Thin-film strain gauge sensors for ion thrust measurement

In order to measure the thrust produced by a stationary plasma thruster, a measurement system has been developed using a thrust balance with thin-film strain gauge sensors. For this purpose, strain gauges were designed and deposited on the columns of the thrust balance fabricated and necessary signal conditioning circuits have been used. The performance of the system developed was studied, in a vacuum chamber under space simulated conditions, by activating the thruster. In situ calibration was done using Lami's principle. For discharge powers varying from 210-275 W, the measured values of thrust were found to be in the range of 11-16 mN with an accuracy of /spl plusmn/1 mN and resolution of 0.12 mN. Specific impulse and efficiency were also estimated.     

基于高鲁棒性超声超表面的声束定向发射

基于超薄平面型超声超表面构建了超声束定向发射器件,利用有限元仿真验证了声束定向发射的高效性和采用不同单元结构配置时定向发射效果的高鲁棒性。所设计的超表面器件由结构单元周期性排列而成,在保持结构周期性不变的条件下,尽管结构单元几何形状呈随机分布、或者结构中存在几何缺陷,但仍可有效地保持声束定向发射的良好性能。基于超声超表面的超声束定向发射器件具有结构设计简单、定向准确性高、灵活性强、适用范围广等优点,在工业无损检测、水下探测、医学超声工程等领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

A self-running standing wave-type bidirectional slider for the ultrasonically levitated thin linear stage

A slider for a self-running standing wave-type, ultrasonically levitated, thin linear stage is discussed. The slider can be levitated and moved using acoustic radiation force and acoustic streaming. The slider has a simple configuration and consists of an aluminum vibrating plate and a piezoelectric zirconate titanate (PZT) element. The large asymmetric vibration distribution for the high thrust and levitation performance was obtained by adjusting the configuration determined by finite elemental analysis (FEA). As a preliminary step, the computed results of the sound pressure distribution in the 1-mm air gap by FEA was com pared with experimental results obtained using a fiber optic probe. The direction of the total driving force for the acoustic streaming in the small air gap was estimated by the sound pressure distribution calculated by FEA, and it was found that the direction of the acoustic streaming could be altered by controlling the vibration mode of the slider. The flexural standing wave could be generated along the vibrating plate near the frequencies predicted based on the FEA results. The slider could be levitated by the acoustic radiation force radiated from its own vibrating plate at several frequencies. The slider could be moved in the negative and positive directions at 68 kHz and 69 kHz, which correspond to the results computed by FEA, with the asymmetric vibration distribution of the slider's vibrating plate. Larger thrust could be obtained with the smaller levitation distance, and the maximum thrust was 19 mN.     

水声吸声高分子材料的发展及应用

综述了水声吸声材料的发展、应用状况及吸声机理的研究进展。     

Experimental investigation of thrust-vector deviation in a plasma thruster

We have studied deviation of the thrust vector of a plasma thruster with the aid of a magnetic system arranged behind the thruster edge. The magnetic field generated by the system acted upon the directional motion of ions in the jet. The experiments were performed on a laboratory model of the α-100 stationary plasma thruster (SPT) with an output channel diameter of 100 mm and overall dimensions L = 70 mm and D = 200 mm. The results of measurements showed that, in the range of parameters studied, the angle of rotation of the output plasma jet exhibited a nearly linear dependence on the current in coils of the deviating magnetic system.     

Experimental investigation of a low-power stationary plasma thruster

Integral characteristics of a laboratory model of the new-generation α-40 stationary plasma thruster (SPT) designed to operate at a total consumed power of 150 W have been studied. Integral parameters of the SPT prototype, including thrust, discharge current, specific impulse, and efficiency, determined on the test stands of MIREA and Fakel Special Design Bureau proved to be virtually identical. At a deposited power of ～150W, discharge voltage of 210 V, and consumption rate of propellant (xenon) of 0.7 mg/s, the thrust reached 9.4 mN, the anodic specific impulse was ～1370 s, and the anode thrust efficiency (with allowance for the power consumed by magnetization coils) was about 41%. In a different regime with a greater thrust (9.7 mN) but lower specific impulse (1240 s) at the same deposited power (～150 W), which was observed at a propellant-consumption rate of 0.8 mg/s and a discharge voltage of 190 V, the efficiency was ～40%. The jet semidivergence angle was ±25°. The predicted SPT service life is 2500 h. The obtained data show that the efficiency of α-40 SPT is higher than that of the known analogs.     

一款水声通信换能器研究

随着声呐技术的迅速发展,水声通信在海洋科学研究及海洋开发中发挥着非常重要的作用,水声通信换能器是水声通信设备中负责电声转换的重要部件。研究了一款带底座的溢流圆管换能器,通过有限元仿真计算了换能器发送电压响应和方向性等参数,优化了换能器中的陶瓷元件和底座的结构尺寸,制作并测量得到一款半空间指向性的水声通信换能器,换能器的工作频段为11~23 k Hz,带内起伏为3 d B,最大发送电压响应为133 d B,-3 d B垂直开角大于180°。     

基于超导差分加速度测量原理的微推力测量方案

随着微推进技术的快速发展,微推力器推力的测试与标定也日益困难。为实现微推力的精密测量和动态特性测试,通过分析超导重力梯度仪的差分加速度测量原理、仪器的构成和原理电路等,提出了一种基于高温超导差分加速度测量原理和SQUID检测技术微推力测量方案,其推力测量范围为10^-7-10^-2N、测量频带从直流至4Hz。根据检验质量的动力学方程和超导回路磁通量守恒方程,导出了推力与输出差分电流的传递函数,分析了影响测量的主要噪声。方案可应用于微推力的测量,并有进一步提高推力测量精度的潜力。     

波浪滑翔器声学应用分析

波浪滑翔器作为一种跨界面无人自主航行器具有独特的优势,既可以作为水下与水面通信的中继节点,又可以搭载观测设备在大洋上长期自主航行,实现长时序、大范围观测.利用波浪滑翔器搭载声学负载组成声学探测节点,由多个节点按一定的轨迹运行组成特殊接收阵型可以提高水下目标检测概率.文章利用波浪滑翔器搭载自容式水听器在青岛近海开展了海上...     

水声材料声学参数及其声管测量方法

简要阐述了水声材料产品研制过程中水声材料及其声学参数测量的重要意义和存在的问题,详细论述了水声材料声学参数分类及相应的测量方式,归纳了脉冲法、驻波法和行波法声管各自的测量原理和适用的条件,以及声管测量技术的发展趋势,最后总结了通过声管测量水声材料声学参数时,对测量声管和被测量样品的一般要求。     

基于有限元法的水声构件声性能预报

对水声构件的声性能进行有限元仿真研究,是因为水声构件的声性能不仅由材料本身的物理参数所决定,而且与其内部空腔形状与分布有关。通过反射波与入射波形成的驻波场声压可以直接计算出水声构件的吸声系数。对多种样品进行仿真与测量,两者结果较为一致。该法不受模型结构复杂性的限制,具有费时少、精度高的特点,为消声瓦等水声构件的声性能预报提供了保证。是预报水声构件声性能的一种便捷工具。     

基于超声驻波场的水下颗粒操控研究

超声波产生的声辐射力可以实现对微小物体的操控。针对微米尺度颗粒在液体环境的操控问题,基于黏性介质中的声辐射力理论,建立由双凹球面聚焦超声换能器驱动下的水下颗粒操控模型。利用COMSOL软件仿真了模型的声场、声流场及颗粒操控动态过程,最后通过水下颗粒操控实验对仿真结果进行验证。研究发现,颗粒在水下操控过程受到声辐射力与声流曳力的共同作用,由声波干涉作用形成的局部驻波场主要依靠声辐射力将颗粒团聚在波节位置,但随着颗粒尺寸的减小,颗粒无法继续束缚,颗粒操控将由依靠声辐射力转变为声流曳力。此外声场强度的增加会增强颗粒操控的抗扰动能力。     

推进轴系纵向振动引起的艇体声振特性分析

螺旋桨在艇体艉部不均匀伴流场中旋转产生的脉动推力激励起推进轴系纵向振动,振动经推力轴承基座传递至艇体,引起艇体水下低频辐射噪声。通过建立推进轴系、推力轴承基座和艇体耦合结构模型,分析推进轴系─艇体的耦合振动模态,结果显示,艇体弹性支撑边界条件对推进轴系的纵向振动特性有一定影响。采用基于模态叠加法的有限元结合边界元方法分析推进轴系纵向振动激励下的艇体水下辐射声场,分析表明,艇体第1阶纵向振动模态是参与艇体水下声辐射的主模态。进一步在推力轴承及其基座间安装动力吸振器以减小推进轴系纵向振动向艇体的传递,使艇体水下辐射噪声得到一定程度上的控制。     

弹性球壳声散射对矢量传感器测向精度的影响

由无指向性的声压传感器和具有偶极子指向性的振速传感器组成的矢量传感器,被应用于水声技术的各个领域;在实际应用过程中,常常把矢量传感器固定在某个水下平台上,而平台产生的散射场会使矢量传感器的接收声场发生畸变,进而影响其测量结果。本文以实际应用为背景,建立了弹性球壳障板的声散射场对矢量传感器测向性能影响的模型,并通过仿真分析了不同入射频率、不同观察距离、不同球壳厚度和半径条件下障板对矢量传感器测向精度的影响,研究结果为矢量传感器在水声测量中的应用提供理论支撑。     

多档位扭摆推力测量装置的设计与标定实验

针对卫星用中高功率电推进器产生的推力范围跨度大，现有的推力测量装置存在测量范围不全、抗干扰能力差导致测不准等问题，开展了多档位三丝扭摆推力测量装置研究。首先，建立了推力测量装置物理模型，研究了推力与偏转位移之间的数学关系，并实现了多档位三丝扭摆推力测量装置的设计。接着，采用标准砝码与定制砝码对测量装置进行标定，并通过标定实验确定各档位下的测量误差。然后，综合考虑了装置的不确定度影响因素，设计相关试验开展不确定评估。实验结果表明：在实验环境不变的情况下，多档位三丝扭摆推力测量装置设计的小档位推力为98 mN的不确定度为0.030 mN（k=2）；中档位推力为490 mN的不确定度为0.068 mN（k=2），大档位推力为980 mN的不确定度为0.092 mN（k=2）。多档位扭摆推力测量装置采用换档位的测量方法实现了9.8~1029 mN范围的推力测量，测量精度高、抗干扰能力强，解决了宽范围推力测量过程中全量程精度难以保证的问题，为中高功率电推进器推力测量提供技术支撑。     

面向跨水空介质通信的雷达水表面声波提取

由于水空介质的非连续性,空中电磁波和水下声波都无法跨越该介质边界,所以无中继器跨水空介质通信一直是研究中的难点。水下声波会引起水空边界的微小振动即水表面声波(Water Surface Acoustic Wave,WSAW),而毫米波雷达能够实现对微动信号的高精度探测,因此文章提出了基于级联成像调频连续波(Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave,FMCW)雷达提取WSAW信号的方法。首先研究了WSAW的基本特征及FMCW雷达微动信号的提取原理;其次采用线性调频的水下声信号并结合匹配滤波技术来提高输出信噪比,针对大幅度自然扰动,提出了一种多角度积累结合阈值相位补偿的信号增强算法;最后在不同波高的扰动下进行实验,结果表明在1.5 cm的自然波动干扰下仍能提取WSAW信号,成像FMCW雷达偏过一定角度也能有效地进行通信,验证了文中所提方法的有效性。     

水下刚性角反射器散射特性

为了分析水下角反射器的声散射特性,提出了一种计算水下凹面目标散射声场的方法。采用ANSYS软件构建水下角反射器实体模型,再利用声学分析软件SYSNOISE对其远场散射声场进行仿真。计算了二面角反射器的目标强度,并与声束弹跳法和板块元法的计算结果进行对比,验证了该方法的适用性和精确性。对三面角反射器的散射特性进行了分析,得到了不同声波入射角度下的目标强度、目标强度随频率的变化规律以及散射方向图,结果表明,正方形角反射器的目标强度最大,三角形角反射器的散射宽度最大,角反射器目标强度不存在明显的频率效应。计算了八面角反射体的方向图,计算结果表明角反射器组合可以有效增大目标强度和散射宽度。     

一种窄带水声信号数字处理系统

针对窄带水声接收机参数估计精度低、目标识别能力差的弱点,提出了数字鉴宽的概念及方法,利用复杂可编程逻辑器件(Complex Programmable Logic Device, CPLD)实现对窄带水声信号宽度的精确识别.该方法可广泛适用于数字滤波和机械滤波窄带水声接收电路,鉴宽结果性能稳定、可靠,可满足大多数窄带水声系统对信号及其宽度识别的精度要求.同时,根据实际水声系统对水声接收机增益调节的需要,提出了利用MSP430单片机及 D/A器件实现水声接收机手动及自动增益控制的方法,它可应用于各种水声接收电路中.所提出的窄带水声信号处理方法有算法简便、实用的优点,使用的理想效果在实际应用中得到了验证.     

压电水声换能器的声学特性分析

压电水声换能器是一种既能作为驱动器又能作为传感器工作的水下探测装置。准确预测其在嘈杂水下环境中的声学特性对设计出坚固耐用的换能器是十分重要的。有限元方法对分析换能器在不同环境中的各种性能十分有效和实用。建立了一种Tonpilz型换能器的二维轴对称有限元模型,设计了基于有限元方法的程序,对其进行了动力学分析,包括模态分析和谐响应分析等,获得了一些声学特性。该程序分析的结果与ANSYS软件分析的结果显示出较好的吻合性。     

Elastic contact conditions to optimize friction drive of surface acoustic wave motor

The optimum pressing force, namely the preload, for a slider to obtain superior operation conditions in a surface acoustic wave motor have been examined. We used steel balls as sliders. The preload was controlled using a permanent magnet. The steel balls were 0.5, 1, and 2 mm diameter, with the differences in diameter making it possible to change contact conditions, such as the contact pressure, contact area, and deformation of the stator and the slider. The stator transducer was lithium niobate, 128 degrees rotated, y-cut x-propagation substrate. The driving frequency of the Rayleigh wave was about 10 MHz. Hence, the particle vibration amplitude at the surface is as small as 10 nm. For superior friction drive conditions, a high contact pressure was required. For example, in the case of the 1 mm diameter steel ball at the sinusoidal driving voltage of 180 V(peak), the slider speed was 43 cm/sec, the thrust output force was 1 mN, and the acceleration was 23 times as large as the gravitational acceleration at a contact pressure of 390 MPa. From the Hertz theory of contact stress, the contact area radius was only 3 mum. The estimation of the friction drive performance was carried out from the transient traveling distance of the slider in a 3 msec burst drive. As a result, the deformation of the stator and the slider by the preload should be half of the vibration amplitude. This condition was independent of the ball diameter and the vibration amplitude. The output thrust per square millimeter was 50 N, and the maximum speed was 0.7 m/sec. From these results, we conclude that it is possible for the surface acoustic wave motor to have a large output force, high speed, quick response, long traveling distance, and a thin micro linear actuator.