廊坊地基微波辐射计大气温湿廓线反演产品评估分析

利用2017—2020年廊坊市大厂县QFW-6000型微波辐射计和北京探空资料,对08时和20时2个时次共737组有效样本垂直方向的气温、湿度进行对比检验。结果表明：（1）整层气温均方根误差在5 ℃以内,相对湿度均方根误差为20%~30%,气温的相关系数明显高于相对湿度,即前者的探测精度更高。（2）1 km以下08时和20时温度和相对湿度的误差差异显著,08时误差均小于20时,1 km以上气温误差稳定在3 ℃左右,相对湿度误差廓线随高度先增大后减小。（3）夏秋季温度误差总体小于春季和冬季,但夏季贴地层误差明显大于其他季节,而相对湿度误差在冬季更为稳定。（4）晴天微波辐射计的探测精度明显优于云天和雨天,且随着云量的增多,探测精度逐渐下降。（5）降雨量级的差异对微波辐射计的探测精度产生不同影响,雨量越大,温度和相对湿度的误差越大;小雨时温度的相关系数在贴地层以上为0.60~0.90,但整层相对湿度的相关系数普遍在0.50以下,中雨及以上的降雨出现时,08时和20时温度的相关系数表现出显著差异,而相对湿度的相关系数在大雨及以上时波动最大,表现出极不稳定的探测性能。     

HY-2微波辐射计降雨条件下海面风速反演算法研究

由于降雨改变了海洋-大气的辐射/散射特性,长期以来星载遥感器在降雨条件下进行海面风速信息提取存在困难。本文针对自主海洋动力环境卫星海洋2号（HY-2）搭载的扫描微波辐射计,分析了不同频段亮温对降雨和海面风速敏感性,自此基础上获得了一种对降雨不敏感的亮温通道组合,该亮温通道组合对海面风速的敏感性甚至高于原有亮温通道。本文利用该亮温通道组合建立了降雨条件下的风速反演算法,并将反演结果与WindSat全天候风速产品、HY-2微波辐射计原有风速产品以及浮标实测数据进行了比较。结果表明本文算法在降雨条件下的反演误差小于2m/s,明显优于原有HY-2微波辐射计风速产品,验证了本文发展的算法在降雨条件下的风速反演能力。     

红外和微波辐射计反演海表面温度的比较

介绍了红外辐射计和微波辐射计测量海表面温度的原理,分析了它们各自在反演海表面温度时的差异。在全球范围的海表面温度的遥感蛉测中,红外辐射计和微波辐射计的遥感精度受到多种因素影响。传感器本身的噪音、算法反演精度、传感器分辨率、搭载卫星的全球覆盖率等自身因素使辐射计的探测资料产生差别：大气状况、海面风速、测量海洋不同深度海水的表征温度等外界因子也同时影响着红外辐射计和微波辐射计的遥感精度。了解红外波段和微波波段的辐射计在各方面的优劣,有助于发挥各自特长,有效提高卫星监测海表面温度的精度。     

基于地基微波辐射计观测的东营地区低能见度天气指示性分析

针对东营市2016—2017年出现的27个低能见度天气过程,利用MP-3000A型地基微波辐射计二级数据,计算过程影响期间逐10 min的逆温层温差、逆温层厚度和低层相对湿度等物理量。结合空气质量和能见度变化情况,按照雾和霾、雾、降水三类天气对27次过程进行分类研究,总结地基微波辐射计观测的温湿度量对低能见度天气的指示意义和参考指标。结果表明：(1)雾和霾共同影响导致的低能见度天气出现在冬半年,PM_2.5浓度越大通常对应的能见度越低;逆温层温差和逆温层厚度与能见度的相关系数分别为-0.39和-0.45,逆温层温差增大指示能见度降低,逆温层厚度减小指示能见度升高。低层相对湿度在90%以上时,能见度受雾影响通常小于2 km;低层相对湿度在80%以下时,能见度受霾影响仍然维持在5 km以下。(2)雾影响导致的低能见度天气多出现在冬半年,与PM_2.5浓度无关;逆温层温差和逆温层厚度与能见度的相关系数分别为-0.54和-0.45。在逆温层生成和破坏阶段,逆温层温差变化幅度大,对能见度的指示性更强,而逆温层厚度变化幅度相对较小,多维持在300～400 m...     

红外和微波辐射计反演海表面温度的比较

介绍了红外辐射计和微波辐射计测量海表面温度的原理,分析了它们各自在反演海表面温度时的差异。在全球范围的海表面温度的遥感监测中,红外辐射计和微波辐射计的遥感精度受到多种因素影响。传感器本身的噪音、算法反演精度、传感器分辨率、搭载卫星的全球覆盖率等自身因素使辐射计的探测资料产生差别;大气状况、海面风速、测量海洋不同深度海水的表征温度等外界因子也同时影响着红外辐射计和微波辐射计的遥感精度。了解红外波段和微波波段的辐射计在各方面的优劣,有助于发挥各自特长,有效提高卫星监测海表面温度的精度。     

HY-2B扫描微波辐射计海温产品在典型区域的精度验证和分析

“海洋二号B”卫星（HY-2B）于2018年10月25日发射,是我国第二颗海洋动力环境探测卫星,其上搭载有包括扫描微波辐射计（SMR）在内的多个载荷,海表面温度（SST）是SMR的主要产品之一。本文分别利用NOAA提供的iQuam实测海温数据、CORIOLIS卫星WINDSAT反演的海温遥感产品、NCEP模式海温数据,在两个典型区域,对2020年1月1日至2020年12月31日期间的HY-2B/SMR海温产品进行了验证,其中HY-2B/SMR与iQuam实测海温的Bias为0.004℃,RMSE为0.65℃左右,CORR高于0.95。通过进一步分析,由区域A的分析结果揭示出HY-2B/SMR海温产品精度随纬度变化的规律及其原因,同时,由区域B的分析结果揭示出陆地、岛礁以及RFI对海温总体反演精度的影响约为0.1℃。     

降雨条件下全极化微波辐射计海面风场校正

为提高降雨条件下星载全极化微波辐射计海面风场精度,通过匹配WindSat海面风场和降雨率数据以及美国国家浮标中心浮标观测数据,得到18 996组匹配样本,深入分析了降雨对海面风场反演精度的严重影响,构建了风场校正模型。试验结果表明,降雨导致海面风速被严重高估,风向误差随着降雨率的增大而增大。校正后的风速精度在低风速段提升明显。无论降雨率多大,校正后风速精度均比校正前高。风速均方根误差由原来的2.9 m/s降低到了2.1 m/s,风向均方根误差由原来的26.9°降低到了26.3°。     

HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计数据反演北极海冰漂移速度

本文基于最大互相关法,利用海洋二号（HY-2）卫星扫描微波辐射计37 GHz通道多时相垂直极化亮温数据,获取了北极海冰漂移速度。采用2012年和2013年国际北极浮标计划海冰现场观测数据,对利用微波辐射计亮温资料反演的冬季北极海冰漂移速度进行了定量验证,结果表明:流速和流向均方根误差分别为1.12 cm/s和16.37°,从一定程度上说明了HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计亮温数据反演海冰漂移速度的可行性。此外,使用美国国防气象卫星F-17搭载的专用微波成像仪91 GHz通道垂直极化亮温,采用高斯拉普拉斯滤波方法进行处理,结合最大互相关法反演的海冰漂移速度,优于法国海洋开发研究院海冰漂移速度产品。     

基于浮标实测数据的WindSat海洋反演产品精度分析

To evaluate the ocean surface wind vector and the sea surface temperature obtained from Wind Sat, we compare these quantities over the time period from January 2004 to December 2013 with moored buoy measurements. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind speed and the buoy wind speed is low for the low frequency wind speed product(WSPD_LF), ranging from –0.07 to 0.08 m/s in different selected areas. The overall RMS error is 0.98 m/s for WSPD_LF, ranging from 0.82 to 1.16 m/s in different selected regions. The wind speed retrieval result in the tropical Ocean is better than that of the coastal and offshore waters of the United States. In addition, the wind speed retrieval accuracy of WSPD_LF is better than that of the medium frequency wind speed product. The crosstalk analysis indicates that the Wind Sat wind speed retrieval contains some cross influences from the other geophysical parameters, such as sea surface temperature, water vapor and cloud liquid water. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind direction and the buoy wind direction ranges from –0.46° to 1.19° in different selected regions. The overall RMS error is 19.59° when the wind speed is greater than 6 m/s. Measurements of the tropical ocean region have a better accuracy than those of the US west and east coasts. Very good agreement is obtained between sea surface temperatures of Wind Sat and buoy measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean; the overall RMS error is only 0.36°C, and the retrieval accuracy of the low latitudes is better than that of the middle and high latitudes.     

Sea surface temperature retrieval based on simulated microwave polarimetric measurements of a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer

Compared with traditional real aperture microwave radiometers, one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution. In this paper, we proposed to retrieve sea surface temperature using a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer that operates at frequencies of 6.9 GHz, 10.65 GHz,18.7 GHz and 23.8 GHz at multiple incidence angles. We used the ERA5 reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and a radiation transmission forward model to calculate the model brightness temperature. The brightness temperature measured by the spaceborne one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer was simulated by adding Gaussian noise to the model brightness temperature.Then, a backpropagation(BP) neural network algorithm, a random forest(RF) algorithm and two multiple linear regression algorithms(RE1 and RE2) were developed to retrieve sea surface temperature from the measured brightness temperature within the incidence angle range of 0°–65°. The results show that the retrieval errors of the four algorithms increase with the increasing Gaussian noise. The BP achieves the lowest retrieval errors at all incidence angles. The retrieval error of the RE1 and RE2 decrease first and then increase with the incidence angle and the retrieval error of the RF is contrary to that of RE1 and RE2.     

利用卫星云图和天气形势分析9914号台风路径

本文对9914号台风的天气形势和卫星云系特征进行了详细的分析。结果表明：副热带高压及西风带槽、脊的配置和演变，对台风强度和移动路径尤其是台风路径的转向影响很大。副吭的增强、减弱是台风发生转向的重要条件。 螺旋云带的变化通常是台风未来移动及其强度变化的强信号。眉状云带是台风北上的重要特征云系。台风向着高层强负涡度中心或两个强负涡度中心的中点移动。     

基于一维综合孔径微波辐射计的海面温度反演研究

Due to the low spatial resolution of sea surface temperature(T_S) retrieval by real aperture microwave radiometers,in this study, an iterative retrieval method that minimizes the differences between brightness temperature(T_B)measured and modeled was used to retrieve sea surface temperature with a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer, temporarily named 1 D-SAMR. Regarding the configuration of the radiometer, an angular resolution of 0.43° was reached by theoretical calculation. Experiments on sea surface temperature retrieval were carried out with ideal parameters; the results show that the main factors affecting the retrieval accuracy of sea surface temperature are the accuracy of radiometer calibration and the precision of auxiliary geophysical parameters. In the case of no auxiliary parameter errors, the greatest error in retrieved sea surface temperature is obtained at low T_S scene(i.e., 0.710 6 K for the incidence angle of 35° under the radiometer calibration accuracy of0.5 K). While errors on auxiliary parameters are assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution, the greatest error on retrieved sea surface temperature was 1.330 5 K at an incidence angle of 65° in poorly known sea surface wind speed(W)(the error on W of 1.0 m/s) over high W scene, for the radiometer calibration accuracy of 0.5 K.     

我国东部海区不同气候背景条件下背景误差协方差的性质对比分析

本文利用MM5V3．6模式分别得到我国东部海区3月和9月的模拟资料（分别代表了台风发生频率极小月和极大月）,来进行背景误差协方差的统计。利用NMC方法得到了背景误差协方差矩阵的回归系数、特征向量以及特征尺度,并对其进行了对比分析,结果表明：背景误差协方差与平均气候背景密切相关,且受模式分辨率大小的影响;回归系数受台风发生频率的气候背景影响明显,分别在模式区域北侧和南侧出现的负值中心代表两季的不稳定能量;垂直背景误差协方差的第一特征向量代表了其最主要特征,台风发生频率的最大影响表现在风场的预报;水平特征尺度随不同变量,不同模式分辨率和台风发生频率有较大不同,相对湿度和非平衡温度表现出较强的局地性。     

A submarine canyon conduit under typhoon conditions off Southern Taiwan

The function of a submarine conduit under typhoon conditions is examined. The study site is the Kao-ping river, shelf, and submarine canyon (KPRSC) system located off southern Taiwan on a wave-dominated microtidal coast. The head of the canyon is located approximately 1 km off the river mouth. Two comprehensive 1-month field experiments were carried out in 2000 and 2002 during the flood season of the river. Both experiments encountered typhoons that generated significant river discharge and wave resuspension events. Particle samples collected in 2000 by sediment-traps were analyzed for coarse fraction by the wet sieving method. Among the coarse fraction, foraminiferal species and their abundance were recorded as a tracer for biogenic particles of marine origin. Stable isotopes of carbon (δ¹³C) of organic particles of sediment-trap samples were analyzed as a tracer for particles of terrestrial origin. All the measured flow and particle concentration records were analyzed by conventional time-series analytical methods. Simultaneously observed records of suspended sediment concentration at the river mouth and the volume concentration of suspended particles near the canyon floor were compared. Instantaneous flux and cumulative transport of suspended particles near the canyon floor were estimated during the deployment period. Results show that Kao-ping Submarine Canyon is a multi-level and process-dependant two-way conduit for particles of terrestrial and marine origins. In general, terrestrial signals are stronger than the marine signals in sediment-trap samples near the head of the canyon. During typhoon events, in the early distal phase of their influence nonlithogenic and biogenic marine sources are enhanced; in the later proximal phase signals of locally generated terrestrial lithogenic sources are enhanced. An episode of momentary downcanyon flushing of suspended particles near the canyon floor is observed during one typhoon occurrence. This flushing suggests nondeposition during the typhoon at the locale of deployment despite increased input of particles to the canyon floor. It also suggests a mechanism by which turbidity currents could be triggered. Yet, this flushing phenomenon is not observed in another typhoon occurrence, suggesting it is not universal in the canyon's response to the typhoon.     

基于一维综合孔径微波辐射计的大气海洋环境参数敏感性分析

相比于实孔径微波辐射计,一维综合孔径微波辐射计具有高空间分辨率和多入射角观测特点.本文提出采用观测频率为6.9,10.65,18.7,23.8和36.5 GHz,且入射角范围为0°～65°的一维综合孔径微波辐射计遥感大气海洋环境要素.基于构建的微波大气海洋辐射传输正演模型,分析了辐射计亮温对大气海洋环境要素的敏感性,为...