中国六地区家庭主厨和家庭成员尿钠、尿钾和钠钾比及影响因素探究

目的 了解中国6地区家庭主厨及家庭成员24 h尿钠、尿钾及钠钾比水平现状。并探究其影响因素。方法 2018年采用多阶段随机抽样的方法随机抽取我国6地区共1 576名家庭主厨和家庭成员,进行调查问卷、体格测量及24 h尿液收集,检测24 h尿钠、尿钾水平。结果 排除不合格尿液样本后,共1 530人纳入本研究。本研究调查对象24 h尿钠值为（4.39±1.93）g,24 h尿钾值为（1.59±0.62）g,钠钾比值为5.02±2.18。对调查对象的24 h尿钠值、尿钾值及钠钾比分别进行多因素分析显示,24 h尿钠值与年龄、女性、初中及以上文化程度、家庭年总收入呈负相关（P<0.05）,与自觉口味偏咸、BMI、SBP呈正相关（P<0.05）;24 h尿钾值与几乎每天外出就餐呈负相关（P<0.05）,与BMI、愿意减盐呈正相关（P<0.05）;钠钾比值与年龄、女性、初中文化程度、家庭年总收入呈负相关（P<0.05）,与自觉口味偏咸、SBP、每周3~5 d外出就餐呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论 我国6地区家庭主厨及家庭成员的24 h尿钠值及钠钾比值仍处于较高水平,而24 h尿钾值较低,它们的影响因素较多,需要对家庭主厨及家庭成员进行长期综合减盐干预。     

静态生活方式与代谢综合征及2型糖尿病患病的相关性研究

目的 探讨静态生活方式和静坐时间对MS及T2DM的影响。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,2010－2011年对福建省6 016名≥18岁常住居民进行人口学信息及身体活动状况等问卷调查,同时测量身高、体重、WC和血压并检测血糖、血脂,依据2005年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)MS诊断标准和1999年WHO糖尿病诊断标准进行MS及T2DM病例诊断,并应用logistic回归分析静态生活方式与MS及T2DM的相关性。结果 福建省≥18岁人群MS及 T2DM患病率分别为19.0%及8.0%,完全静坐行为的比例为18.1%,每日平均静坐时间为4.3 h,对照组(C)、单纯MS组(M)、单纯糖尿病组(T)、糖尿病合并MS组(MT)静坐行为比例不同,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。经年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、BMI、文化程度、职业和完全静坐/静坐时间校正后,与静坐时间<2.0 h/d组相比,2.0~3.5 h/d组与MT组患病显著相关(OR=1.44,95%CI:1.03~2.03,P<0.05),3.5~6.0 h/d组及≥6.0 h/d组与M、T及MT组患病均显著相关(OR值分别为 1.49~1.76及1.28~1.58,95%CI分别为1.19~2.45及1.02~2.23,P<0.05),完全静坐行为与MT组(OR=1.82,95%CI:1.33~2.48,P<0.01)及M组(OR=1.43,95%CI:1.14~1.78,P<0.01)患病风险存在独立的关联。结论 静坐生活方式与MS及T2DM患病风险可能存在相关,但仍需进一步在纵向研究中加以证实。     

中国65岁及以上老年人睡眠时长与其认知障碍风险的关联研究

目的 探讨我国老年人睡眠时长与认知障碍患病风险的关联。方法 数据来源于2018年中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查（CLHLS），按照中文版简易智力状态检查测试量表（CMMSE）将7 111例≥ 65岁老年人分为认知障碍组和认知正常组，使用多因素logistic回归模型分析睡眠时长与认知障碍患病风险之间的关联。结果 研究对象的CMMSE得分随睡眠时长呈倒"U"形分布；调整了人口学、社会经济因素、生活方式和健康状况后，与睡眠时长为7 h的老年人相比，睡眠时长为8 h和≥ 9 h的老年人患认知障碍的OR值分别为1.21（95%CI：0.90~1.64）和1.41（95%CI：1.06~1.86），趋势检验显示，随着睡眠时间延长（>7 h）老年人患认知障碍的风险增加，且存在剂量反应关系（趋势性P=0.017），而睡眠时间<7 h的老年人与认知障碍发生风险无关。结论 我国≥ 65岁老年人的睡眠时间过长与其认知障碍患病风险存在关联。     

成年人睡眠状况与糖尿病患病关系的研究

目的 探讨成年人睡眠状况与糖尿病患病关系。方法 利用“中国慢性病前瞻性研究”苏州市项目点53 260名30~79岁常住居民基线调查数据,通过多因素logistic回归模型分析睡眠状况与糖尿病患病关系。结果 调查人群糖尿病患病率为5.3%,入睡困难、容易早醒和经常打鼾的比例分别为7.2%、10.0%和29.5%,22.6%的调查对象报告睡眠时间≤6 h。经多因素模型调整后,入睡困难（男性：OR=1.63,95%CI：1.30~2.05;女性：OR=1.48,95%CI：1.27~1.73）、容易早醒（男性：OR=1.37,95%CI：1.12~1.68;女性：OR=1.31,95%CI：1.14~1.51）和经常打鼾（男性：OR=1.16,95%CI：1.00~1.34;女性：OR=1.39,95%CI：1.23~1.57）均与糖尿病罹患风险存在关联。女性服用助眠药物与糖尿病的患病相关（OR=1.42,95%CI：1.06~1.92）。与睡眠时间8 h相比,睡眠时间不足（≤6 h）与男女性糖尿病患病均存在统计学关联,OR值分别为1.37（95%CI：1.17~1.60）和1.24（95%CI：1.08~1.41）,睡眠时间过长（≥9 h）与糖尿病未见统计学关联。结论 睡眠问题（入睡困难、容易早醒、药物助眠、经常打鼾和睡眠时间不足）与糖尿病患病风险密切相关,睡眠时间过长与糖尿病患病未见统计学关联。     

上海市浦东新区15岁及以上居民体质指数、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的关系

目的 分析浦东新区≥ 15岁社区居民BMI、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的关系,为糖尿病防治策略的制定提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,2016年对7 194名≥ 15岁社区居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,采用χ²检验、单因素线性相关、logistic回归分析BMI、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的相关性。结果 2016年浦东新区糖尿病粗患病率为27.37%,标化后为12.75%,男、女性之间患病率存在差异,男性略高于女性,糖尿病患病率随着年龄的增长呈上升趋势。FPG、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平与BMI、腰围、腰臀比呈正相关。在调整混杂因素后,多元logistic回归分析结果显示,肥胖（OR=1.351,P<0.01）、腰围过大（OR=1.255,P<0.01）、腰臀比过高（OR=1.291,P<0.01）是糖尿病的危险因素。结论 肥胖、腰围、腰臀比的升高会增加糖尿病的患病风险,保持健康体重,尤其要防止腰围、腰臀比的升高,减少腹部脂肪的堆积,有利于降低糖尿病的患病风险。     

上海市中老年人群睡眠质量和睡眠时间与2型糖尿病患病关系研究

目的 分析睡眠质量和睡眠时间与上海市中老年人群2型糖尿病患病之间的关系。方法 利用2017年上海市社区≥35岁居民2型糖尿病流行病学调查数据,采用限制性立方样条曲线绘制PSQI得分和睡眠时间与2型糖尿病关系的剂量-反应曲线,采用logistic回归模型分析睡眠质量、睡眠时间对2型糖尿病患病的影响,并对睡眠质量和睡眠时间与2型糖尿病患病风险的交互作用进行分析。结果 上海市中老年人PSQI分数为（4.09±0.10）分,睡眠质量差的比例为12.55%（95% CI：10.77～14.58）,睡眠时间为（7.19±0.03）h。PSQI得分与糖尿病患病呈线性关系,睡眠时间与糖尿病患病呈近似“U”形关系。多因素调整后,睡眠质量差（PSQI得分>7分）和睡眠时间过短（睡眠时间<6 h）能显著增加2型糖尿病的患病风险,OR值分别为1.17（95% CI：1.06～1.30）和1.20（95% CI：1.01～1.41）。进一步分层分析结果显示,仅睡眠时间<6 h且睡眠质量差和睡眠时间≥8 h且睡眠质量差者糖尿病患病风险增加,OR值分别为1.30（95% CI：1.12～1.52）和1.79（95% CI：1.04～3.07）。结论 睡眠质量差和睡眠时间过短与糖尿病患病风险密切相关,而睡眠过长只有在伴随睡眠质量差的情况下与糖尿病患病风险相关。     

中国成年人肉类食物摄入与代谢综合征的相关性研究

目的 分析我国≥18岁成年人肉类食物摄入量与MS患病的关系。方法 2010－2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测中34 923名≥18岁完成膳食调查并具有完整体检及血糖、血脂检测结果的成年人作为研究对象,根据2013年中华医学会糖尿病分会提出的中国人的MS诊断标准,经复杂抽样加权处理后,计算患病率与成年人肉类摄入量间关系。结果 成年居民人均肉类食物摄入量为94.8 g/d。平均每日摄入量在100～199 g/d的人群MS、腹型肥胖和高血糖的患病率最低。随着摄入量的增加,男性MS患病率显著增加,且摄入量≥300 g/d的人群发生MS的风险显著高于低摄入水平人群,调整后患病率比（PR）为1.46（95% CI：1.14～1.87）,但未在摄入量≥300 g/d的女性人群中观察到相似趋势。结论 中国成年人群摄入适量肉类发生MS的风险较低。     

北京社区老年人群代谢综合征与慢性肾脏病的关系及性别差异研究

目的 探讨社区老年人群MS与慢性肾脏病(CKD)的关系及其性别差异。方法 2009年9月至2010年6月采用两阶段整群随机抽样, 对北京市万寿路地区≥60岁老年人群进行横断面调查。MS诊断采用2009年国际统一标准定义;CKD诊断采用2012年国际肾脏病组织的标准定义。结果 共纳入2 102名(其中男性848名, 女性1 254名)社区老年人, 年龄60～95(67.9±5.8)岁。MS患病率为59.1%, CKD患病率为12.6%。随着MS组分数目的增加, CKD的患病率从2.9%增加至18.3%(趋势χ²检验P<0.001)。肾功能下降(2.0%增至8.6%)和白蛋白尿(1.9%增至12.1%)同样呈现增加的趋势(趋势χ²检验P<0.001)。多因素分析结果显示, 社区老年人群MS患者患肾功能下降、白蛋白尿、CKD风险是非MS患者的2.13(95%CI:1.39～2.26)倍、1.99(95%CI:1.41～2.82)倍和2.03(95%CI:1.52～2.71)倍。且随着MS组分数目的增加, 患病风险逐渐增加。不同性别比较, 女性人群中MS对肾功能下降(OR:3.30 vs. 1.27)、CKD(OR:2.19 vs. 1.89)患病的影响高于男性, 而对白蛋白尿的影响低于男性(OR:1.22 vs. 2.13)。结论 北京城区的社区老年人群MS与CKD患病风险相关, 且性别对于老年人群MS与CKD的关系有差异。     

24 h尿钠、尿钾及钠钾比与微量白蛋白尿的关联分析

  目的  分析我国普通人群24 h尿钠、尿钾以及钠钾比与微量白蛋白尿(microalbuminuria, MAU)的关系。  方法  2018年在黑龙江省、河北省、四川省、湖南省、江西省、青海省的12个区县开展基线调查,采用问卷调查、体格测量以及24 h尿液收集的方法对抽取的18~75岁对象进行调查。采用多因素logistic回归分析模型分析24 h尿钠、尿钾以及钠钾比和MAU的相关性。  结果  最后纳入分析的研究对象共2 604名,年龄为(47.32±12.78)岁,男性有1 287人(49.42%),MAU者共231人(8.87%)。24h尿量为(1 614.80±645.16)mL/d,尿钠为(193.07±78.87)mmol/d,尿钾为(40.18±16.59)mmol/d,钠钾比为(5.18±2.19)。随着24 h尿钠和钠钾比的增长,MAU的检出率均呈上升趋势(P_趋势 < 0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,较高的24 h尿钠排泄量(Q5)与最低五分位数组(Q1)相比,MAU发生的风险增加(OR=2.211, 95% CI: 1.359~3.597)。较高的尿钠钾比水平(Q5)与最低五分位数组(Q1)相比,MAU发生的风险增加(OR=2.498,95% CI: 1.546~4.038)。  结论  24 h尿钠、钠钾比与MAU的发生呈正向关联,而24 h尿钾与MAU的发生无关。     

乌鲁木齐市体检人群不同代谢综合征评分与其行为危险因素聚集关系分析

目的 探讨乌鲁木齐市健康体检人群MS行为危险因素流行及聚集对不同水平MS评分的影响。方法 采用2017年新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)全民健康体检监测数据库,来自乌鲁木齐市175 927人作为研究对象,采用面对面调查及身体测量收集MS行为危险因素及MS评分等信息,MS评分分为0~5分共6个水平,应用χ²检验、趋势性χ²检验、有序变量Kendall''s tau-b相关分析及有序结果的logistic回归分析行为危险因素的流行及聚集情况对MS评分的影响。结果 样本人群中6个水平MS评分构成比分别为23.82%、27.87%、22.41%、16.03%、8.02%、1.85%。MS评分在不同年龄、民族、饮酒量、饮食类型人群中的分布不同,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男性MS评分随过量饮酒率、嗜油/盐率的升高而升高(P<0.01),女性评分随现在吸烟率、嗜油/盐率的升高而升高,而随身体活动不足率的降低而升高(P ≤ 0.01)。男女性MS评分均随着行为危险因素聚集数量的增加而升高(P<0.05)。有序结果的logistic分析发现男性行为危险因素 ≥ 3个组其MS评分是不具有危险因素组的1.15(95%CI:1.06~1.26)倍,女性行为危险因素2个和 ≥ 3个组,分别是不具有危险因素组的1.38(95%CI:1.22~1.55)及2.02(95%CI:1.53~2.66)倍。结论 新疆乌鲁木齐市成年健康体检人群MS疾病行为危险因素聚集越多,MS评分越高,应针对多种不健康行为方式聚集的高危人群采取综合干预措施,以控制MS各个组分的异常,从而防止疾病的发生发展。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.