新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群高血压流行现状及危险因素分析

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族成年人高血压患病现状及危险因素,为当地高血压防控提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法,对喀什地区疏附县18岁以上维吾尔族常住居民进行调查,包括问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检查等,计算高血压的患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率,采用非条件logistic回归分析高血压患病危险因素。结果 调查人数为4 748人,有高血压的747例。高血压总患病率为15.73%（标化患病率为13.75%）;男性为16.36%（标化患病率为12.96%）,女性为15.39%（标化患病率为14.34%）。全人群、男性及女性高血压患病率均低于中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告（2015年）的全国人群水平。高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为59.57%、52.74%、21.29%。多因素分析显示,高血压的患病率随着年龄的增高而升高,相对于18～34岁人群,55～64、65岁以上人群高血压的患病风险明显增高,OR值男性分别为10.53、20.96,女性为16.27、33.20,P值均<0.05;超重（男性OR=1.47,女性OR=1.82, P值均<0.05）及肥胖（男性OR=1.88,女性OR=2.66,P值均<0.05）也会增加高血压的患病风险;高血压家族史（男性OR值为3.85,女性OR=2.34,P值均<0.05）是高血压患病的危险因素。男性高TG血症者（OR=1.62,95% CI：1.09～2.41）也与高血压患病呈正相关。结论 新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群高血压的患病率相对较低,男性年龄、超重或肥胖、家族史及高TG血症,女性年龄、超重或肥胖及家族史是当地维吾尔族高血压患病的危险因素。     

倒班对男性钢铁工人超重/肥胖的影响

目的 探讨倒班对钢铁工人超重/肥胖的影响。方法 对2015年3月至2016年3月进行职业健康查体的唐山钢铁集团有限责任公司男性在职员工进行问卷调查和体格测量。采用logistic回归模型和限制性立方样条模型，分析倒班及倒班年限对钢铁工人超重/肥胖的影响。结果 共纳入7 262例男性钢铁工人，超重/肥胖率为64.5%（4 686/7 262），其中超重率为34.3%，肥胖率为30.2%。调整年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入等因素后，多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，现在倒班与超重/肥胖、肥胖有关，OR值（95%CI）分别是1.19（1.05～1.35）、1.15（1.00～1.32）。限制性立方样条模型分析显示，男性工人中倒班年限与超重/肥胖具有相关性（χ²=8.91，P<0.05）且呈非线性关系（非线性检验χ²=7.43，P<0.05）。倒班年限与肥胖具有相关性（χ²=15.95，P<0.05）且呈非线性关系（非线性检验χ²=10.48，P<0.05）。结论 男性钢铁工人倒班与超重/肥胖有关，且倒班年限与超重/肥胖呈非线性关系。     

山西省1 337名煤矿工人血脂异常患病情况及相关因素分析

目的 了解山西省煤矿工人血脂异常患病情况并分析其相关因素。方法 收集2016年4月在山西省太原市某煤矿1 337名工人体格检查与血液生化指标检测资料;按照2007年《中国成人血脂异常防治指南》诊断标准作为血脂异常的判定标准;采用χ²检验和非条件logistic回归模型对该煤矿工人血脂异常相关因素进行分析。结果 1 337例煤矿工人血脂异常总患病率为59.1%（790/1 337）,其中男性患病率为60.4%（708/1 173）,女性患病率为50.0%（82/164）,男性患病率高于女性（χ²=6.386,P<0.05）;20~34、35~49和≥50岁工人患病率分别为68.8%、58.7%和49.5%,20~34岁年龄组患病率最高。χ²检验结果显示,煤矿工人性别、年龄和BMI是血脂异常的相关因素（χ²=7.117,P<0.01;χ²=37.135,P<0.01;χ²=7.009,P<0.05）;非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,该煤矿工人性别、年龄、BMI水平、收缩压≥140 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）与血脂异常存在关联（P<0.05）;与女性矿工相比,男性矿工患血脂异常的风险是女性矿工的1.501倍（OR=1.501,95%CI：1.895~2.516）;从年龄分组看,35~49岁组、20~34岁组血脂异常患病风险分别为≥50岁组的1.672倍（OR=1.672,95%CI：1.501~2.392）和2.369倍（OR=2.369,95%CI：1.275~3.469）;较正常BMI组,高BMI组血脂异常患病风险为其1.443倍（OR=1.443,95%CI：1.139~1.828）;收缩压异常组血脂异常患病风险为正常组的1.829倍（OR=1.829,95%CI：1.152~2.906）;而舒张压、血糖、血尿酸、心电图检测结果与血脂异常的差异均无统计学意义。结论 该煤矿工人血脂异常患者主要为20~34岁男性,有高血压（收缩压异常）病史、高BMI（≥24.0 kg/m²）的该煤矿工人患血脂异常可能性较大,需要引起重视。     

新疆喀什地区维吾尔族糖尿病人群血脂异常及控制情况分析

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族糖尿病人群血脂异常及控制情况,为防治该地区糖尿病人群血脂紊乱提供依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对该地区5 078名18岁及以上的常住居民进行调查问卷、体格检查和实验室检测后,筛查糖尿病患者521例,描述其血脂异常以及各项血脂控制情况,分析造成血脂异常和影响血脂控制的因素。结果 糖尿病人群血脂代谢异常总患病率为59.50%（310/521）,标化率为49.39%。65岁以上、超重、肥胖和腹部肥胖者发生血脂异常的风险分别增高0.771倍（95% CI：1.015～3.088）、1.132倍（95% CI：1.290～3.523）、1.688倍（95% CI：1.573～4.592）和0.801倍（95% CI：1.028～3.155）。和男性相比,女性是血脂异常的保护性因素,OR=0.507（95% CI：0.334～0.769）。TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C的总体控制率为11.13%。女性、BMI超标和腹部肥胖不利于血脂的总体控制。LDL-C的控制率随年龄、BMI和腰围的增大而降低（趋势检验χ²_年龄=18.049,P<0.001;趋势检验χ²_BMI=10.582, P=0.001;χ²_腰围=19.081,P<0.001）,随学历增高而增高（趋势检验χ²=9.764,P=0.002）。结论 该地区糖尿病人群血脂异常率处于较高水平,血脂总控制率则处于较低水平。肥胖是造成该地区糖尿病人群发生血脂异常的主要危险因素;女性在糖尿病血脂异常的防治中应该得到更多的重视。     

宁夏回族自治区回、汉族居民烟草、酒精使用调查

目的 了解宁夏回族自治区(宁夏)回、汉族居民烟草、酒精使用情况及其分布特征,为民族地区改善戒烟、限酒措施提供参考。方法 采用多阶段系统抽样法,抽取宁夏地区≥18岁居民6 476人进行入户调查。烟草和酒精使用障碍根据国际疾病分类-10(ICD-10)标准采用复合型国际诊断交谈表3.0(CIDI 3.0)中文版评估。结果 共有5 811名受访者完成全部调查,目前吸烟率为19.15%,其中男性吸烟率高于女性(44.73% vs. 1.51%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=1 693.25,P< 0.001);男性中回族吸烟率低于汉族(33.19% vs. 51.95%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=79.99,P< 0.001)。男性烟草依赖患病率为1.75%,回、汉族男性烟草依赖患病率差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.02,P=0.958)。目前饮酒率为5.78%,其中男性饮酒率高于女性(12.48% vs. 1.16%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=329.94,P< 0.001);男性中回族饮酒率低于汉族(4.71% vs. 17.34%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=82.03,P< 0.001);男性酒精使用障碍患病率为6.03%,男性回族酒精使用障碍患病率低于汉族(3.50% vs. 7.61%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=16.68,P< 0.001)。结论 宁夏地区回族成年人烟草和酒精使用率低于同地区汉族,当地的回族文化对减少人群烟草、酒精使用可能具有积极的影响。     

北京市18~65岁慢性病患者吸烟状态、戒烟态度及危险因素分析

目的 了解北京市18~65岁高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、COPD、哮喘患者的吸烟状态、戒烟态度及危险因素。方法 数据来源于2014年北京市成人慢性病与危险因素监测,即在北京市16个区/县采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取180个社区共19 815名调查对象,以其中18~65岁人群作为研究对象。结果 18 405例有效样本中,男性高血压、血脂异常患者现在吸烟比例均高于非患者（分别χ²=17.695,P<0.001;χ²=39.292,P<0.001）;女性高血压、COPD、哮喘患者现在吸烟者比例均高于非患者（分别χ²=6.649,P=0.010;χ²=6.276,P=0.012;χ²=8.245,P=0.004）。吸烟者中,高血压患者1年内想戒烟比例低于非高血压患者（χ²=20.487,P<0.001）,COPD患者1年内想戒烟比例高于非COPD患者（χ²=6.085,P=0.048）。男性中糖尿病（χ²=9.219,P=0.010）、血脂异常（χ²=13.513,P=0.001）患者中已戒烟者控制情况好于现在吸烟者。多因素logistic回归结果显示,吸烟是高血压（OR=1.17）、血脂异常（OR=1.25）、COPD（OR=1.78）、哮喘（OR=1.57）的影响因素。结论 北京市18~65岁居民中部分慢性病患者现在吸烟比例高且戒烟意愿低;吸烟是高血压、血脂异常、COPD、哮喘的危险因素。     

吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期流行特征的影响因素分析

目的 了解吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的流行特征的影响因素,为制定相关预防与控制策略及措施提供参考依据。方法 本研究以2017-2018年吉林省心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目为基础,纳入吉林省6个项目点35~75岁常住居民11 903人为研究对象,进行体格检查、实验室检测和问卷调查。采用χ²检验、趋势χ²检验、F检验计算不同特征人群和健康指标的中心性肥胖及其前期情况,其影响因素采用多因素logistic回归模型分析。结果 吉林省居民中心性肥胖率为33.35%（3 970/11 903）,标化率为31.73%,中心性肥胖前期率为28.79%（3 427/11 903）,标化率为28.86%。多因素分析结果显示,农村居民（OR=1.99,95%CI：1.78~2.23）、女性（OR=1.76,95%CI：1.57~1.97）、65~75岁组（OR=1.21,95%CI：1.03~1.45）、高中/中专文化程度（OR=1.38,95%CI：1.17~1.63）、家庭年收入>10万元（OR=1.65,95%CI：1.20~2.26）、超重（OR=9.27,95%CI：8.26~10.41）、肥胖（OR=82.82,95%CI：62.63~109.52）、正常高值血压（OR=1.49,95%CI：1.27~1.74）、高血压（OR=1.70,95%CI：1.42~2.04）、糖尿病（OR=2.30,95%CI：1.94~2.73）、血脂异常（OR=1.33,95%CI：1.18~1.50）与中心性肥胖及其前期发生风险呈正相关。结论 吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期率均处于较高水平,农村居民、女性、年龄大、高中/中专文化程度、高收入、超重、肥胖、正常高值血压、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常是吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的危险因素。     

北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症流行现状与影响因素分析

目的 了解北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症流行病学现状及影响因素,为其相关疾病的防控提供科学依据。方法 数据来自2014年北京市成人慢性病与危险因素监测。该监测以多阶段分层整群抽样方法在全市范围抽取调查对象进行问卷调查、身体测量和实验室检查。结果 17 662例有效样本中,血清胆固醇均值为（4.69±0.95）mmol/L,高胆固醇血症患病率为6.26%,边缘值升高率为21.34%。男性高胆固醇血症患病率为6.33%,女性为6.20%,差异无统计学意义（Z=1.64,P=0.10）;城区居民患病率为6.73%,高于郊区居民的5.59%（Z=-7.27,P<0.01）。高胆固醇血症患病率随年龄增加呈上升趋势（趋势检验 χ²=308.85, P<0.01）,其中男性（χ²=81.65,P<0.01）、女性（χ²=318.04, P<0.01）、城区居民（χ²=201.77, P<0.01）、郊区居民（χ²=114.65, P<0.01）均呈相同趋势。多因素logistic回归分析显示,高年龄组、女性（OR=1.23,95%CI：1.04~1.45）、超重（OR=1.56,95%CI：1.34~1.81）、肥胖（OR=1.82,95%CI：1.54~2.16）、每天吸烟（OR=1.24,95%CI：1.03~1.50）、每天饮酒（OR=1.40,95%CI：1.12~1.75）、牛羊肉摄入每周>1次（OR=1.19,95%CI：1.02~1.39）是高胆固醇血症的危险因素。结论 北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症患病率低于全国平均水平,年龄、性别、地区、BMI、吸烟、饮酒、牛羊肉摄入频率为患病的主要影响因素。     

青海省藏族牧民肥胖流行状况及其与饮食模式关系的队列研究

目的 探索青海省城镇化转型中藏族牧民成年人肥胖的流行状况及其与饮食模式的关系。方法 采用开放队列设计,2018年基线入组1 003人,2022年随访599人,新入组1 012人。共纳入 ≥ 18岁成年人1 913人,对其开展问卷调查和健康检查。使用因子分析法识别饮食模式,用混合效应模型分析饮食模式与肥胖关系。结果 2018-2022年超重、肥胖和中心性肥胖患病率分别为27.6%、33.8%和54.6%,肥胖和中心性肥胖年龄性别标化患病率均上升。共识别3种饮食模式:现代饮食模式(常食用猪肉、家禽肉类、加工肉类、新鲜水果、含糖饮料、咸味零食等)、城镇饮食模式(常食用精制碳水化合物、牛羊肉、蔬菜和鲜蛋类等)、牧区饮食模式(常食用糌粑、藏式奶酪、酥油茶/奶茶和乳制品等)。校正人口学特征、社会经济状况及生活行为方式后,相比城镇饮食模式得分T₁组,T₃组超重和超重/肥胖风险显著增加(超重:OR=2.09,95%CI:1.10~3.95;超重/肥胖:OR=1.23,95%CI:1.00~1.51),而牧区饮食模式得分T₃组超重、肥胖、超重/肥胖和中心性肥胖的风险降低(超重:OR=0.45,95%CI:0.24~0.84;肥胖:OR=0.81,95%CI:0.69~0.95;超重/肥胖:OR=0.75,95%CI:0.61~0.91;中心性肥胖:OR=0.58,95%CI:0.38~0.89)。结论 城镇化转型中藏族牧民肥胖和中心性肥胖高发。城镇饮食模式是超重、超重/肥胖的危险因素,牧区饮食模式是超重、肥胖、超重/肥胖和中心性肥胖的保护因素。需制定针对性干预措施,提升健康水平。     

我国中年人群超重/肥胖现况及心血管病危险因素聚集分析

目的 了解我国中年人群超重朋巴胖和中心性肥胖现状及心血管病危险因素聚集状况。方法 2009--2010年对全国12个研究人群各抽取35。64岁调查对象1000人,进行心血管病危险因素调查,实际入选11623人,最终有效数据10340人。利用该资料计算我国中年人群超重朋巴胖及中心性肥胖患病率,并分析心血管病危险因素聚集状况。肥胖的定义依据“中国成年人超重和肥胖症预防控制指南”的标准。结果 我国35-64岁中年人群超重率为38.8%,肥胖率为20.2%,轻度中心性肥胖患病率为32.2%,重度中心性肥胖患病率为19.2%。其中女性患病率高于男性,城市人群高于农村,北方地区高于南方(P结论 我国中年人群超过一半为体重超重朋巴胖者,且肥胖伴随心血管病危险因素的比例很高,亟待采取相应干预策略。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.