中亚五国综合城镇化水平测度及其动力因素

丝绸之路经济带快速发展形势下,开展中亚国家城镇化的深入研究非常必要.本文通过建立综合城镇化水平的评价指标体系,对中亚五国独立以来1991-2017年间的城镇化时空格局和演化过程进行了分析,并运用固定效应面板数据回归模型,从"内—外双向力"视角分析了综合城镇化的动力因素.研究认为:①中亚国家的城镇化过程受政治经济形势的影...     

Comprehensive urbanization level and its dynamic factors for five Central Asian countries

Journal of Geographical Sciences - In the context of accelerated development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on urbanization of Central Asian countries....     

Some aspects of the development of urbanization on the territory of Yugra

Statistical information was used to develop cartographic models for group systems of settlement on the territory of Yugra. As a result, it as possible to most clearly represent all details of the current spatial pattern of the network of urban settlements in the okrug. The solution of several problems is suggested for improvement and implementation of the concept of sustainable development of urbanized territories, among them agglomerations.     

中亚地区土地与人口城镇化时空耦合特征

中亚作为丝绸之路经济带的重要枢纽,其土地与人口城镇化间的协调发展不仅影响中亚地区社会经济的可持续发展,同时能够推动“一带一路”倡议的实施。基于中亚五国首都2000—2019年城市土地和人口数据,采用城市扩张模式指数、人口集中指数、等扇分析法和空间耦合协调模型等方法,研究了城市土地扩张与人口增长的时空耦合特征。结果表明：（1）从空间演变特征看,中亚五国首都城市土地扩张模式类型主要以蔓延式为主,扩张模式指数整体呈先上升后下降趋势;人口集聚特征上,阿什哈巴德人口集中度呈上升趋势,杜尚别和努尔苏丹呈下降趋势,塔什干和比什凯克的人口集中指数在0.6～0.7之间波动变化。（2）从空间增长趋势看,比什凯克、阿什哈巴德和努尔苏丹城市土地与人口扩展方向基本相同,塔什干稍有偏差,杜尚别差异较大。（3）从耦合协调特征看,塔什干土地与人口间的耦合性和协调度都偏低,其城镇化协调发展处于起步阶段;杜尚别和比什凯克耦合性较好,但协调度变化较大,处于波动阶段;阿什哈巴德和努尔苏丹协调度较高,处于稳定阶段。     

Mechanism of interaction between urbanization and resource environment in Central Asia

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Central Asia features an arid and semi-arid climate, and the region is undergoing urbanization in the context of a fragile eco-environment. The influence of...     

中亚城镇化研究的文献分析及热点变化

丝绸之路经济带加快发展背景下,中亚地区的城镇化问题受到关注。以Web of Science核心合集和中国知网为数据来源,检索1980—2017年间中亚城镇化研究领域的相关文献,运用文献计量分析方法对中亚城镇化研究的文献分布特征与热点变化态势进行了分析。研究认为：（1）国内外期刊对中亚城镇化研究的数量均快速增加,国外期刊对中亚城镇化的研究多集中在欧美发达国家和机构,国内期刊的相关研究主要集中在新疆的大学和科研机构;（2）国际期刊对中亚城镇化的研究热点与中亚城镇化所处阶段特征相呼应,依次关注居民生活与健康问题、资源开发与环境问题、工业发展与污染问题、国际合作与人口迁移,其中环境健康是常年关注的核心问题;（3）国内期刊对中亚城镇化的研究起步较晚,2000—2009年间对能源合作特别关注,2010—2017年间对政治、经济、社会和交通多元合作开始全面关注,能源合作是长期关注的焦点,“一带一路”成为近期研究的重点领域;（4）综合来看,国内外对中亚城镇化问题的关注面较广,对城镇化问题的聚焦度不够,全球化和“一带一路”背景下的中亚城镇化问题研究会成为研究的新热点。     

Central Asian geo-relation networks: Evolution and driving forces

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Due to the unique geographical location and historical background of Central Asia, the region’s geo-relation networks are complex and changeable. A social...     

中亚国家地缘位置与中国地缘战略的若干思考

中亚地区以其独特的地缘位置而受到美、俄、中及欧盟等大国的高度重视。中亚是中国的重要邻邦,也是中国周边合作的重点地区,更是中国提升安全与能源保障的重要地缘战略依托。基于人文—经济地理学视角,从中亚国家的特点、中亚国家的地缘位置、中国和中亚国家的地缘关系,以及地缘合作战略等方面,对中亚国家的地缘位置及其与中国的地缘战略进行较为系统的分析。主要结论为：① 中亚地区自然—人文地理特点的一致性,区域内部发展的差异性,对外部经济的高度依赖性,大国角逐的长期性,以及对中国地缘利益的重要性,是地理学关注和研究中亚地缘问题的主要切入点;② 在全球尺度上,运用柯恩的当代世界地缘政治区划模型,分析中亚与以俄罗斯为代表的“欧亚大陆辖区”、以美国为代表的“海洋辖区”、以中国为代表的“东亚辖区”的地缘关系;在区域尺度上,建立一个“同心圆和扇形分布”相结合的模型,分析中亚与相邻国家或地区的地缘关系;③ 中国在中亚地区有着良好的地缘政治、经济、文化利益,中亚国家对中国也有巨大的地缘需求,这是中国与中亚国家相互合作的基础;④ 中国未来应逐步成为中亚地缘政治与文化的“参与者”、地缘经济的“引领者”。     

Some aspects of non-linearity in inversion

Summary. A direct attempt is made to examine the influence of non-linearity, in the dependence of data on parameters, on model resolution. An extension of the Marquardt approach to the non-linear case leads to bounded domains in discrete parameter space for a specified level of data misfit. The simplest class of non-linear influences on these domains may be simulated by modified linear terms via perturbation theory. Asymmetric non-linear effects are considered using an ensemble of attempts at the solution of the inverse problem.     

中国与俄罗斯及中亚五国能源合作前景展望

中国是当今世界上仅次于美国的第二大能源消费国和进口国,能源供应安全直接关系到中国的国家安全和现代化进程。通过与俄罗斯和中亚五国的能源合作来扩展石油与天然气来源,与传统的海运进口方式相比,不仅可以大幅度节省运费和时间,而且能源供应的安全性也可大大提高。本文从地理学和地缘政治角度,在深入分析中国与俄罗斯及中亚五国开展能源合作的战略背景、现实需要、资源储备、发展现状的基础上,结合已有的能源合作项目和发展计划,预测了未来至2030 年不同时间点的能源合作潜力与规模。主要结论如下:① 至2015 年,来自俄罗斯及中亚五国的原油在中国原油进口总额中所占比例将由2010 年的12.3%上升至20%,而天然气由10%上升至50%,两者相加占中国油气综合进口量的26%;② 至2020 年,来自俄罗斯和中亚五国的原油、天然气和油气综合进口量所占比例分别上升至28%、70%和38%;③ 至2030 年,分别占26%、75%和40%。本文筛选并展望了中国与俄罗斯及中亚五国已经开展或即将开展的10 项重要能源合作项目。为进一步提升能源合作,本文重点推荐了4 种合作模式,即贷款换石油模式、产量分成模式、联合经营模式和技术服务模式,认为应妥善协调能源合作中的矛盾与问题,加强能源开发中的生态保护与环境治理,并重视改善能源合作开发区域的民生状况。     

Dynamic transition mechanism analysis of the impact of energy development on urbanization in Central Asia

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Energy development has a significant impact on urbanization. This study employs the entropy method to evaluate the level of urbanization in Central Asia and...     

中心地-腹地系统研究中的若干问题

针对传统的中心地-腹地理论与现实的矛盾,提出了一些新的观点.认为生产要素在空间上的流动具有相对主体的不对称性、趋利性和相互替代性等特点;同时提出了"准腹地"和"飞地型腹地"的概念;论证了区域经济不平衡条件下中心城市腹地的不对称性.在此基础上提出通过"功能区域"、以节点和网络界定域面、通过企业腹地研究城市腹地等新的思路.     

Some aspects of magnetic viscosity in subaerial and submarine volcanic rocks

Summary. The magnetic viscosity of 334 Upper Tertiary and pre-Bruhnes Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Massif Central (France) and the Steens Mountain (Oregon), and of 40 basaltic cores from DSDP leg 37 has been investigated. Thellier's viscosity index follows a log normal distribution with mean values equal to 6 and 3.5 per cent for subaerial and submarine rocks respectively. For subaerial rocks, the average intensity of the viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) acquired in the Earth's field since the beginning of the Bruhnes polarity epoch ( t = 0.7 Myr) is estimated to be equal to one-quarter of the average intensity of the primary remanence. Alternating field demagnetization of VRMs acquired in low fields for acquisition times t ranging from 2 day to 32 month indicates the resistance to alternating fields is quite different from sample to sample and increases linearly with log t.
Néel's diagnostic parameter of domain structure of the grains involved in magnetic viscosity shows that hard VRM is carried by single-domain grains and soft VRM carried by multidomain particles. Single domain particles carrying hard VRM in subaerial volcanic rocks are almost equant magnetite intergrowths with size near the superparamagnetism threshold, resulting from high temperature oxidation of titanomagnetite. Soft VRM is carried by low Curie point homogeneous titanomagnetite. Unlike his single domain theory, Néel's multidomain theory of magnetic viscosity does not account quantitatively for the resistance of VRM to alternating fields.     

Quantitative Analysis of Central Asian Countries’ Energy Security and Its Political Influence Factors

Central Asian countries are located in the heartland of the Eurasian Continent. Their geographic location puts their energy flows under tremendous geopolitical pressure from the countries along their limited number of pipelines. With energy trade data from the United Nations Comtrade Statistics Database in the period from 2005 to 2016, this paper evaluates energy security of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan (exporter) and Kyrgyzstan (importer) using three standards: correlativeness, diversity, and the impact of international relations. It concludes that Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan’s oil markets are balanced in terms of correlation and diversification, and thus less subject to geopolitical pressure. Turkmenistan’s gas markets, on the other hand, still have tremendous exposure to geopolitical risks for lack of diversification. Kyrgyzstan, as an energy importer, could rely on a few neighboring countries for energy supply. We found out that the three Central Asian countries’ energy security is largely determined by four political factors: the relationship with Russia, the new “great game” in Eurasia, the rise of China, and Central Asian regional geopolitical configuration.     

基于多时相Landsat影像的中亚地区植被覆盖遥感监测

针对中亚地区的强生态脆弱性、高敏感性特征,有必要开展广域、长期的植被覆盖监测以匹配"绿色丝绸之路"的可持续发展目标。鉴于此,联合Landsat 5和Landsat 8卫星数据集,利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)地理空间数据云计算平台,估算了中亚地区1993—2018年间共12期的植被覆盖度。结果表明:(1)中亚地区植被覆盖总体水平较低,但也具有较为显著的空间异质性。(2)中亚地区1993—2018年间多数区域植被覆盖趋势较为稳定,哈萨克斯坦丘陵、费尔干纳盆地等区域植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,乌拉尔河流域和锡尔河流域等区域植被覆盖趋势为负。(3)植被覆盖度时序特征上,中亚地区1993—2018年间总体植被覆盖度累积增加3%,其中吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦植被覆盖分别增加3.96%和5.86%。(4)裸土区呈退缩趋势,面积总计减少25.9×104km2,低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区范围在呈现出的振荡式增加。研究结合遥感大数据和地理云计算对中亚地区进行区域尺度的植被覆盖动态监测,能对中亚地区生态评估和演替分析提供技术支持和定量数据。     

Some aspects of beach use in the Perth metropolitan area

The recreational use of metropolitan beaches is an important but neglected aspect of recreational research in Australia. This paper discusses the results of a survey of beach use in the Perth metropolitan area and also examines travel patterns associated with beach usage. The most popular beaches draw people from throughout the metropolitan area and many people are prepared to travel relatively long distances to visit a particular beach. However, although a distance‐decay effect is apparent, there is little relationship between the pattern of trip generation in Perth and either demographic or status differences between suburbs. It is suggested that further research should focus on temporal aspects of beach usage.     

中亚五国资源环境承载与经济发展耦合协调性分析

资源环境与社会经济发展有效协调是区域可持续发展的重要途径。中亚五国是支撑“一带一路”互联互通的关键节点,本文建立双系统评价模型,分析中亚五国独立后资源环境承载和经济发展的时空演变与系统耦合协调特性,结果表明：1）资源环境承载水平,哈、塔、吉三国较高,经济发展水平哈国和土国较高。1990—2017年,五国双系统变化总趋势呈现反向变化趋势。2）五国资源环境承载与经济发展的耦合协调度介于0.3-0.8,处于轻度失调衰退型至中级协调型之间。空间差异呈现哈国水平最高,塔国最低状态;时间演变上,五国耦合协调度呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,且耦合度较高,协调度较低。3）五国的资源承载和经济发展水平耦合协调类型均未达到良好匹配。塔国和吉国属于经济明显滞后水平,哈国和乌国由经济滞后向资源受损型变化,土国变化较大,由经济滞后向资源受损型变化,且滞后程度不断加深。4）20世纪90年代,中亚五国经济衰退直接导致资源环境承载压力减小,在资源环境状态任然缓慢恶化的情况下,资源环境承载总体水平有所提升。总体来说,五国之间双系统影响机制具有显著空间差异。