小儿肺炎1221例痰培养菌谱及药敏结果分析

目的 了解小儿肺炎的致病菌特征及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 对1221例小儿肺炎患儿的痰标本进行培养并做药敏试验.结果 1221例标本检出致病菌516株,总阳性率为42.3%.其中革兰阴性菌378株(73.3%),革兰阳性菌77株(14.9%),真菌61株(11.8%),主要致病菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌176株,大肠埃希菌81株,鲍曼不动杆菌62株,金黄色葡萄球菌56株,白色假丝酵母菌55株,铜绿假单胞菌26株.肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的百分率分别为39.2%和58.0%.耐药率最高的抗生素,肺炎克雷伯菌为氨苄西林(96.6%),大肠埃希菌为氨苄西林(79.0%),鲍曼不动杆菌为呋喃妥因(98.4%),金黄色葡萄球菌为青霉素G(94.6%)、氨苄西林(94.6%),铜绿假单胞菌为头孢唑啉(100%).结论 小儿肺炎的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,不同细菌对常用的抗生素存在不同程度的耐药性.及时掌握小儿肺炎的病原菌及其耐药的动态,可为临床合理用药提供依据.     

老年人与小儿肺炎痰培养病原菌分布特征及耐药分析

目的 了解老年人与小儿肺炎痰培养病原菌分布特点及耐药现状,为临床提高老年人与小儿肺炎诊治率合理选用抗生素提供依据.方法 采用K-B琼脂扩散法,按美国临床实验室标准委员会标准,对2007年10月至2011年10月326例老年人与146例小儿肺炎痰培养阳性标本进行病原菌分布特点统计及耐药性分析.结果 痰培养阳性菌株中,老年肺炎与小儿肺炎病原菌均以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌排前四位的,老年肺炎依次是铜绿假单胞菌32.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌20.9%,鲍曼不动杆菌15.0%,大肠埃希菌12.3%;小儿肺炎依次是肺炎克雷伯菌30.1%,大肠埃希菌25.3%,铜绿假单胞菌9.6%,鲍曼不动杆菌8.2%.革兰阳性菌主要为肺炎链球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌.病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性普遍增加.结论 通过对阳性标本病原体分布及耐药性分析,提示对老年人及小儿肺炎诊治应重视病原菌检测及药物敏感性试验,合理应用抗菌药物预防细菌耐药增加.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌的检测和耐药性研究

目的 研究汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）情况及其耐药特性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 收集汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌共1 445株（大肠埃希菌895株和肺炎克雷伯菌550株）,采用Vitek-2全自动细菌鉴定和药敏分析仪进行ESBL检测和药敏实验.结果 69.4%大肠埃希菌和33.6%肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs.产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和单环类抗生素的耐药率极高 产ESBLs菌株存在多重耐药性,而且对多种抗生素的耐药率明显比不产ESBLs菌株高 产ESBLs菌株和不产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南均未出现耐药.结论 汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌中ESBLs菌株检出率高 产ESBLs菌株耐药性比不产ESBLs菌株高,且耐药表型多样性 亚胺培南是临床治疗产ESBLs菌株感染的首选药物.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌的检测和耐药性研究

目的 研究汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况及其耐药特性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 收集汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌共1 445株(大肠埃希菌895株和肺炎克雷伯菌550株),采用Vitek-2全自动细菌鉴定和药敏分析仪进行ESBL检测和药敏实验.结果 69.4%大肠埃希菌和33.6%肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs.产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和单环类抗生素的耐药率极高;产ESBLs菌株存在多重耐药性,而且对多种抗生素的耐药率明显比不产ESBLs菌株高;产ESBLs菌株和不产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南均未出现耐药.结论 汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌中ESBLs菌株检出率高;产ESBLs菌株耐药性比不产ESBLs菌株高,且耐药表型多样性;亚胺培南是临床治疗产ESBLs菌株感染的首选药物.     

基层医院产ESBLs 病原菌耐药性分析

目的 分析致病菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对688株致病菌检验结果进行统计学分析,了解产ESBLs病原菌的耐药情况.结果 致病菌688株中革兰氏阴性菌392株占57.0%,其中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共179株占45.7%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共84株,产酶率为46.9%(84/179),其对青霉素类和1、2、3代头孢菌素高度耐药,对亚胺培南、美罗培南高度敏感.结论 大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是产ESBLs的主要阴性杆菌,碳青霉烯类抗生素亚胺培南、美罗培南等是治疗产ESBLs菌感染的较佳药物.     

2014-2015年中山市博爱医院儿科重症监护病房感染性病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析2014-2015年中山市博爱医院儿科重症监护病房感染性疾病病原菌的分布及耐药性.方法 选取2014年3月-2015年11月中山市博爱医院儿科重症监护病房感染性疾病患儿标本906份,分析菌株标本来源、病原菌分布及主要耐药菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 菌株标本共906份,主要来自痰液,构成比为52.76%.其中革兰阴性菌342例(37.75%),主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌;革兰阳性菌535例(59.05%),主要为人葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌;真菌29例(3.20%),其中白色念珠菌24例.革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉呈高耐药性,肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉耐药性明显较高,但对复方新诺明、环丙沙星、亚胺培南、左旋氧氟沙星均无耐药性,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢唑啉、呋喃妥因耐药率较其他药物更高,铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、呋喃妥因、复方新诺明呈高耐药性;革兰阳性菌中,人葡萄球菌对红霉素、青霉素G耐药性较高,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药性明显高于其他药物,表皮葡萄球菌则对青霉素G、苯唑西林、红霉素有高度耐药性,溶血葡萄球菌对青霉素G耐药率高达100%.结论 儿科重症监护病房感染性疾病病原菌较为广泛,临床上应根据致病菌株及耐药情况选择针对性抗菌药物,避免抗生素的滥用.     

基层医院产ESBLs病原菌耐药性分析

目的分析致病菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对688株致病菌检验结果进行统计学分析,了解产ESBLs病原菌的耐药情况。结果致病菌688株中革兰氏阴性菌392株占57.0%,其中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共179株占45.7%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共84株,产酶率为46.9%(84/179),其对青霉素类和1、2、3代头孢菌素高度耐药,对亚胺培南、美罗培南高度敏感。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是产ESBLs的主要阴性杆菌,碳青霉烯类抗生素亚胺培南、美罗培南等是治疗产ESBLs菌感染的较佳药物。     

临床产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌的分离情况及耐药性分析

目的 研究临床不同标本中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌的检出情况及其耐药特点.方法 采用全自动细菌鉴定/药敏分析仪结合双纸片确证法对我院2005-2006年微生物室从各类标本中分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌523株进行检测.结果 大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的发生率为26.1%,肺炎克雷伯杆菌产ESBLs的发生率为23.1%,中段尿、痰、伤口分泌物3种标本中分离的大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌产ESBLs的发生率间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);产ESBLs菌在ICU病房所占比例最大,其次为呼吸科病房,儿科病房所占比例最小;产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性较非产ESBLs菌株差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且呈现多重耐药.目前我院产ESBLs细菌主要为大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌.结论 产ESBLs菌在我院各个病房、不同标本均有发生,对抗菌药物的耐药性明显高于非产ESBLs菌,除亚胺培南外,产ESBLs菌对多种抗菌药物均出现不同程度的耐药性.     

584例新生儿感染性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:探讨新生儿感染性肺炎病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,以指导临床用药。方法:回顾性分析2015-2016年收治的390例社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和194例医院感染性肺炎(HAP)新生儿病原菌检测结果及药敏试验结果。结果:584例患儿送检标本共382例培养阳性,阳性率为65.4%;分离致病菌411株,其中革兰阴性菌(G-菌)288株,革兰阳性菌(G+菌)118株,真菌5株;G-菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主,G+以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、草绿色链球菌为主。CAP患儿送检标本检出致病菌181株,其中G-菌119株(65.8%),以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;G+菌59株(32.6%),以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌为主;真菌3株(1.7%);194例HAP患儿送检标本检出致病菌230株,其中G-菌169株(73.5%),以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌为主;G+菌59株(25.7%),以草绿色链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌2株(0.9%)。G-对青霉素类及头孢菌素类抗菌药物耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因敏感;G+菌对青霉素类、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素等高度耐药,对阿米卡星、万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁等敏感。CAP及HAP常见致病菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性差异不明显。本组共检出产超广谱茁鄄内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌34株,占大肠埃希菌总检出株数的34.3%;产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌24株,占肺炎克雷伯菌总检出株数的34.3%。结论:本地区 新生儿感染性肺炎的病原菌以G-为主,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为常见致病菌。加强细菌耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,可减缓耐药菌株的产生。     

Mohnarin2009年度报告:门急诊患者来源细菌耐药监测

目的 了解我国门急诊患者分离细菌的耐药状况与发展趋势.方法 监测2009年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)所属114所医院临床分离细菌耐药状况,采用标准纸片扩散法或自动化临床微生物方法,测定细菌敏感性,依据CISI 2009年标准,以WHONET 5.5软件进行数据分析.结果 114所医院按照监测方案共获得临床分离菌9929株,其中革兰阴性菌6109株(61.5%);革兰阳性菌3820株(38.5%).最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌与表皮葡萄球菌.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌及溶血葡萄球菌的检出率分别为45.6%,69.8%和68.1%;未发现万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌.粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为1.2%和3.1%;未发现利奈唑胺耐药肠球菌.肺炎链球菌对青霉素的敏感率>60.0%.大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL比率分别为51.7%和45.9%.有0.3%的大肠埃希菌和0.7%的肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药.铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类的耐药率约20%;鲍曼不动杆菌对其耐药率大多>50%.结论 我国门急诊来源病原菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌多见;门急诊来源MRSA的发生率较2008年低;但大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性率高于2008年.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.