343.766,P<0.001）。患者年龄、文化程度、吸烟、婚姻状况、缺乏锻炼、BMI、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C等均为高血压合并糖尿病的相关影响因素。HDL-C偏高为高血压合并糖尿病的保护性因素（OR=0.817,95% CI：0.715～0.934）;年龄、文化程度、LDL-C偏高、缺乏锻炼等均为高血压合并糖尿病的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 重庆市南岸区中老年人的高血压合并糖尿病患病率较高,今后应重视对高龄、超重或肥胖、文化程度较低、吸烟、TG、TC异常、LDL-C偏高居民的健康干预,以降低高血压合并糖尿病的患病风险。     

河北省18岁及以上人群糖尿病患病现状分析

目的 了解河北省≥18岁人群糖尿病患病情况。方法 2013年9月至2014年4月采用多阶段整群抽样方法抽取≥18岁常住人口为样本,分析调查前12个月糖尿病患病状况。结果 共有7 678人纳入分析。河北省人群糖尿病患病率为12.9%（男性：13.1%,女性：12.8%）,男女性患病率差异无统计学意义（P=0.09）,城市人群患病率（16.2%）高于农村人群（12.1%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,患病率有随年龄增长的趋势（P<0.01）。FPG受损患病率为5.1%,男女性及城乡患病率差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。糖耐量减低患病率为10.4%,男女性及城乡患病率差异无统计学意义。糖尿病患者中知晓率为50.7%,治疗率为46.3%,控制率为37.5%。女性知晓率、治疗率均高于男性,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 河北省人群糖尿病患病率较高,城乡间患病率差异大。FPG受损及糖耐量减低患病率均较高,而糖尿病知晓率、治疗率、控制率较低。     

上海市浦东新区15岁及以上居民体质指数、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的关系

目的 分析浦东新区≥ 15岁社区居民BMI、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的关系,为糖尿病防治策略的制定提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,2016年对7 194名≥ 15岁社区居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,采用χ²检验、单因素线性相关、logistic回归分析BMI、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的相关性。结果 2016年浦东新区糖尿病粗患病率为27.37%,标化后为12.75%,男、女性之间患病率存在差异,男性略高于女性,糖尿病患病率随着年龄的增长呈上升趋势。FPG、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平与BMI、腰围、腰臀比呈正相关。在调整混杂因素后,多元logistic回归分析结果显示,肥胖（OR=1.351,P<0.01）、腰围过大（OR=1.255,P<0.01）、腰臀比过高（OR=1.291,P<0.01）是糖尿病的危险因素。结论 肥胖、腰围、腰臀比的升高会增加糖尿病的患病风险,保持健康体重,尤其要防止腰围、腰臀比的升高,减少腹部脂肪的堆积,有利于降低糖尿病的患病风险。     

内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病流行病学调查

目的 探讨内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病流行病学特点。方法 2013年9月至2014年1月采用与人口规模成比例的PPS抽样方法,对内蒙古自治区全年龄组常住居民19 315人进行现场问卷调查及影像(CT/MRI)等辅助确诊和体格检查。结果 内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病患病率为1 812.06/10万(男性2 008.86/10万,女性1 613.24/10万)。随年龄增加患病率升高,且男性高于女性,乡村人群高于城区,文化程度低者患病率较高。脑血管病发病率为392.54/10万,男女性别间发病率的差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.380,P=0.846);农村人群高于城市,差异有统计学意义(χ²=13.029,P=0.000),且随年龄增加发病率有逐渐升高的趋势(χ²=410.130,P=0.000)。脑血管病死亡率为149.67/10万,病死率为15.14%。中年组脑出血及脑梗死患病率均高于青年组(< 45岁)人群。结论 内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病患病率、发病率、死亡率、复发率均较高,并以缺血型为主。     

新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群糖尿病患病情况及相关危险因素研究

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群糖尿病流行状况并探讨患病危险因素,为糖尿病三级预防提供参考依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,对新疆喀什地区疏附县≥18岁维吾尔族居民进行调查。调查方式包括问卷调查、人体测量及生化指标检测。比较不同年龄、性别人群糖尿病流行状况,采用logistic回归分析糖尿病患病的影响因素。结果 共纳入研究对象4 608人,男性、女性及全人群患病率分别为13.65%、10.04%和11.31%,年龄标化率为12.34%、9.83%及10.59%。糖尿病患病率及空腹血糖受损（IFG）率随着年龄的增加而升高,60岁前多表现为糖尿病患病率低于IFG率,60岁以上呈现糖尿病患病率高于IFG率的趋势,女性人群中尤为明显。糖尿病知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为28.02%、21.31%及5.57%。多因素分析显示：45～岁、55～岁、>65岁人群糖尿病的患病风险明显增高,OR值男性分别为2.08（95% CI：1.24～3.48）、2.73（95% CI：1.63～4.56）和3.90（95% CI：2.24～6.78）,女性分别为2.63（95% CI：1.71～4.02）、3.14（95% CI：2.00～4.94）和5.56（95% CI：3.47～8.92）。有糖尿病家族史（男：OR=2.88,95% CI：1.45～5.72;女：OR=2.52,95% CI：1.49～4.26）、BMI≥28.0 kg/m²（男：OR=1.77, 95% CI：1.19～2.64;女：OR=1.80, 95% CI：1.30～2.50）等是影响糖尿病患病的危险因素。结论 新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群糖尿病患病率高,知晓率、治疗率和控制率低,应提高糖尿病检出率并针对当地糖尿病流行特点采取有针对性的防治策略及措施。     

糖代谢水平与恶性肿瘤发病风险的相关性研究

目的 探讨糖代谢水平和恶性肿瘤发病风险之间的相关性。方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法, 2011 年回顾性调查浙江省嘉善县10 079 名≥40 岁居民糖尿病、恶性肿瘤患病情况, 分析不同糖代谢水平与恶性肿瘤患病率, 并采用趋势χ²进行统计学检验。结果 糖尿病患者恶性肿瘤患病率女性（268.79/万）高于男性（124.31/万）（χ²＝4.012 2, P＜0.05）;血糖正常人群、糖调节受损人群、糖尿病患者的恶性肿瘤患病率分别为77.32/万、115.40/万、204.08/万, 随着血糖调节能力的下降, ≥40 岁居民恶性肿瘤患病率呈上升趋势（P＜0.001）, 且随着FPG、2h-PG 和HbA1c 等血糖水平三分位递增, 恶性肿瘤的患病风险分别增加30.0%、39.0%和62.4%;与一般人群相比, 糖尿病患者恶性肿瘤患病风险增加1.67 倍, 女性增加2.62 倍, 男性的差异则无统计学意义（χ²＝0.524 0, P＞0.05）;糖尿病患者伴随发生的恶性肿瘤以乳腺癌、结直肠癌比例最高, 随着血糖调节能力的下降, 乳腺癌、结直肠癌患病率升高;2 型糖尿病患者发生乳腺癌和结直肠癌风险是正常人群的2.36 倍和1.87 倍, 女性分别增加2.53 倍和6.74 倍。结论 糖尿病患者发生恶性肿瘤的风险较非糖尿病者高, 糖代谢水平与乳腺癌和结直肠癌等恶性肿瘤发病风险存在一定相关性。     

三类重点老年群体中活动性肺结核患病率调查

目的 调查≥65 岁肺结核可疑症状者、糖尿病患者、肺结核密切接触者（三类重点人群）中活动性肺结核患病率。方法 采用目的抽样方法选择山东省3 个县市为研究现场，利用当地≥65 岁老年人健康体检项目，并纳入肺结核检查，对2013 年1－9 月登记的三类重点人群实施X线胸片和痰涂片检查。结果 9 041 名检查对象中共检出活动性肺结核82 例，受检者中粗患病率为9.1‰。肺结核可疑症状兼糖尿病患者、糖尿病患者、可疑症状者中活动性肺结核患病率分别为115.0‰、3.4‰、0.9‰，糖尿病兼肺结核密切接触者、肺结核可疑症状兼密切接触者及密切接触者中均未检出活动性肺结核;不同老年人群活动性肺结核患病率差异有统计学意义（χ²＝697.478，P＝0.000）。糖尿病患者中活动性肺结核患病率是非糖尿病患者的18 倍（RR＝17.951），是肺结核可疑症状者的4 倍（RR＝3.860）;单因素分析显示糖尿病与活动性肺结核的患病率具有相关性（χ²＝46.637，P＝0.000），糖尿病患病时间延长，其发生肺结核的危险性增高（RR＞1）。结论 患糖尿病的老年群体中活动性肺结核患病率较高，应对糖尿病患者、肺结核可疑症状者实施重点人群筛查策略。     

糖调节受损者睡眠质量与糖尿病发病关系的研究

目的 探讨糖调节受损者睡眠质量与糖尿病发病的关系.方法 采集1136名队列人群睡眠时长和失眠严重程度的相关信息,跟踪和总结其2年后糖调节受损者转归情况,并应用泊松回归模型探讨睡眠质量与糖调节受损转归的关系.结果 调整混杂因素后,与7～9h的睡眠时长相比,睡眠时长＜7h的群体RR=1.77 (P＜0.001),睡眠时长≥9h的群体RR=1.45(P=0.067).与失眠严重程度≤14分相比,＞14分的群体RR=1.58 (P＜0.001).结论 糖调节受损群体糖尿病发病风险与睡眠缺乏存在一定关系,睡眠质量较差的糖调节受损群体将更容易在2年之内转归为糖尿病.     

浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常患病率及影响因素分析

目的 探讨浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常流行特征及影响因素。方法 选择参加2010年浙江省代谢综合征流行病学调查的10 868名年龄≥18周岁非超重/肥胖居民(BMI<24.0 kg/m²)为研究对象,进行问卷调查、体检和血脂检测,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析影响因素。结果 该人群血脂异常患病率为41.38%,男性(43.19%)显著高于女性(39.84%)(χ²=12.53,P<0.001);随年龄增长,男性血脂异常患病率降低(趋势χ²=47.61,P<0.001),女性患病率升高(趋势χ²=3.88,P<0.05),<50岁男性患病率明显高于女性;农村人群患病率(41.49%)略高于城市(41.21%),但差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.08,P=0.774);多因素logistic回归分析显示,性别、慢性病家族史、现在吸烟、现在饮酒、高肉蛋类饮食、烹调使用动物油、体力活动、中心性肥胖和BMI是非超重成年人血脂异常的影响因素。结论 浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常患病率较高,家族史、吸烟、高脂饮食、体力活动不足、中心性肥胖等是主要影响因素。     

海南省0~6岁儿童孤独症谱系障碍的现况调查及影响因素分析

目的 了解海南省0~6岁儿童孤独症谱系障碍的患病情况及其影响因素。方法 抽查海南省18个市（县）0~6岁儿童37 862人,采用儿童发育问题预警征象调查表筛查,再由专科医师现场诊断,采用一般描述统计、χ²检验、非条件logistic回归分析孤独症现况及影响因素。结果 共诊断235例孤独症儿童,总患病率为0.62%,其中男童为0.99%,女童为0.17%,男童高于女童（χ²=101.91,P=0.000）。随年龄增长孤独症患病率上升（χ²=288.62,P=0.000）。城市孤独症患病率高于其他地区,差异有统计学意义（χ²=114.77,P=0.000）。是否足月、新生儿窒息、父亲性格、父亲有嚼槟榔或吸烟习惯、母孕期总体情绪状态以及母亲人流史为孤独症的影响因素。结论 海南省0~6岁儿童孤独症谱系障碍的患病率居国内较高水平并受遗传因素、孕产过程、父母在孕前及孕期不良行为、习惯等综合因素的影响。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.