气味分子的结构理论

人和动物通过嗅觉可以感受到各种不同的气味。嗅觉是有挥发性的气味分子通过嗅觉器官,刺激嗅神经而产生的感觉。     

酯化反应之嗅觉探索——介绍一个国外本科生有机化学实验并讨论其相关问题

介绍了一个国外的本科生实验“酯化反应之嗅觉探索”,即通过实验探究酯化反应前后气味的变化。从实验背景与原理、实验方案、实验结果分析及应用讨论等几个方面进行了具体介绍,以期引荐其对气味研究的基本思路、教学理念与操作流程于国内的有机化学实验教学中。     

基于昆虫气味结合蛋白的新型酰基哌啶类化合物的构效关系

利用Sybyl7.3软件对29个具有驱避活性的新型酰基哌啶类化合物与气味结合蛋白AgamOBP1的结合模式进行研究,发现二者之间的结合以疏水作用和水桥作用为主. 其中酰基哌啶类化合物末端的疏水片段可与AgamOBP1结合腔内狭长的疏水通道产生相互作用. 同时,其关键药效基团——酰基氧可通过HOH153与AgamOBP1中的关键残基Trp114和Gly92或Cys95形成多重氢键作用. 利用比较分子力场分析法（CoMFA）和比较分子相似性指数分析法（CoMSIA）构建了新型酰基哌啶类化合物的三维定量构效关系（3D-QSAR）模型,其交叉验证系数r_cv²分别为0.650和0.587. 研究表明,在CoMSIA模型中,疏水场、静电场和立体场组合所得的三维构效关系模型最佳,其中尤以疏水场对这类酰基哌啶类化合物的驱避活性最为重要. 基于AgamOBP1靶标结合口袋特征和酰基哌啶类化合物的3D-QSAR模型得出具有驱避活性的酰基哌啶类化合物的构效关系如下：在酰基C上引入一定碳链长度的疏水基团可使化合物表现出驱避活性,其中又以含9~10个C的化合物的驱避活性最佳,这与AgamOBP1结合口袋的疏水性质密不可分;当酰基端碳链长度一定时,在哌啶环上不宜引入立体效应过大的取代基,这是由AgamOBP1结合口袋的大小决定的;与哌啶N相连的酰基作为氢键受体基团,对于化合物识别与结合AgamOBP1蛋白至关重要.     

嗅觉记忆相关蛋白的蛋白质组学研究

应用双向凝胶电泳结合质谱鉴定和数据库检索, 分析比较了C57BL/6J小鼠在嗅觉训练和记忆测试后嗅球蛋白表达的差异, 探讨了与嗅觉记忆相关的蛋白质. C57BL/6J小鼠经嗅觉训练后, 可对相应的气味保持记忆能力, 其嗅球蛋白表达存在明显差异, 5种蛋白与嗅觉记忆形成显著相关. 上述蛋白功能涉及神经发育, 信号转导及细胞骨架和核苷酸代谢, 其中神经发育和信号转导相关蛋白表达上调, 而细胞骨架和核苷酸代谢相关蛋白表达水平降低. 这些与嗅觉记忆形成相关的蛋白深化了对嗅觉记忆机制的认识, 为研究和治疗认知相关疾病提供了新靶标.     

气相色谱法同时测定驱蚊护肤品中的13种昆虫驱避剂

<正>驱避剂是一种能使昆虫无法识别和发现其叮咬目标,从而远离潜在目标的物质。驱避剂可用在皮肤和衣服上等,令使用者免遭蚊、虱、蜂和蚤类等害虫的叮咬。驱避剂原药一般不能直接应用,必须经过一定的加工过程转变成不同的使用形态,如驱蚊膏、驱蚊乳、驱蚊花露水等~([1-5])。如果驱蚊护肤品中     

微含量简单成分气体的人工嗅觉分析方法

提出了由两层径基函数(RBF)网络和两层线性基本函数(LBF)网络组成的串联神经网络,建立了由SnO₂半导体气敏传感器阵列和串联神经网络分类方法组成的人工嗅觉系统.对微含量的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮挥发气的测试与分析结果表明,提高了人工嗅觉系统的灵敏度和识别能力,为人工嗅觉系统对简单与复杂成分气味的实时检测和食品香气质量的人工分析创造了条件.关键词嗅觉模拟,串联神经网络,气敏传感器阵列.     

气相色谱法测定驱蚊香水中N,N-二乙基间甲苯甲酰胺

1955年Hercules公司推荐N,N-二乙基间甲苯甲酰胺(DETA)为最佳去避剂之一,对蚊、蠓、蚋等有良好的驱避效果。本文用气相色谱法测定驱蚊香水中有效成分DETA,为监督及检验部门提供执法和检测依据。     

智能嗅觉的发展和挑战

智能嗅觉的发展和挑战杨原，王小如，李权龙，杨成隆，王志勇，袁东星（厦门大学化学系近代分析化学研究所，３６１００５）智能嗅觉的发展经历了缓慢的，曲折的成长过程。就其原因来看，一方面是由于嗅觉传感器的发展速度远远落后于视觉传感器的发展￣［１］，另一方面是...     

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定驱蚊护肤品中10种昆虫驱避剂

建立气相色谱–串联质谱快速检测驱蚊护肤品中10种昆虫驱避剂的分析方法。10种驱避剂包括避蚊胺、N,N-二乙基苯乙酰胺、避蚊酮、驱蚊酯、1-乙酰基-1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉、羟派酯、苯甲酸苄酯、驱蝇定、驱蚊叮、增效胺。样品用丙酮超声萃取,以HP–5MS UI毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25μm)进行分离,对碎片离子进行扫描,以保留时间与离子丰度比进行定性,外标法定量。10种昆虫驱避剂的质量浓度在1.0～64.0 mg/L范围内与定量离子的响应值呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.2～5.6 mg/kg。加标回收率为88.8%～96.2%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.5%～4.9%(n=6)。该方法抗干扰能力强,检出限低,满足驱蚊护肤品中有效成分的定性、定量要求。     

微波蒸馏-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱-嗅觉检测器联用分析鳙鱼鱼肉中的挥发性成分

用微波蒸馏(MD)-固相微萃取装置(SPME)提取鳙鱼鱼肉中的挥发性成分,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对气味化合物成分进行了定性分析,同时利用嗅觉检测器鉴别了部分挥发性物质的气味特征。实验中优化了MD的操作条件(加热功率、加热时间及载气流速等)、SPME参数(萃取头种类、萃取温度、萃取时间、无机盐离子浓度及搅拌速率等)。通过NIST 02质谱数据库检索共定性确定出鳙鱼鱼肉挥发性成分中的53种化合物,其中主要为 C6~C9 的羰基化合物和挥发性醇类。经过嗅觉检测器分析,这些成分分别具有青草味、鱼腥味、泥土味等气味特征,其协同作用构成了鳙鱼鱼肉特殊的鱼腥味、泥腥味。该方法可用于水产品中挥发性成分的分析,并可为不良风味化合物的定量研究提供参考。     

Investigating Electrochemical Stability and Reliability of Gold Electrode‐electrolyte Systems to Develop Bioelectronic Nose Using Insect Olfactory Receptor

This article aims to demonstrate an electrochemically stable and reliable gold electrode‐electrolyte system to develop an insect odorant receptor (Drosophila melanogaster Or35a) based bioelectronic nose. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of bare gold electrodes, after modification with the self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of 6‐mercaptohexanoic acid (MHA) and after immobilization with Or35a integrated into the lipid bilayers of liposomes were conducted in the presence of four different redox probes. Potassium ferri/ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)₆]^3?/[Fe (CN)₆]^4? and hydroquinone (H₂Q) redox probes revealed variable and irreversible signals at the time scale of our measurements, with atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggesting gold surface etching due to the presence of CN^? ions in case of [Fe(CN)₆]^3?/[Fe (CN)₆]^4?. Although the hexaammineruthenium complex showed stable electrochemical behaviour at all stages of biosensor development, changes in CV and EIS readings after each surface modifications were insignificant. PBS buffer as a non‐Faradaic medium, was found to provide reliable systems for electrochemical probing of modified gold electrodes with Or35a/liposomes in aqueous media. Using this system, we have shown that this novel biosensor can detect its known odorant E2‐hexenal selectively compared to methyl salicylate down to femtomolar concentration.     

Electronic Olfactory Sensor Based on A. mellifera Odorant‐Binding Protein 14 on a Reduced Graphene Oxide Field‐Effect Transistor

An olfactory biosensor based on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) field‐effect transistor (FET), functionalized by the odorant‐binding protein 14 (OBP14) from the honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been designed for the in situ and real‐time monitoring of a broad spectrum of odorants in aqueous solutions known to be attractants for bees. The electrical measurements of the binding of all tested odorants are shown to follow the Langmuir model for ligand–receptor interactions. The results demonstrate that OBP14 is able to bind odorants even after immobilization on rGO and can discriminate between ligands binding within a range of dissociation constants from K_d=4 μM to K_d=3.3 mM . The strongest ligands, such as homovanillic acid, eugenol, and methyl vanillate all contain a hydroxy group which is apparently important for the strong interaction with the protein.     

Analytical methods for the quantification of volatile aromatic compounds

The investigation of odorants is not an easy task, which needs to be undertaken in the context of fit-for-purpose quality systems. To date, great attention has been paid to determination of the volatile fractions of odorants, since they are responsible for the attributes of global flavor [i.e. a combination of olfactory (aroma) and gustatory (taste) sensations produced by chemicals]. This kind of determination can be carried out by analytical techniques [e.g., gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry and/or olfactometric GC]. Methods complementary to GC analysis are available, allowing assessment of the olfactory impact by an electronic nose (e-nose) or a panel of selected individuals. Also, we consider some innovative analytical techniques to study the effects of odorants in food during consumption.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。