中国自然保护区社区共管现状分析和改革建议

社区共管在中国自然保护区中已经开展了近60年的试验和探索,但学术研究上仍以个案分析为主,全面性和系统性不足。对自然保护区社区共管的概念、发展和类型进行了研究,提出了不全面、不持续、不有效和不积极4个社区共管问题,并分析了8个问题成因。其中,外部成因主要为权属混乱、体制不顺、资金缺位、法律缺失,而内部成因可概括为思想不一、能力不够、方法不当和研究不足。在自然保护地体制改革的背景下,为进一步完善社区共管机制,研究提出了5项改革建议:1)明确社区共管法律地位,深化各方思想认识;2)分类型、分阶段建立保护区社区共管试点;3)探索多元化的社区协调发展路径;4)确立保护区管理机构社区共管的职能、人员和经费;5)成立跨领域专家小组,建立理论框架和培训体系。     

中国自然保护地社区共管的赋权程度及 影响因素研究

社区共管是国家公园体制建设的重点与难点,赋权程度是这一概念的核心,决定了其模式、机制和形式。对社区共管赋权程度的影响因素研究不足,制约了相应的理论认识和实践优化。采用文献调查、空间分析、主成分分析、回归分析和案例比较法,建立中国自然保护地社区共管案例库,从内部、外部、交互三方面解析了12个变量与赋权程度的关联。研究发现：1)中国社区共管以指导式为主,兼顾咨询、协议和合作式,赋权程度整体上随时间发展不断升高;2)社区共管案例集中分布于生物多样性保护优先区和社会经济欠发达地区;3)社区、政府和制度3个主成分会影响赋权程度,其中制度因子的影响最大。提倡重视社区共管的时间演变特征,培育社区主观能动性和因地制宜的制度建设。深化对社区共管赋权程度的理论认识,为保护地社区共管模式选择提供理论参考。     

乡土建筑的建构与更新-楠溪江之行的思索

楠溪江地区位于中国浙江省永嘉县内,其间散布着很多中国传统村落和民居,与其它地区不同,楠溪江古村落的肌理不是以方格网为基础的,它顺应自然,依山就势,独具特色,然而,随着人们对住房要求的不断提高,许多与地区建筑文脉大相径庭的房屋出现在古村落中,严重影响了村落的景观,该文提出在调查中发现的许多乡土建筑在现代社会中所遇到的问题,并探求这落环境和自在环境相谐调是解决上述问题的出发点和基石。     

“高分一号”卫星数据遥感影像分类方法研究——以内蒙古维拉斯托地区为例

"高分一号"(GF-1)卫星是中国高分辨率对地观测系统的首发星,突破了高空间分辨率、多光谱与宽覆盖相结合的光学遥感等关键技术,开启了中国对地观测的新时代。文章以内蒙古维拉斯托地区为研究对象,首先对GF-1卫星采集的遥感数据进行正射校正、配准、融合、裁剪等预处理;采取不同的图像分类方法提取研究区地形地貌特征及矿业活动特征,并对不同分类方法提取结果进行合并处理与精度评价。结果显示,利用监督分类中人工神经网络方法可以对研究区中的矿业活动特征进行有效的提取。同时应用此种分类方法对大兴安岭西区景观特征的提取也有指导意义。     

Coles' New World and the Status of the Plan

Abstract

Melbourne's district centre planning policy has been critically assessed in previous papers. This one looks at the case of how G.J. Coles' new head office came to be approved at a location away from those areas defined for office development in the metropolitan plan. The paper examines the role of politicians, planners, developers and their clients in that contemporary urban development process.     

Regional Landscape Change in Fishing Communities of the Mexican North Pacific

The study of rural communities is a key element in understanding economic activities and conserving successful methods of resource management and social organisation. The conceptual and operational research axes were interdisciplinary environmental geography and integrative concept landscape. A participatory geographic information system (PGIS) was built to incorporate scientific and local knowledge. Regional landscape changes were analysed in fishing communities of the Mexican North Pacific, based on three historical maps. The main land- and seascape changes were: extensive stockbreeding disappeared; intensive agriculture increased; human settlements expanded; and fishing zones were created, divided and expanded seawards. Marine environment was the most changeable territory, reflecting the dominance of fishing activities. The PGIS proved to be a useful tool for identifying and understanding the changes in fishery management and the resulting dynamics of marine landscape zoning in the various communities, and in future projects would be equally applicable to coastal management and territorial organisation.     

南京河西CBD生态规划的思考

该文首先回顾了经典CBD理论和国内外著名CBD的成功经验,然后结合南京河西CBD的实际情况及功能定位着重探讨了如何建设生态型的河西CBD,提出需要加强维护规划、完善相关法律法规、加快产业结构的升级和调整、创造浓厚的文化氛围、建成现代化的城市基础设施、保证环境保护系统的良好运转等一系列发展措施,并且从宏观方面对河西CBD的建设发展给出一些建议.     

Quality of life in the growing community

The main reasons why communities grow rapidly in population is because of their attractiveness, which incorporates both economic and non-economic considerations. However, rapid population growth can and often does deteriorate the attractiveness of a community and thus reduces the motive for further rapid population growth. This paper develops a model of individual migration based on the assumption that individuals, or households, will locate in communities which maximize their perception of the “quality of life.” When aggregated, the model can be used to describe how the attractiveness of different communities adjusts relative to one another. The influence of economic factors and the industrial base on population growth and community attractiveness are examined, and the trade-offs between economic and non-economic components of a community's “quality of life” are discussed. Finally, possible strategies for communities who wish to slow their rates of population growth are examined in light of the implications of the model.     

Interdisciplinary Planning for Healthier Communities: Findings from the Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative

Health disparities that affect whole communities may involve factors like housing quality that lie at least partly within planners' realm of policy influence. This article demonstrates a link between housing and childhood asthma. The magnitude of the childhood asthma epidemic in Harlem in New York City and the commitment of engaged community partners led to an interdisciplinary, participatory, and multifaceted approach to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative. Here we present the first year's data on environmental triggers in the homes of program participants, showing that intensive, community-based programs can reduce both home environmental triggers and adverse childhood asthma outcomes. This provides an example of a community-wide public health intervention that informs public policy and planning, and may provide a sustainable model for reducing childhood asthma in impoverished communities.     

城市森林公园植物群落与空气负离子 空间分布的关系——以武汉马鞍山森林公园 为例

以武汉市马鞍山森林公园为例,以植物群落的生物特征和地理特征为变量、空气负离子浓度(NAI)为观测指标,对春季马鞍山森林公园植物群落与空气负离子空间分布的关系进行分析。研究表明:1)马鞍山森林公园空气负离子浓度与植物群落生物特征变量(平均树高、冠层高度)和地理特征变量(坡度)呈显著性正相关(P0.05),其中冠层高度对空气负离子浓度回归模型相关性显著(P0.05)。2)马鞍山森林公园空气负离子高浓度区域主要分布于森林公园北部沿湖区域和南部山体区域,植物群落构成分别为马尾松群落、枫香群落、川桂群落、板栗+檵木群落、香樟+杜英群落、枫香+马尾松群落、马尾松+冬青群落;空气负离子低浓度区域主要分布于公园中部和入口平地区域,植物群落构成分别为槲栎+山胡椒群落、板栗+冬青群落、化香群落、檵木群落;44个植物群落空气清洁度(CI)变化区间为0.13～0.89,CI空间分布与空气负离子浓度分布趋势相似,其中位于马鞍山山脊的马尾松群落和赵家山山脊的马尾松+枫香群落空气清洁度CI达到清洁(B)级别。3)马鞍山森林公园空气负离子浓度最高值出现在8:00—10:00,最低出现在16:00—18:00;CI最高值出现在12:00—14:00,CI值为0.45,接近中等清洁级别;8:00—10:00和16:00—18:00时段CI相差不大,CI值为0.33～0.34,为允许级别。研究结论将为量化评价城市森林公园的微气候环境效应及功能性空间规划设计提供理论基础。     

Spatial patterns of residents’ daily activity space and its influencing factors based on the CatBoost model: A case study of Nanjing,China

The complexity and fragmentation of people's activity space are challenging to planners. However, the relevant studies are mostly concerned on the relationship between the social attributes and the activity space of residents in a single or several communities, or the spatiotemporal laws of activity space on a macro scale. The research on the spatial characteristics of residents' activity space still needs to be strengthened. The present study analyses the spatial patterns of residents' activity space based on mobile phone signaling data to fill the gap of previous studies that assessed residents' activity space across small geographic areas. First, according to the spatial scope and direction of an activity space and residents' activity coverage rate, spatial patterns can be divided into three types: compact, extended, and directional extension patterns. The CatBoost method is then used to statistically analyze the influencing variables of spatial patterns, and the order of importance of the following influencing factors is determined: the built environment is more influential than social and economic situations. This study aims to strengthen the understanding of residents' activity space at the spatial level and provide a basis for the optimization of communities with different spatial patterns.     

Effect of pumping on the spatio-temporal distribution of microbial communities in a water well field

A water well field adjacent to the North Saskatchewan River (City of North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada) with a history of rapid deterioration of both well water quality and yield was selected to study the spatial and temporal distribution of subsurface microbial communities and their response to water pumping. A range of conventional cultural, microscopic and molecular techniques, including confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), Biolog, qPCR and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), was used during this study. Redox data and water and sediment chemistry showed that the aquifer was anoxic and harbored substantial amounts of Fe and Mn. CLSM analyses of incubated coupons indicated extensive biofilm growth in the zone immediately surrounding the well and was coincident with reduced water well yield. PCR screening and qPCR analyses showed that the potential for iron- and sulfate-reducing activity increased with proximity to the well. Bacterial communities inhabiting the zone closest to the well showed the greatest changes and differences in metabolic activities and composition as revealed by PCA (Principal Components Analysis) of the Biolog and DGGE data. The sequence analysis of all the samples revealed that Sulfuricurvum spp., Methylobacter spp., Geobacter spp. and Rhodobacter spp. were most commonly detected in this aquifer. Overall the findings demonstrated that the microbial numbers, metabolic activities and the community composition changed in response to water pumping but effects did not extend beyond 1-2 m zone from the well.     

Competitive advantage from ERP projects: Examining the role of key implementation drivers

In this study, we build a conceptual model, which draws upon information systems implementation theory, to investigate the relationship between critical success factors related to the implementation of ERP software and the goal of competitive advantage. We test this model with data from a survey of 217 Australian organisations, using structural equation modelling (SEM). We find that organisations can best achieve competitive advantage by carefully managing: a) training and education, and b) system integration activities. Perhaps unexpectedly, neither well-conducted business process re-engineering nor good project management necessarily lead to competitive advantage. We have extended prior knowledge by providing empirical evidence that some CSFs do influence competitive advantage but that others may not. The results confirm that overall project delivery outcomes can be improved by understanding the influence of factors on both project management performance and post-implementation performance. Some theoretical and managerial consequences of the study's findings and limitations are discussed.     

信息化背景下城镇社区科普信息化需求度和满意度现状研究——以重庆市城镇社区调研实证研究分析为例

进入互联网信息时代,科普事业的环境也发生了变化。信息化背景下的社区科普工作的改革,应更能满足城镇居民的需求。通过对当前城镇居民对社区科普的需求度和满意度的调查和分析,探索性地提出相关建议,为社区科普工作有效开展提出了具体的意见。     

Events as a means to foster knowledge-driven urban development: Experience from the new district development in Nanjing

Events can bring important impetus to urban development. In addition to hardware investments, such as infrastructure, events also have important potential in the development of knowledge cities. Nanjing is a typical city where China's knowledge industry is rapidly growing. Since the end of the last century, Nanjing has been promoting new district development on the city's periphery and has hosted a series of events, including the 10th National Games in 2005 and the 2nd Youth Olympic Games in 2014. In this process, the city government also hopes to explore the potential of the knowledge economy and is committed to providing a new direction for urban development.This work reviews the history of Nanjing's knowledge city development from two different dimensions (land development and knowledge development) and summarises the related achievements and lessons in different periods. The authors aim to identify the diverse effects of events in urban social and economic development based on the analysis of the differences in governance structure between land development and knowledge development. This work contributes to the literature on events and provides insights into the potential uses of events as a mechanism for knowledge-driven urban development.     

Countryside Preferences: Exploring Individuals' Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of the Traditional Farm Landscape

This paper explored individuals' attitudes towards the traditional farm landscape and using the contingent valuation method (CVM) their willingness to pay (WTP) for agricultural activities aimed at its protection. Analysis of consumer attitudes towards the countryside can provide information from which policy-makers can ascertain if policy measures aimed at enhancing and protecting the rural landscape are in line with citizens' views and expectations. Results from a Generalized Tobit Interval model suggest that attitudes regarding the importance of particular landscape attributes have a differential impact on WTP. A variety of background variables and whether individuals live in the countryside were also found to strongly influence WTP. More generally, the results would indicate broad public support for second pillar objectives under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) such as the protection of the traditional farm landscape.     

Identifying the spatial mixture distribution of bird diversity across urban and suburban areas in the metropolis: A case study in Taipei Basin of Taiwan

This study utilized a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM) to identify the distribution of bird diversity in urban and suburban areas of the Taipei basin. The spatial patterns of Shannon's diversity index were estimated using Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with bird investigation data. To validate the results of FMDM, bird groups were classified by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) based on bird presence-absence records. The probabilities exceeding FMDM's cut-off values for suburban bird communities were obtained from SGS realizations. The results showed that bird diversity in the Taipei basin could be comprised of two-component mixture distributions for urban and suburban bird communities, respectively. The FMDM bird diversity classifications fit the TWINSPAN groups of urban and suburban species. The spatial maps of bird diversity in the study area provide evidence that a metropolis can cause changes in the spatial characteristics of bird communities at the landscape level. Furthermore, the bird diversity and land use maps could be useful for future conservation and urban planning in Taipei Basin, particularly urban green spaces and wetlands. The maps could also be utilized in network planning of green belts or corridors for ecological conservation.     

社区适老性规划设计研究

我国已成为世界上老龄人口数量最 多的国家,老年人生活和居住问题日益突出, 如何改善现有的居住环境,使老年人真正感 觉到老有所养、住有所居,是规划师亟待解 决的重要问题。本文从我国人口老龄化现状 入手,结合我国实际探讨了社区适老性的必要 性,对当前老年人的居住需求进行了分析,从 社区总体布局、老年住宅设计、社区空间环境 和社区公共服务设施4个方面提出了应对老 龄化的社区适老性规划设计的措施。     

Architectural quality of the productive fa(c)ades integrating photovoltaic and vertical farming systems: Survey among experts in Singapore

Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making high-density cities more resilient. Productive façades (PFs), as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic (PV) and vertical farming (VF) systems, could contribute to transforming buildings and communities from consumers to producers. This study analyses the architectural quality of the developed PF concept drawing on the findings of a web-survey conducted among experts – building professionals in Singapore. The developed design variants are compared with regards to key design aspects such as façade aesthetics, view from the inside, materialisation, ease of operation, functionality and overall architectural quality. The study also compares and discusses the results of the web-survey with the results of a previously conducted door-to-door survey among the potential users – residents of the Housing &; Development Board (HDB) blocks. The findings confirm an overall acceptance of the PF concept and reveal a need for synergetic collaboration between architects/designers and other building professionals. Based on the defined PF design framework and the results of the two surveys, a series of recommendations and improved PF prototypes are proposed for further assessment and implementation in order to foster their scalability from buildings into communities and cities.     

住区的封闭与开放——解读"中央花园"与"风华天城"住宅小区

通过对中央花园和风华天城两个住宅小区的分析,比较了封闭式小区与开放式小区的安全性、道路系统、公共设施、社会性等,在指出从封闭到开放是时代的进步的同时,强调只有把握开放的合适程度,才是住区与城市的健康发展之路。