深圳市健康人群流脑带菌状况调查

目的 了解深圳市健康人群流脑带菌状况.方法 采用横断面研究,按整群抽样的方法,于2005年流脑流行前期(11月)采集深圳市各年龄组健康人群咽拭子共717份现场接种手巧克力双抗平板上,在卵黄双抗糖平板上分离培养,再通过染色镜检、生化鉴定、血清分型.结果 所调查的健康人群带菌率为1.39%(10/717).15～24岁年龄组的带菌率最高(5%),其次为25～34岁年龄组,带菌率为2.02%;各年龄组之间带菌率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.483,P＜0.05).结论 深圳市健康人群流脑带菌率低,人群带菌以B群为主,占90%(9/10),其次为C群(1/10),未发现A群流脑带菌者.     

长沙市正常人群流脑带菌状况调查

目的通过正常人群流脑带菌状况的调查,了解长沙市流脑流行特征的变化。方法采用横断面研究,按整群抽样的方法,于2006年流脑流行前期(11月)采集长沙市各年龄组健康人群咽拭子共367份现场接种于巧克力双抗平板上,在卵黄双抗糖平板上分离培养,再通过染色镜检、生化鉴定、血清分型。结果所调查的正常人群带菌率为2.72%(10/367)。15～岁年龄组的带菌率最高(7.27%),其次为25～岁年龄组,带菌率为4.00%;各年龄组之间带菌率的差异无统计学意义(χ2=7.891,P>0.05)。结论长沙市正常人群流脑带菌率低,人群带菌以B群为主,占80%(8/10),其次为C群(1/10),未发现A群流脑带菌者。     

2006年云南省部分地区健康人群流脑带菌状况调查

目的了解云南省健康人群中脑膜炎奈瑟菌菌群变迁情况。方法采用横断面调查,按整群抽样的方法,流脑流行期在云南省3个地州6个年龄组健康人群分别采集咽拭子进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌的分离;用乳胶凝集、血清分型、生化试验对所分离到菌株进行鉴定。结果共采集1249份健康人群咽拭子,共分离出21株脑膜炎奈瑟菌（A群5株、B群8株、C群7株、1892群1株）,阳性率为1.68%。结论云南省2006年健康人群流脑整体带菌水平相对较低,带菌菌群以B、C群为主。     

2007年青海省健康人群流脑带菌状况调查结果

[目的]了解青海省健康人群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)带菌状况.[方法]依据GB16884-1997<流行性脑脊髓膜炎诊断标准和处理原则>和<全国流行性脑脊髓膜炎监测方案>的要求采样和检测.[结果]采集健康人群咽拭子480份,检出脑膜炎奈瑟菌阳性菌11株,其中A群2株、Y群4株、29E群4株、不可分群脑膜炎奈瑟菌1株.带菌率为2.3%.[结论]3县脑膜炎奈瑟菌阳性菌带菌状况无显著差别,各县15～19岁脑膜炎奈瑟菌带菌华高.     

广州市1996～2003年健康人群流脑病原菌带菌监测分析

目的 通过对健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)病原茵带茵监测．为流脑防治工作提供科学依据。方法采集广州市1996～2003年健康人群咽拭子,用巧克力琼脂培养分离,疑似菌落作生化反应及血清学鉴定。结果 1996～2003年,除1997年及2002年未检出外,其余年份共分离到流脑菌株24株,各年份的总带茵率为0．80％～1.85％。菌株鉴定,主要为B群脑膜炎奈瑟茵(Nm),共15株,占62．5％。结论 近年来本市人群的流脑病原菌的隐性感染不高,主要为20岁以上成人,应在成人中加强流脑的防治措施,并警惕B群Nm引起的流脑流行。     

广州市健康人群流脑带菌状况的调查

目的:了解广州市健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(简称流脑)的带菌状况,为分析广州市流脑病的发展趋势提供一定的依据。方法:采用横断面调查,按整群抽样的方法,于2003年10～12月份在广州市东山区、荔湾区采集不同年龄段健康人群的咽拭标本,进行流脑病原菌的分离。结果:调查的378名健康人群中,分离出B群流脑菌株7人,阳性率为1.8%,A群未检出。结论:广州市健康人群流脑带菌状况以B群为主。A群没有检出,可能与流脑A群多糖菌苗注射保护作用有关。     

云溪区2011-2012年健康人群流脑免疫水平和带菌状况调查

流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)是由脑膜炎奈瑟菌感染引起的急性呼吸道传染病,包括A、B、C等多种血清型,表现为化脓性脑脊髓膜炎。流脑在我国曾发生过多次暴发流行,给人民的生命安全带来严重危害。自1985年我国推广接种流脑A群疫苗以来,其暴发流行得到了很好的控制,但近年出现了C群流脑在局部暴发流行的新趋势,值得高度关注。为了解岳阳市云溪区健康人群流脑带菌状况和免疫水平,现将2011-2012     

汶川大地震后绵竹灾民安置点灾民脑膜炎奈瑟菌带菌率调查

目的:了解汶川地震绵竹灾区灾民流行性脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitides,Nm)的带菌现状,提高防治水平。方法:于2008年6月份采集咽拭标本321份,现场接种于巧克力双抗平板分离培养,通过生化鉴定、染色镜检、血清学鉴定、PCR鉴定分群。结果:调查的321名灾民中,分离到Nm2株,均为B群,阳性率为0.62%。结论:绵竹灾区灾民流脑带菌状况以B群为主,带菌率相对较低。卫生防疫、卫生监督取得了阶段性成果。     

广州市番禺区健康人群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平调查

目的：了解广州市番禺区健康人群A群、c群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平状况。方法：采用抽样调查方法，于2005年3月在广州市番禺区采集不同年龄段人群血清，应用酶联免疫吸附试验，进行A群、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体检测。结果：调查的205名人员中，A群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体阳性率为81．95％，几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：5．98，C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体阳性率为8．78％，GMT为1：1．52。结论：调查显示番禺区健康人群A群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体保护水平不高可能是导致该区流脑局部暴发的重要因素之一；调查同时显示了该区健康人群c群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平状况，为我市更好地制定相应的流脑防治措施提供数据资料。     

2007～2010年文登市健康人群流脑带菌监测资料分析

[目的]了解健康人群流脑带菌情况及其菌群分布,为制订流脑防治措施提供依据。[方法]对2007~2010年文登市流脑监测资料进行分析。[结果]2007~2010年合计检测1 470人的咽拭子标本,分离出脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(Nm)14株,平均带菌率为0.95%。人群带菌率,2007年为0.71%,2008年为0.71%,2009年为1.90%,2010年为0.95%;<1岁、5~6岁、7~14岁均为0.00%,1~2岁为0.95%,3~4岁为0.95%,15~19岁为4.29%,≥20岁为0.48%;流行前期为0.95%,流行期为1.11%,流行后期为0.71%。检出的14株Nm菌株中,A群5株,B群2株,C群2株,X群2株,W135群2株,未分群1株。[结论]2007~2010年文登市健康人群流脑带菌率处于一般水平,分离脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌菌株中A群菌株最多。     

湛江市2001～2003年健康人群流脑带菌状况调查分析

目的 了解湛江市健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)带菌状况，为流脑的预防控制提供依据。方法 2001～2003年每年10～11月份对湛江市0～、5～、10～、15～、25～、35～、45岁以上7个年龄组健康人群进行咽拭采样，直接接种于巧克力双抗平板，置37℃、5％CO2培养箱中分离流脑双球菌。结果 2001、2002、2003年湛江市健康人群各年龄组流脑双球菌带菌率分别在0～3．33％、0～6．560k、、0～10．71％之间，年内平均带菌率分别为2、18％、2．81％、2、51％；2003年各年龄组带菌率比较差异有显著性，以15～岁组带菌率最高，为10、71％，2001年、2002年则差异无显著性；各年份男性带菌率与女性带菌率比较，差异无显著性；人群带菌以B群为主，C群和W135群各检出一株，未检出其他群流脑双球菌。结论 湛江市健康人群流脑整体带菌水平相对较低；带菌菌群以B群为主，未发现A群流脑带菌者。     

2000年粤北山区健康人群风疹抗体水平的分析

目的　了解粤北山区人群风疹感染状况。方法　采用血凝抑制 (HI)试验 ,于 2 0 0 0年对粤北山区 6 15名不同年龄健康人进行风疹HI抗体检测。结果　粤北山区人群平均风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT分别为 30 2 4%、9 99± 5 11,随年龄增长 ,人群风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT均呈上升趋势 (P均 =0 0 0 0 ) ,15岁及以上人群风疹抗体处于较高水平 ,抗体阳性率、GMRT均为 0～ 14岁人群的 4倍 (P均=0 0 0 0 )。 16岁及以上育龄妇女风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT分别为 78 33%、2 6 2 9± 1 19。不同地区、性别人群风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT差异均无显著性 (P均 >0 0 5 )。结论　粤北山区人群风疹抗体处于低水平 ,建议实施 15岁以下人群普种风疹疫苗 ,育龄妇女婚前检查时接种风疹疫苗的免疫策略     

2004-2008年温县健康人群流脑带菌状况调查分析

目的了解温县健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)带菌状况,为流脑的预防控制提供科学依据。方法 2004-2008年每年10-11月份对0～、4～、8～、12～、16岁以上5个年龄组健康人群进行咽拭采样,直接接种于卵黄双抗平板,置37℃、5%CO2培养箱中分离流脑双球菌。结果 2004-2008年温县健康人群各年龄组流脑带菌率分别在(0～13.33)%、(0～8.82)%、(0～6.67)%、(0～10.00)%、(0～7.14)%之间,年内平均带菌率分别为3.33%、4.55%、3.33%、4.76%、2.83%;2004年各年龄组带菌率比较差异有统计学意义,以12～岁组带菌率最高为13.33%,2005-2008年则差异无统计学意义;各年份男女性别带菌率比较,差异无统计学意义;人群带菌以A群为主,共检出17株,B群检出8株,C群检出6株,319群检出1株,未检出其它菌群。结论温县健康人群流脑整体带菌水平相对较低;带菌菌群共4种,以A群为主,其它依次为B群、C群、319群。     

Prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis in family members of patients with meningococcal infection.

The aim of the study was first, to determine the prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis among the family members living with patients suffering from meningococcal infections, and second, to ascertain the distribution among these family members of strains epidemiologically related to those isolated from patients. Forty-two family groups were studied and 135 nasopharyngeal samples were taken from family members living with patients. Twenty family groups were found to contain meningococcal carriers, and of these 20, 13 contained a carrier of the strain that caused the infection (65%). Among the family members who were carriers, the mother and father most frequently yielded the strain which caused the illness. The serotypes most frequently encountered both in patients and carriers were 2 and 8, as well as nontypable strains. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns (PAGE) most frequently found were II and IV. A notable feature of the study is the high resistance of the strains to sulphadiazine, since more than 90% of the strains found in patients and more than 75% of those from carriers possessed a minimum inhibitory concentration greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml.     

综合性医院医院感染现患率调查研究

目的了解某院医院感染现患率。方法采取床旁调查和查阅住院病历相结合的方法,对2004年5月17日的住院患者进行医院感染现患率调查。结果共调查住院患者856人,医院感染现患率为7.71%,例次感染现患率为8.53%;现患率较高的科室分别为:儿科新生儿组50.00%、综合重症监护室(ICU)44.44%、普外科17.39%、其他外科14.29%、神经内科13.79%;感染部位依次为:下呼吸道、腹腔内组织、泌尿道、表浅切口、胃肠道;当日抗菌药物使用率为59.46%;治疗用药病原体送检率为33.71%。结论该院医院感染现患率较高的科室为儿科新生儿组与综合ICU,需重点监控;抗菌药物使用率较高,病原学送检率较低,需加强对合理使用抗菌药物的管理。     

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection in the general population and selected groups in South-Western Greece

Greece is a country of intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B and low endemecity for hepatitis C with a downward trend during the last years. In the present study we investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the region of South-Western Greece and tried to identify the most important risk factors of transmission. This is a unique epidemiological study, as it is the first community based study in the general population of Greece, with a methodological approach based on multi-staged random sampling. The prevalence of HBV infection seems to be decreasing with a 22.6% rate of HBV markers and a 2.1% rate of chronic HBV carriers. We found male sex, old age and intrafamiliar exposure as the major independent risk factors of HBV transmission, while sexual contact, absence of condom prophylaxis and living in rural areas seem to have also a significant impact for HBV infection. No relation was found between HBV transmission and working in health care facilities, pre-existing hospital admissions and history of transfusion. The prevalence of anti-bodies to the HCV was found 0.5%, even lower than the rate reported in the Mediterranean region. Parenteral exposure was the main risk factor for the transmission of HCV infection.     

Prevalence of gallstone disease in a general population of Okinawa, Japan

A total of 2,584 healthy residents in the Yaeyama District of Okinawa, Japan, were investigated in 1984 to determine the prevalence of gallstone disease and its associated factors. Diagnosis of gallstone disease was assessed by real-time ultrasonography. For participants over 20 years of age, obesity index and serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Overall prevalence of gallstone disease was 3.2%. Prevalence increased with age from 0% under 19 years of age to 11.4% over 70 years of age and was higher in females (4.0%) than in males (2.5%). The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that age and fatty liver were significant predictors of gallstone disease. The results of the automatic interaction detector analysis indicated that age and fatty liver were strong factors associated with gallstone disease and that prevalence was highest in females over age 50 with fatty liver.     

流动人口生殖道感染现状及相关因素分析

目的 探讨流动人口生殖道感染状况和主要的人口学影响因素,为提高流动人口生殖健康水平提供依据。方法 以北京、重庆、太原、成都作为研究现场,选择流动人口集中的工厂、建筑工地、企事业单位、服务场所(宾馆/饭店/娱乐场所等),纳入所选场所内共8280名16~49岁流动人口进行问卷调查。结果 最近1年5种常见生殖道感染症状至少出现1种的调查对象占18.51%,出现过阴道/尿道异常分泌物的比例最高,为9.89%,其次为下腹痛,占9.11%。多因素分析结果显示,与男性比较,女性生殖道感染患病率较高(OR=2.284,95%CI=2.022~2.579);与已婚比较,离婚或丧偶者生殖道感染患病率较低(OR=0.639,95%CI=0.472~0.865);与小学及以下学历比较,高中/技校(OR=0.803,95%CI=0.654~0.988)、大专(OR=0.634,95%CI=0.491~0.820)、本科及以上(OR=0.682,95%CI=0.507~0.916)者患病率较低;与农业户口相比,非农业户口患病率较低(OR=0.684,95%CI=0.591~0.790)。结论 流动人口生殖道感染患病率较高,女性、已婚、或未婚有性生活、低学历以及农业户口是其可能的危险因素。     

Prevalence and management of hypertension in a general population sample of Swedish men

The prevalence of hypertension in the three first-screened age cohorts of an ongoing multifactor, primary preventive trial, the distributions of unknown and/or untreated hypertensive subjects, and the percentage of hypertensives under treatment are presented and compared to the results in earlier examined population samples in the same town. Using cut-off points SBP ? 175 and DBP ? 115 and patients treated for hypertension included, 11% of both men and women aged 54–55 yr had hypertension. If cutting points SBP ? 165 and DBP ? 95, as recommended by the WHO, had been adopted, 55% would have been considered hypertensive. The mean BP were calculated from the BP recorded at the screening and it was shown that a morning BP taken about 2 wk later was considerably lower. Thus, the “afternoon cut-off points”: $\text{175}\text{115}$ should be compared with “morning cut-off points”: $\text{162}\text{101}$.The diagnostic work-up and future control program including the use of paramedical personnel and special means for the education of patients in a special Hypertension Clinic is described. The cost of the Hypertension Clinic is calculated in working-hours for physicians, nurses and secretarial staff.