温敏性聚合物聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺及其应用

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺由于其大分子侧链上同时具有亲水性的酰胺基和疏水性的异丙基而具有良好的温敏性能,作为一种新型的智能材料得到广泛的应用;这种由温度敏感性而引起高聚物产生的智能型和记忆效应成为国际上高分子领域一个新的研究热点.综述了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺的温敏机理,合成的分类及其特点,在药物释放、酶的固定、物料分离、免疫分析和医用生物高分子材料等方面的应用,并提出今后的发展方向.     

壳聚糖-明胶体系的温敏凝胶及其药物缓释性能

用试管倒置法研究在甘油磷酸钠存在下,壳聚糖-明胶体系的温敏凝胶化性能。体系3组分的体积比V(壳聚糖)∶V(G)∶V(甘油磷酸钠)从10∶0.5∶1～10∶0.5∶2.5(体系pH值6.8),37℃下凝胶化时间由(1200±60)s降至150s;V(壳聚糖)∶V(G)∶V(甘油磷酸钠)体积比从10∶0.25∶2～10∶1.25∶2(体系pH值6.8),37℃下凝胶化时间从(300±10)s增至(690±30)s。固定三者体积配比,明胶浓度增大,37℃下凝胶化时间延长。pH值在6.8～7.2范围适合于体系凝胶化。调节体积配比及合适的pH值,可实现壳聚糖/明胶/甘油磷酸钠体系在37℃下快速凝胶化。以布洛芬为模型药物,24h载药温敏凝胶累积释放度为(79.28±2.0)%,而24h布洛芬原药累积释放度为(97.04±2.5)%,表明载药凝胶对药物具有缓释作用。     

Thermosensitive behavior in cell culture media and cytocompatibility of a novel copolymer: poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butylacrylate)

Cell sheet technology is a promising step forward in tissue engineering. Cell sheets are usually generated using Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels due to their swelling change around the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Nevertheless, LCST can be affected by cell culture medium components and therefore it is necessary to ensure that the polymer preserves its thermosensitivity under these conditions. We propose a novel thermosensitive crosslinked-copolymer: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butylacrylate). This copolymer is shown to be cytocompatible and thermosensitive under cell culture medium conditions, and besides, it can be synthesized inexpensively. Thermosensitivity was investigated by determining the LCST with differential scanning calorimetry and swelling/ratio measurements. Cytocompatibility and capacity to deliver cell sheets were studied employing 3T3 and human oral epithelial cells. In conclusion, we obtained a thermosensitive copolymer that allows cell sheet formation/detachment by using a simple and low-cost polymerization method. Furthermore, crosslinking allows easy manipulation of cell sheets growing on the copolymer for potential in situ applications.     

Properties and drug release profile of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels functionalized with maleic anhydride and alginate

This study highlights the advantages of functionalized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) microgels over pure PNIPAAm microgels in terms of polymer network properties and drug release profiles. PNIPAAm network was modified by addition of maleic anhydride (MA) as a comonomer and by formation of interpenetrating polymer network in the presence of alginate. The functionalized thermosensitive microgels in the size range from 20 to 80 μm and with better performance in comparison with pure PNIPAAm microgels were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The impact of MA and alginate on the PNIPAAm microgel structure was evaluated through analysis of microgel size, size distribution, volume phase transition temperature (VPTT), equilibrium swelling ratio as well as morphology of the system. It was shown that the controlled modification of PNIPAAm network could result in microgels of considerably improved swelling capacity with unchanged thermosensitivity and maintained open pore morphology. In addition, drug release behavior of microgels could be markedly altered. Release of procaine hydrochloride from the selected microgels was studied using Franz diffusion cell at temperatures below and above VPTT of the microgels. Temperature-controlled drug release pattern was dependent on the type of functionalization of PNIPAAm network. According to drug loading properties and drug release mechanism, PNIPAAm/MA copolymer microgels demonstrated the optimal performances.     

Temperature-swing adsorption of proteins in water using N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer gel particles

The adsorption and desorption behaviors of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in water for temperature-responsive polymer gel particles have been investigated by the temperature-swing operation between 298 and 313 K, where the cationic N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) gels copolymerized with vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride (VBTA) or 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were used. The NIPA-VBTA and the NIPA-DMAEMA copolymer gels adsorbed BSA while the NIPA homopolymer gel hardly adsorbed BSA, indicating that the copolymer gels adsorb BSA through the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged groups in the gels and the negatively charged BSA. The adsorption amounts for the NIPA-DMAEMA gels were smaller than those for the NIPA-VBTA gels. This may be because almost every VBTA group, which is a quaternary ammonium salt, can be positively charged in water, while only some of the tertiary amine DMAEMA groups are protonated in water. Moreover, it was found that both the copolymer gels with a large mesh size of the polymer network repeatedly adsorbed BSA at 298 K and desorbed some of pre-adsorbed BSA at 313 K by the temperature-swing operation. This BSA desorption may result from the decrease of the number of the positively charged groups accessible to BSA due to the shrinking of the constituent polymer chains.     

星形两亲性嵌段共聚物的自组装及其药物控释行为研究

考察了星形两亲性嵌段共聚物-C(CH2OCOCH2- PS80-b-PDMA111)4在选择性溶剂中的自组装过程,通过DLS研究了嵌段共聚物组装成胶束的粒径及粒径分布,并采用TEM观察了胶束的形貌.研究了在不同的pH条件下,胶束粒径随温度的升高而变化的现象;以及胶束在去离子水及pH=10的缓冲溶液中对CLB的控制释放行为.结果发现:嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中可自组装成粒径均匀的球形聚集结构,粒径在406nm左右,粒径分布为0.113;在pH=10的缓冲溶液中,胶束浓度较小时,粒径随温度的升高而减小,而浓度较大时胶束粒径则会增加并发生胶束间的聚集直至沉淀析出;在去离子水中,胶束能够有效地加载药物并能延长药物的释放时间.     

Control of drug loading efficiency and drug release behavior in preparation of hydrophilic-drug-containing monodisperse PLGA microspheres

We prepared monodisperse poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres containing blue dextran (BLD)—a hydrophilic drug—by membrane emulsification technique. The effects of electrolyte addition to the w₂ phase and significance of the droplet size ratio between primary (w₁/o) and secondary (w₁/o/w₂) emulsions during the preparation of these microspheres was examined. The droplet size ratio was evaluated from the effect of stirring rate of the homogenizer when preparing the primary emulsion. The drug loading efficiency of BLD in these microspheres increased with stirring rate. It increased to approximately 90% when 2.0% NaCl was added to the w₂ phase. Drug release from these microspheres was slower than that when they were prepared without electrolyte addition. Despite the very high efficiency drug release was gradual because BLD was distributed at the microspheres core. Relatively monodisperse hydrophilic-drug-containing PLGA microspheres with controlled drug loading efficiency and drug release behavior were prepared.     

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺共聚物的动态光散射研究

以双键类单体N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)、甲基丙烯酸(3-三甲氧基硅)丙酯(MPS)和甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯(HPMA)为原料,通过自由基聚合法制备了温敏性PNMH共聚物.利用动态光散射仪测试了共聚物在不同水溶液中的水力学直径,考查了温度、pH及盐类溶质对共聚物尺寸、构型及其最低临界溶液温度(LCST)的影响,同时分析...     

Incomplete copolymer degradation of in situ chemotherapy

In situ carmustine wafers containing 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) are commonly used for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma to overcome the brain-blood barrier. In theory, this chemotherapy diffuses into the adjacent parenchyma and the excipient degrades in maximum 8 weeks but no clinical data confirms this evolution, because patients are rarely operated again. A 75-year-old patient was operated twice for recurrent glioblastoma, and a carmustine wafer was implanted during the second surgery. Eleven months later, a third surgery was performed, revealing unexpected incomplete degradation of the wafer. 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance was performed to compare this wafer to pure BCNU and to an unused copolymer wafer. In the used wafer, peaks corresponding to hydrophobic units of the excipient were no longer noticeable, whereas peaks of the hydrophilic units and traces of BCNU were still present. These surprising results could be related to the formation of a hydrophobic membrane around the wafer, thus interfering with the expected diffusion and degradation processes. The clinical benefit of carmustine wafers in addition to the standard radio-chemotherapy remains limited, and in vivo behavior of this treatment is not completely elucidated yet. We found that the wafer may remain after several months. Alternative strategies to deal with the blood–brain barrier, such as drug-loaded liposomes or ultrasound-opening, must be explored to offer larger drug diffusion or allow repetitive delivery.

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Mechanistic study on hydration and drug release behavior of sodium alginate compacts

The influence of sodium alginate viscosity on the dynamics of matrix hydration, solvent front movement, swelling, erosion, and drug release from alginate matrix tablets were examined. The solvent front showed preferential penetration from the radial direction even though matrix swelling showed axial predominance. This study proposed alternative views for the anisotropic behavior of hydrating alginate compacts, namely, formation of gel barrier with different permeability characteristics, tension at the gel-core interface and preferential radial erosion, in addition to an in-depth examination on the contribution of stress relaxation of hydrated polymer as well as core expansion. Alginate matrices demonstrated pH-dependent hydration, swelling and erosion behavior, resulting in pH-dependent drug release mechanisms. Dissolution profiles for alginate matrices of different viscosities were similar in acid but differed upon increase of pH. This was due to the influence of alginate viscosity grade on liquid uptake, erosion and pronounced swelling at near neutral pH.     

氧化石墨烯制备及对罗丹明B的载药性能研究

氧化石墨烯做药物载体,将罗丹明B(RB)负载到GOs的表面,制备了RB/GOs复合物。通过吸附曲线确定了RB在GOs上的饱和吸附量为57.28μg/mg。又考察了RB/GOs复合物上罗丹明B在不同pH的缓冲溶液中以及有机溶剂乙醇和丙酮中的释放行为。结果表明RB/GOs复合物上罗丹明B在碱性条件下释放量约30%,远高于酸性条件下的10%,并且表现出缓释的效果。而在乙醇和丙酮中,由于RB与GOs间强烈的π-π共轭作用,导致RB的释放量只有10%。这说明所制备的RB/GOs复合物具有较高的稳定性。     

反应条件对海藻酸钠/聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺水凝胶温度及pH敏感性能的影响研究

以海藻酸钠(SA)和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)为原料,采用水溶液聚合法制备了具有温度和pH值双重敏感性的海藻酸钠/聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)水凝胶.在不同温度、不同pH值条件下,考察了单体浓度、交联剂用量、引发剂用量和反应温度对该凝胶溶胀度的影响,结果表明,凝胶有良好的温度和pH敏感性能,单体浓度、交联剂用量、引发剂用量和反应温度对凝胶的溶胀度均有较大影响.     

N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-甲基丙烯酸酯类共聚物温敏性能及应用的研究

利用溶液聚合法合成了一系列不同质量配比的N一异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPA)/甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、甲基丙烯酸乙酯(MEA)或甲基丙烯酸丁酯(MBA)线型共聚物,用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重分析(TG)对共聚物进行了表征.采用紫外可见分光光度计(UV)测定了共聚物水溶液的低临界溶解温度(LCST),研究表明,通过改变共聚单体的配比LCST可在18～32℃范围内调节.对聚合物水溶液进行UV测试发现,共聚物水溶液在LCST附近光透过率变化显著,共聚物水溶液在LCST温度之上为白浊状态而在该温度下为清澈透明状,在LCST以下,溶液的透光率受到浓度、单体投料比等因素影响.该变化过程呈现可逆性,且变化迅速,灵敏性高,重复性好,在智能调光材料领域有广泛的应用前景.     

Experiment on formulation and drug release behavior of porosity asymmetric membrane capsules in vitro

Porosity asymmetric membrane capsules were prepared to study the relationship between the capsule formulation and drug release. Cellulose acetate (CA) and pore formers were used in the capsule shell formulation as the main semipermeable membrane material. The capsules were permeable to both water and dissolved solutes. Using sparingly soluble drug acetaminophen as a model, cumulative release was calculated. The slope of the release profile from the distilled water had good relationship with the concentration of the pore formers F68. The release of acetaminophen was independent to the pH, osmotic pressure of dissolution medium, but influenced by intensity of agitation. When the concentration of pore former was low, zero-order release behavior was observed within 24?h which was consistent with Fickian diffusion model. When the concentration of pore former was high, however, Higuchi model release was found which is caused by Fickian diffusion and osmotic pressure release. With scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface structure and cross-section of the capsule shell were also studied before and after drug delivery. With simple preparation and broad scope of drug application, porosity asymmetric membrane capsules can give desired drug extended release and show more convenience than controlled tablets with laser drilling.     

Experiment on formulation and drug release behavior of porosity asymmetric membrane capsules in vitro

Porosity asymmetric membrane capsules were prepared to study the relationship between the capsule formulation and drug release. Cellulose acetate (CA) and pore formers were used in the capsule shell formulation as the main semipermeable membrane material. The capsules were permeable to both water and dissolved solutes. Using sparingly soluble drug acetaminophen as a model, cumulative release was calculated. The slope of the release profile from the distilled water had good relationship with the concentration of the pore formers F68. The release of acetaminophen was independent to the pH, osmotic pressure of dissolution medium, but influenced by intensity of agitation. When the concentration of pore former was low, zero-order release behavior was observed within 24?h which was consistent with Fickian diffusion model. When the concentration of pore former was high, however, Higuchi model release was found which is caused by Fickian diffusion and osmotic pressure release. With scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface structure and cross-section of the capsule shell were also studied before and after drug delivery. With simple preparation and broad scope of drug application, porosity asymmetric membrane capsules can give desired drug extended release and show more convenience than controlled tablets with laser drilling.     

Thermosensitive hydrogel of hydrophobically-modified methylcellulose for intravaginal drug delivery

Hydrogels with the advantages of prolonging drug release and administration convenience are necessary for intravaginal drug delivery to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and other vaginal infections. In this study, the thermosensitive hydrogel of methylcellulose modified by stearic acid (MCS) were evaluated in the presence of NaCl and phosphates, which exhibited sol-to-gel transition performance at body temperature or even lower. The in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo mucosal irritation were investigated and the results showed that MCS hydrogel possessed good biocompatibility similar with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) gel. Significantly, the release studies revealed that MCS hydrogel could control tenofovir sustained release for 10 h without burst release, longer than that from HEC gel or poloxamer 407 hydrogel. Therefore, MCS thermosensitive hydrogel would be a promising carrier for intravaginal delivery of antiviral drugs for long time controlled release.     

Thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/ mesoporous silica nanocomposites as controlled delivery carriers: loading and release behaviors for drug ibuprofen

Thermo-sensitive nanocomposites based on mesoporous silica SBA-15 and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) have been synthesized via in situ radical polymerization in mesopores. The resultant materials were used as carriers to construct temperature-responsive controlled drug delivery systems. Loading of model drug ibuprofen (IBU) was ascertained by IR and UV-vis/DRS spectroscopy, and the mesostructure and pore properties of the delivery system were characterized by small-angle XRD and N2 adsorption-desorption experiment. Study on drug uptake indicated that higher polymer content in the composite, higher IBU concentration in loading solution and lower loading temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) could increase the loading amount of IBU by means of interaction between IBU and polymer and trap effect of the polymer chains in pores. Different from the uptake of IBU, however, the release of drug followed a positive temperature-responsive manner, that is, the release was accelerated upon heating above the LCST, while decelerated and lasted for a longer period of time below the LCST. This feature allows the material to function as a reversible fast/slow transition switch or rate regulator responsive to environmental temperature and to be potentially interesting in controlled delivery and other smart application fields.     

Fabrication and dissolution behavior of hollow hydroxyapatite microspheres intended for controlled drug release

Hollow hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres were fabricated by a simple spray drying method in this study. Moreover, the dissolution behavior of these hollow HA microspheres after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) was also studied. The results indicated that the dissolution of the HA microspheres in SBF is not homogeneous in a layer-by-layer fashion but was preferential at different locations of the particle surface. Generically, dissolution preferentially occurs on the location with looser structure and high porosity of the microspheres. The degradable HA microspheres are expected to have potential applications in bone local drug delivery systems.     

Thermosensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrophobic associated hydrogels: optical, swelling/deswelling, and mechanical properties

Thermosensitive hydrophobic associated hydrogels (NI-HA gels) were prepared by free radical micellar copolymerization in aqueous solution of N-isopropylacrylamide, a small amount of hydrophobic monomer octylphenol polyoxyethylene (4) acrylate (OP4~AC), and nonionic surfactants. The mechanical properties, swelling/deswelling behaviors, and optical transmittances of NI-HA gels were studied. As OP4~AC content varied, both mechanical properties and swelling behaviors of gels changed greatly. The temperature-induced changes in optical transmittance and deswelling tests showed that NI-HA gels had rapid temperature responsive rate and clear volume phase transitions at around 34 °C, and these properties had almost no concern with OP4~AC content. Furthermore, NI-HA gels also possessed extremely sensitive swelling/deswelling switch behaviors and well swelling stabilities.     

Characterization and stability of liposome-enveloped trypsin/Fe3O4 for drug delivery and drug release behavior

Liposome encapsulating Fe3O4 (liposome complexes) has been prepared for targeting a drug to a specific organ, as well as for MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) contrast agents. The objective of the present work was to investigate the Fe3O4 properties and the effects of chitosan concentration on the characteristics of chitosan-coated liposome complexes. They were characterized by DLS, FT-IR, XRD, VSM, UV-Vis spectrometer, TEM and phase-contrast microscopy. The average liposome complex size was approximately 500 nm, with individual Fe3O4 nanoparticle sizes of 10 nm. The drug incorporation efficiency of trypsin in liposome complexes was 65-69%, the drug release was sustained and the incorporated drugs had the magnetization properties of the liposome complexes. Incorporation of chitosan into the liposome bilayer decreased trypsin release from the liposome complexes due to an increased rigidity of the liposome membrane structure. Chitosan-coated liposome complexes showed a higher stability when compared with the stability of non-coated liposome complexes.