PLGA/Ⅰ型胶原复合支架用于组织工程化骨再造的研究

目的:采用PLGA/Ⅰ型胶原复合改良生物支架,构建组织工程化骨组织.方法:采用Ⅰ型胶原和聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)复合,制作改良的生物支架,将原代培养的成骨细胞接种于复合支架上,培养1周,扫描电镜观察成骨细胞在支架上的生长及黏附情况;同时,将细胞-支架复合体自体异位植入,并取材观察其成骨情况.结果:经鉴定,原代培养的细胞符合成骨细胞的特征;扫描电镜:在生物支架上大量成骨细胞呈簇状生长,并形成多个细胞突起;大体标本:4个月时可见骨块形成;自体异位植入后1个月可见新生骨组织形成,周围有多个活性成骨细胞和骨母细胞,至4个月时骨组织渐趋成熟.结论:Ⅰ型胶原和PLGA复合支架是一种理想的生物可降解支架,可用于组织工程化骨再造的研究.     

兔脂肪干细胞(ADSCs)与聚羟基乙酸/壳聚糖(PLGA/CS)支架材料生物相容性研究

 目的  探讨兔脂肪来源干细胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)作为种子细胞复合新型聚羟基乙酸(polylactic-co-glycolic acid,PLGA)/壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)支架材料的生物相容性,为进一步构建组织工程化脂肪组织提供实验依据。方法  取雄性新西兰大白兔腹股沟脂肪组织,Ⅰ型胶原酶消化分离出ADSCs进行培养,贴壁细胞至3~5代,评价其多向分化能力。将干细胞收集重悬后,以l×107/mL的密度接种于多孔PLGA/CS支架,形成细胞 支架材料复合物。培养7天后,扫描电子显微镜观察细胞在支架材料上的黏附生长和基质分泌情况,评价细胞与支架材料的生物相容性;Dil荧光标记检测细胞在支架材料上的分布;Hochest 33258检测细胞在支架上的生长情况。接种1和7天后,分别对细胞 材料复合物行Annexin V/PI双染色法检测材料对细胞的毒性作用。用成脂诱导条件培养基诱导分化ADSCs及ADSCs支架材料复合物,7天后,尼罗红荧光染色液检测ADSCs在不同环境下的成脂分化能力。结果  原代培养的ADSCs呈成纤维细胞样外观,在相应诱导条件下能够分化为脂肪细胞和骨细胞。细胞接种于PLGA/CS支架材料上第8天分裂增殖达到高峰,扫描电子显微镜下提示ADSCs在支架表面贴附生长良好,并向孔隙内壁充分延伸,细胞周围形成丰富的基质成分。活死双染结合共聚焦显微镜显示材料对细胞活性无影响,尼罗红染色可见成脂诱导后的ADSCs细胞质内有红色脂滴颗粒形成。结论  多孔PLGA/CS支架与兔ADSCs具有良好的生物相容性,可作为构建组织工程脂肪组织的支架材料。     

脂肪干细胞构建组织工程化角膜基质组织

 目的 探讨以可降解高分子材料聚羟基乙醇（polylactic-co-glycolic acid,PLGA）为支架,复合自体脂肪干细胞构建组织工程角膜基质修复角膜基质层缺损的可行性。方法 兔脂肪干细胞（rabbit adipose derived stem cells,rASCs）培养至第4代接种在PLGA载体支架上,扫描电镜观察细胞在支架上生长黏附情况。体外培养7天后将rASCs-PLGA复合物回植到角膜基质缺损模型的兔角膜基质层间,术后第12周和24周取材行组织学和透射电镜超微结构观察。未接种细胞的PLGA材料移植基质层间作为对照组。结果 细胞在PLGA支架上生长增殖良好,实验组移植术后12周材料降解,角膜基本恢复透明。组织学检查显示移植后24周新生角膜基质样组织与正常角膜基质组织相似,电镜下胶原纤维直径与正常角膜基质组织比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 脂肪干细胞可作为种子细胞来源用于构建组织工程角膜基质。     

猕猴组织工程化周围神经的体外构建

目的:研究以猕猴骨髓基质干细胞作为种子细胞和以PLGA作为支架材料,体外构建猕猴组织工程化周围神经的方法.方法:采用密度梯度离心的方法分离培养猕猴骨髓基质干细胞,利用相差显微镜观察细胞生长情况,描绘其生长曲线;将4/0vicryl编织线在10倍手术显微镜下打散成PLGA细丝纤维,扫描电镜下观测其表面形态;将猕猴骨髓基质干细胞种植到经生物学修饰的PLGA纤维上共培养,倒置显微镜下观察细胞在支架材料上的生长情况.结果:采用密度梯度离心的方法可得到大量增殖能力强的猕猴骨髓基质干细胞;接种后的骨髓基质干细胞很快粘附于PLGA纤维上,生长、分裂、增殖良好,在PLGA纤维表面形成串珠样排列,部分细胞还形成连接在PLGA纤维间的链状或片状细胞桥.结论:猕猴骨髓基质干细胞与PLGA适合体外构建组织工程化周围神经.     

PLGA/CPC支架材料复合骨髓基质干细胞构建组织工程骨的体外效果评价

目的：探讨聚乳酸聚羟基乙酸/磷酸钙骨水泥(PLGA/CPC)复合骨髓基质干细胞（BMSCs）构建组织工程骨的可行性,为预防剩余牙槽嵴萎缩和促进骨再生提供科学理论指导。方法：采用溶剂浇铸-粒子沥滤技术结合相分离法制备PLGA/CPC支架材料;体外分离、培养、纯化大鼠BMSCs;第3代BMSCs经Dil染色后接种于复合支架材料。实验分为实验组（PLGA/CPC +BMSCs）和对照组（单纯BMSCs）。扫描电镜和激光共聚焦观察支架材料的孔隙率及BMSCs在支架上的黏附情况;CCK-8和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)法检测2组细胞增殖和分化。结果：支架材料孔隙率达90%以上,孔径平均为200~300 μm,支架材料与细胞黏附性较好;原代BMSCs前3 d增殖较慢,3～6 d增殖较快,6 d后增殖较慢;BMSCs表面抗原CD44和CD105均呈阳性表达;茜素红和Ⅰ型胶原染色,BMSCs有良好的成骨活性;Dil染色,细胞标记率达90%以上,标记物对细胞形态无明显影响。CCK-8和AKP法检测,实验组和对照组BMSCs增殖率和AKP活性差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：PLGA/CPC是理想的组织工程支架材料。     

Functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury mediated by a unique polymer scaffold seeded with neural stem cells and Schwann cells

Background The most important objective of transplant studies in the injured spinal cord has been to provide a favorable environment for axonal growth. Moreover, the continuing discovery of new grafts is providing new potentially interesting transplant candidates. Our purpose was to observe the morphological and functional repair effects of the co-transplantation of neural stem cell （NSC）, Schwann ceils （SCs） and poly lactide-co-glycolide acid （PLGA） on the spinal cord injury of rats.Methods A scaffold of PLGA was fabricated. NSCs and SCs were cultured, with the NSCs labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and the complex of NSC/PLGA or NSC＋SCs/PLGA were constructed. Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups： group A （transplantation of PLGA）, group B （transplantation of NSC/PLGA） and group C （transplantation of NSC＋SCs/PLGA）. The 3 mm length of the right hemicord was removed under the microscope in all rats. The PLGA or the complex of PLGA-celIs were implanted into the injury site. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan （BBB）locomotion scores, motor and somatosensory evoked potential of lower limbs were examined to learn the rehabilitation of sensory and motor function at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks after injury. All the recovered spinal cord injury （SCI） tissues were observed with HE staining, immunohistochemistry, and transelectronmicroscopy to identify the survival, migration and differentiation of the transplanted cells and the regeneration of neural fibres at 4 weeks, 8 weeks,12 weeks and 24 weeks after injury.Results （1） From 4 weeks to 24 weeks after injury, the BBB locomotion scores of cell-transplanted groups were better than those of the non-cell-transplanted group, especially group C （P 〈0.05）. The amplitudes of the somatosensory evoked potential （SEP） and motor-evoked potential （MEP） were improved after injury in groups B and C, but the amplitude of SEP and MEP at 4 weeks was lower than that at 12 weeks and 24 weeks after injury. Compared with group B, the amplitude of SEP and MEP in group C was improved. The amplitude of SEP and MEP was not improved after injury in group A. （2） HE staining revealed the volume of the scaffold decreased and the number of cells in the scaffold increased. Newly-grown capillaries also could be seen. Immunohistochemistry staining showed the transplanted NSCs could survive and migrate until 24 weeks and they could differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes. The regenerated axons were observed in the scaffold-cell complex with transelectronmicroscopy. The above manifestations were more extensive in group C.Conclusions The transplanted NSC can survive and migrate in the spinal cord of rats up to 24 weeks after injury, and they can differentiate into various neural cells. Co-transplantation of cells/PLGA can promote the functional recovery of the injured spinal cord. The effect of co-transplanting NSC＋SCs/PLGA is better than transplanting NSC/PLGA alone.     

组织工程化人口腔黏膜的构建

目的:用组织工程方法培养人全层口腔黏膜.方法:婴儿唇裂多余口腔黏膜组织为取材对象,分离成纤维细胞与上皮细胞,分别接种在聚乳酸羟基乙酸(PLGA)膜上培养,后将其移至气液面进行复合.HE染色、免疫组化AE1/AE3及Vimentin染色,光镜、倒置相差显微镜、扫描电镜观察其形态结构.结果:口腔黏膜具备上皮层和上皮下纤维组织,上皮细胞3～7层,见桥粒连接,AE1/AE3阳性;同有层细胞核形Vimentin( ).结论:成功培养全层人口腔黏膜,PLGA可作为口腔黏膜组织工程支架材料.     

人工生物可降解支架聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸种植人食管上皮细胞的实验研究

目的研究人食管上皮细胞在聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸(PLGA)三维支架上的贴附和生长情况,利用组织工程技术培养工程化人工食管.方法制作PLGA三维细胞支架;分离培养成人食管上皮细胞,体外扩增后种植到PLGA支架上.在体外和裸鼠体内分别培养食管上皮细胞-支架复合物,分期终止培养,进行组织学染色、扫描电镜、细胞角蛋白免疫组织化学检测.结果体外培养发现,人食管上皮细胞在支架材料上贴附生长良好,长期培养仍保持食管上皮细胞特性,裸鼠体内培养4周后可形成食管黏膜样组织.结论 PLGA支架适合食管上皮细胞黏附生长,可作为食管组织工程的细胞载体.利用组织工程的方法可获得适于移植的工程化人工い食管.     

HIF-1α介导BMSCs复合PLGA修复大鼠颅骨标准骨缺损的研究

目的 构建低氧诱导因子(HIF)-1α介导骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)复合聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)支架材料血管化组织工程骨,观察其在大鼠颅骨标准骨缺损中的修复效果.方法 将目的基因HIF-1 α转染至BMSCs后,与支架材料PLGA复合,修复SD大鼠颅骨双侧直径5 mm的标准骨缺损(n=18),随机分为3组:实验组植入HIF-1 α-BM-SCs/PLGA复合体(n=6),对照组植入BMSCs/PLGA复合体(n=6),材料组仅植入PLGA支架材料(n=6).术后8周处死大鼠取材,分别行大体观察、X线片检查和HE染色观察缺损区骨形成情况.结果 大体观察、X线片检查和HE染色均显示实验组缺损区新骨形成量明显大于对照组及材料组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 体内研究表明HIF-1α能够介导BMSCs促进骨组织形成,PLGA是理想的支架材料,用其构建的血管化工程骨能够有效修复骨缺损.     

人脂肪干细胞与聚L-谷氨酸/海藻酸钠可注射水凝胶的生物相容性研究

天然高分子聚合物聚L-谷氨酸(PLGA)与氧化海藻酸钠(OAg)共价交联合成PLGA/OAg水凝胶,将人脂肪来源干细胞(hADSCs)接种于水凝胶内,倒置显微镜、扫描电镜观察细胞在支架中的存活、增殖、黏附情况,DNA定量法检测细胞的增殖。体外证实该水凝胶材料生物相容性良好,具有性能可控性和微创性等优势,对于进一步开发脂肪组织工程材料具有指导性意义。     

PLGA纳米可降解尿道支架的制备及力学性能

目的：探讨电纺丝法制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)(摩尔比80∶20)可降解尿道支架的可行性，并评价支架管的力学性能。方法：PLGA（80∶20）用三氯甲烷溶解并配成3%、4%、5%和6%的溶液，采用电纺丝技术制备纳米尿道支架，采用扫描电镜观察各种浓度PLGA制备的纳米尿道支架的微观结构，比较各种浓度PLGA支架的纤维直径、孔径、孔隙率及力学性能的差异。结果：浓度为3%、4%和5%的PLGA尿道支架制备成功，浓度为6%的PLGA因浓度过高制管失败。支架呈白色,长度4 cm,内径约 3.0 mm，外径约4.0 mm。电镜扫描见3种浓度的PLGA支架纤维平均直径随浓度的增高而增粗，组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。3种浓度PLGA支架的平均孔径分别为（7±4）、(13±7)和(32±13)μm，各组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。3%PLGA支架的孔隙率接近79%，4%PLGA支架的孔隙率约为85%，而5%PLGA支架的孔隙率约为90%，各组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。3种浓度PLGA支架的平均断裂强度分别为（2.37±0.15）、（1.97±0.07）和（1.85±0.11）MPa，3%PLGA支架的断裂强度显著高于浓度4%及5%PLGA支架（P<0.05），而4%与5% 2种浓度PLGA支架的平均断裂强度比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：5%PLGA尿道支架在孔径、孔隙率等方面可较好满足尿道组织工程支架对空间结构的要求，虽力学性能较3%PLGA支架略差，但可完全满足支架对力学性能的要求。     

Experimental Research on Ectopic Osteogenesis of BMP2-derived Peptide P24 Combined with PLGA Copolymers

To experimentally evaluate the ectopic osteogenetic capacity of synthesized BMP2-derived peptide P24 combined with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), Wistar rats were di- vided into two groups: group A, in which BMP2-derived peptide P24/PLGA complex was implanted, and group B which received simple PLGA implant. The complex was respectively implanted into the back muscles of rats. Samples were taken the 1st, 4th, 8th, and the 12th week after the implantation. Their bone formation was detected by X-ray examination, and tissue response was histologically ob- served. Western blotting was used for the detection of the expression of collagen Ⅰ (Col-Ⅰ) and osteopontin (OPN). There was acute inflammation in the tissue around both types of implants at early stage. The cartilage was found around implant areas 4 weeks after the implantation of BMP2-derived peptide p24/PLGA complex, 8 weeks after the implantation, osteoblasts were found, and 12 weeks after the implantation, typical trabecular bone structure was observed. In group B, after 12 weeks, no osteoblasts were found. It is concluded that PLGA is an ideal scaffold material for bone tissue engi- neering. BMP2-derived peptide can start endochondral ossification and is more effective in inducing ectopic osteogenesis.     

新型乳酸 羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)/胶原复合材料用于软骨再生的体外研究

 目的 设计和制备新型乳酸 羟基乙酸共聚物［poly(lactic co glycolic acid),PLGA］/胶原(collagen)复合材料,研究其在体外对软骨再生的促进作用,为软骨组织工程提供新型支架材料。方法 利用冷冻干燥技术将胶原多孔海绵复合于PLGA编织网膜;扫描电镜观察材料表面微观结构,利用图像软件统计孔径大小;分离与培养牛膝关节软骨细胞(bovine articular chondrocyte, BAC),接种于PLGA/胶原材料,检测细胞接种效率,扫描电镜观察细胞在材料内部生长情况;体外培养1周后检测DNA和糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)含量,real time PCR检测I型胶原、Ⅱ型胶原和聚集蛋白聚糖(aggrecan) mRNA表达强度。牛膝关节软骨组织和体外单层培养的BACs做对照。结果 成功构建新型PLGA/胶原复合材料,表面孔径为(136.4±11.8) μm;细胞接种效率为87.8%±1.6%;BACs在材料表面和中心生长活跃,培养1周后的DNA、GAG含量, Ⅱ型胶原和聚集蛋白聚糖mRNA表达强度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 新设计制备的PLGA/胶原复合材料能促进体外软骨再生,可作为支架材料用于软骨组织工程研究。     

脑组织创伤后神经元及神经胶质细胞的超微结构变化

目的：观察创伤脑组织神经元和神经胶质细胞超微结构改变，间接了解脑组织受损后恢复情况。方法：常规电镜样品包埋，选区，超薄切片，透射电镜观察。结果：多数神经元核不规则，核膜断续，核仁常伯位；线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂，粗面内质网扩张；糖原增多；神经胶质细胞核异染色质增多；线粒体空泡化，胶质丝密集成束，或排列成旋涡状。结论：损伤1小时之内的脑组织细胞有恢复的可能。     

联合应用成骨诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞与PLGA支架材料修复兔桡骨缺损的实验研究

目的研究聚乳酸聚乙醇酸复合物（ Po （ yclactic - co - glycolic acid ）, PLGA ）支架作为组织工程骨支架修复骨缺损的可行性。方法体外培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow stromal cells, BMSCs）,在成骨诱导荆地塞米松等的诱导下,向成骨细胞转化,并使之与修饰后PLGA支架复合,植入兔桡骨缺损模型,作为实验组。对照组a为PLGA材料对照,对照组b为空白对照,通过影像学观察骨缺损的修复情况。结果地塞米松等诱导组细胞形态向类成骨细胞转化,碱性磷酸酶表达明显增高,并表达I型胶原。应用多聚赖氨酸修饰的PLGA与成骨诱导的BMSCs复合植入骨缺损后,与对照组相比影像学显示明显促进骨缺损的愈合。结论适当浓度成骨诱导剂可成功的将免骨髓间充质细胞向成骨细胞诱导,诱导后细胞与PLGA支架联合应用可较好修复兔桡骨缺损。     

低热高压法制作PLGA支架的三维结构研究

OBJECTIVE: To develop a poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) copolymer scaffold with good three-dimensional microstructure and free of organic solvent, which can be used in bone repairing for tissue engineering, and to explore a novel method for developing polymeric scaffolds. METHODS: The polymer and sodium chloride were ground to powder and mixed in 2 different proportions as the materials for preparing the scaffolds by mild heating under high pressure. The porosity and the ratio of open pores in the product were analyzed in light of its density and by sodium chloride approaches, with the pore size, surface and internal structures examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: The PLGA scaffolds made by this method had porosity of 90 % and 92.5 % respectively, their pore size ranging from 200 to 250 micro m with the ratio of open pores exceeding 98 % (P<0.01). The average sodium chloride leaching time was 12 to 13 h. CONCLUSIONS: The scaffolds made in this way possess stable three-dimensional microstructure with controllable parameters and without cytotoxic effects caused by organic solvent.     

负载成骨生长肽的静电纺丝PLGA支架可加速大鼠颅骨缺损再生

目的 从体内外水平评价一种负载了成骨生长肽（OGP）的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）纤维支架作为新型骨组织工程支架的可行性。方法 采用静电纺丝法制备支架,一共有4组。对照组：纯PLGA支架（不含OGP的 PLGA支架）;实验组：0.1%OGP@PLGA（电纺含有0.1%OGP的PLGA溶液制得的支架）、0.2%OGP@PLGA（电纺含有0.2%OGP的PLGA溶液制得的支架）、0.4%OGP@PLGA（电纺含有0.4%OGP的PLGA溶液制得的支架）。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察支架的微观结构,将材料浸泡在PBS中观察支架中OGP的释放规律,CCK-8和活死细胞染色实验评估支架的体外生物相容性,ALP活性检测和ARS染色评估支架上大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（rBMSCs）的体外成骨分化水平,在雄性SD大鼠上制备直径为5 mm大小的颅骨缺损模型,将支架植入8周后利用Micro-CT检测、HE染色和Masson染色分析缺损处的骨修复情况。结果 SEM结果显示,支架具有类细胞外基质（ECM）的纤维结构,负载的OGP能持续从支架内缓释长达1月以上,将细胞与支架共培养4、7 d后,负载高浓度OGP（OGP浓度大于2%）的PLGA支架细胞增殖率显著高于纯PLGA支架（P<0.01）,ALP活性检测结果显示第14天时,在负载0.4%含量OGP的PLGA支架上rBMSCs的ALP活性最高（P<0.01）。ARS染色结果显示,细胞14 后在负载0.4% OGP的PLGA支架上分泌的钙化结节最多。Micro-CT扫描结果发现,负载0.4% OGP的PLGA组材料周围较其他两组有更多的新骨生成（P<0.01）。此外组织学HE和Masson染色结果和以上结果类似。结论 负载OGP的静电纺丝PLGA支架有效模拟了体内细胞外基质,具有良好的生物相容性及促成骨分化能力,是一种具有潜在应用价值的新型骨组织工程支架。     

低热高压法制作PLGA支架的三维结构研究

目的制作不含有机溶剂、三维结构良好的聚丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物（PLGA）支架,使之符合组织工程骨修复的需要,探讨一种新型聚合物支架制作方法。方法将聚合物与氯化钠粉碎后,采用低热高压法制作PLGA泡沫结构支架,经密度法、氯化钠法测定其空隙率、开孔率;扫描电镜观察表面和内部结构、测定孔径。结果利用此种方法制作的PLGA支架,空隙率达到90.0％和92.5％、孔径在200-250μm之间、开孔率为98.0％以上（P<0.01）,平均氯化钠沥净时间为12～13h。结论使用低热高压法制作的组织工程支架,三维结构稳定,各项参数可控制;根据模具的大小可以制作不同体积的支架;依据盐的颗粒粒度与数量控制支架的孔径和空隙率,在制作过程中不使用有机溶剂,减少了有机溶剂残留可能引起的对细胞的毒性。使用这种方法要对聚合物与氯化钠颗粒进行充分混合。     

羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙作为细胞载体的体外实验

目的：探讨羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙（HA/TCP）复合材料作为组织工程载体的可能;为基质材料表面改性提供实验基础。方法：应用人骨髓基质细胞（hBMSCs）和脐静脉内皮细胞(UVECs)和HA/TCP进行混合培养,应用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对其进行观察。结果：人骨髓基质细胞和脐静脉内皮细胞在HA/TCP表面均生长良好,并可观察到细胞长入基质材料微孔内的改变。结论：羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙（HA/TCP）复合材料可作为细胞移植的载体。     

In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of the Developed PLGA/HAp/Zein Scaffolds for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration

Objective To investigate the effect of electronspun PLGA/HAp/Zein scaffolds on the repair of cartilage defects.
Methods The PLGA/HAp/Zein composite scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning method. The physiochemical properties and biocompatibility of the scaffolds were separately characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) culture and animal experiments.
Results The prepared PLGA/HAp/Zein scaffolds showed fibrous structure with homogenous distribution. hUC-MSCs could attach to and grow well on PLGA/HAp/Zein scaffolds, and there was no significant difference between cell proliferation on scaffolds and that without scaffolds (P>0.05). The PLGA/HAp/Zein scaffolds possessed excellent ability to promote in vivo cartilage formation. Moreover, there was a large amount of immature chondrocytes and matrix with cartilage lacuna on PLGA/HAp/Zein scaffolds.
Conclusion The data suggest that the PLGA/HAp/Zein scaffolds possess good biocompatibility, which are anticipated to be potentially applied in cartilage tissue engineering and reconstruction.