唇腭裂术后牙颌畸形的综合性治疗

目的唇腭裂术后患者牙颌畸形严重,上颌骨生长发育受限,前牙及全牙弓反的发生率明显高于普通患者。本文对这部分患者进行了有效的综合性治疗,并对正畸与植骨及正颌外科手术的关系进行探讨。方法临床选择45例唇腭裂术后患者,男性27例,女性18例;单侧唇腭裂33例,双侧唇腭裂12例;年龄范围7-25岁,平均年龄13岁。对其进行不同类型的矫治设计,并以方丝弓固定矫治器为主要矫治方法。结果正畸治疗后,上下颌牙齿排列整齐、牙弓形态恢复,对上颌牙弓过窄的患者采用四角腭弓、快速螺簧开大器及开展牙弓矫治、效果显著。其中单纯正畸矫冶患者6例;正畸矫治配合牙槽突裂植骨术30例;正畸矫治、植骨、正颌手术联合治疗患者9例。均取得良好的牙齿排及咬合关系。结论唇腭裂术后患者牙颌畸形的矫治是一种多学科的综合性治疗,对严重的(颌面异常的患者,应进行早期的正畸治疗,适时进行齿槽突植骨术,使上颌连为一体,对严重的骨性Ⅲ类成人患者,应与正颌手术联合矫治,而使患者的面型及咬合功能同时得到良好的改善。     

成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错牙合术前正畸及手术设计

提要：骨性Ⅲ类错牙合的正畸-正颌联合治疗是临床中比较复杂的情况之一。正畸-正颌联合治疗一般包括术前正畸、正颌手术及术后正畸3个阶段：排齐上下牙列,去除牙代偿,协调上下颌牙弓;采用颏成形术、单颌或双颌手术后退下颌骨或（和）前移上颌骨,改善侧貌美观;术后精细调整,形成良好咬合关系。治疗应根据患者颌骨畸形的严重程度、上下唇形态、颏部位置、牙列拥挤度、牙齿倾斜度等畸形特征,具体分析,严格把握适应证,对于边缘病例尤应重视。矫治过程中,应重视术前正畸和手术设计,为正颌手术提供便利。     

成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形手术前后的正畸治疗

目的：研究成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错耠畸形在正颌外科治疗的术前与术后正畸的特点及难点。方法：成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错胎病例35例，对该类畸形的临床特点、正颌手术前后正畸治疗方法和注意事项进行分析研究。结果：术前正畸治疗必须完成个别牙齿错位的调整，纠正牙弓形态与宽度的不调和牙齿代偿的去除：术后正畸的主要目的是牙弓内残留间隙的关闭和咬合关系的进一步精细调整。结论：只有完善的术前、术后正畸治疗与正颌外科手术相互配合，才能较好地完成成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错胎的临床治疗。     

上颌中线定位在矫治下颌骨偏突颌畸形中的意义

目的:分析下颌骨偏突颌畸形(Ⅲ类)合并上颌中线偏斜的颅面形态特征,总结分析采用正畸-正颌联合治疗矫治此类畸形的特点及难点。方法:通过对20例下颌偏突颌畸形(Ⅲ类)正畸-正颌联合治疗前后资料的对比分析,探讨该类牙颌面畸形的临床特点,以及正颌手术前后合理的正畸治疗,特别是上颌中线定位对保证功能与形态效果的重要性。结果:术前正畸疗程为10～20个月,平均18个月。术后正畸疗程为5～10个月,平均8个月。术前正畸必须解决:①去除患者三维方向的牙代偿;②协调其牙弓形态及宽度的不调;③矫正上颌中线。术后正畸治疗的主要目的是对咬合关系进行精细调整。19例患者均获得满意效果,1例患者上颌中线未完全改正。结论:下颌骨偏突颌畸形(Ⅲ类)合并上颌中线偏斜的临床表现复杂,有别于单纯的骨性Ⅲ类畸形,正颌手术前后的正畸治疗是保证矫治效果达到功能形态俱佳的关键,其中术前上颌中线的准确定位尤其关键。     

唇腭裂正颌外科术前正畸治疗的临床研究

目的 以１６例唇腭裂修复术后重度性反Ｈｅ患者为例,对正颌外科术前正畸治疗的适应症、矫治时机等问题进行探讨。方法 选择１６例唇腭裂修复术后Ｈｅ患者,其中双侧腭裂６例,单侧腭裂１０例,采用方丝弓固定矫治器,配合使用四角腭弓等扩弓装置,开 颌牙弓,排齐上下牙列。结果 术前正畸治疗后,上下牙弓形态恢复正常,上下颌牙齿排列整齐,上下颌前牙去代偿,其正常轴倾度恢复。上牙弓宽度明显开展,上下牙弓宽度经模型拼对后协调。结论 术前正畸治疗是保证手术成功,防止术后复发的关键步骤,通过正畸与正颌外科联合治疗,不但可使患进的面型得到改观,也使Ｈｅ关系得到良好恢复。     

外科矫正骨型下颌后缩畸形的术前术后正畸治疗

以近期连续收治的 17例骨型严重下颌后缩 (已作正颌手术 )的患者为例 ,重点介绍对该类畸形患者的术前准备 ,特别是术前术后正畸治疗及导板的应用。正畸治疗内容包括 :去代偿扩大上牙弓 ,排齐牙齿 ,平整曲线 ,使上下牙弓形态协调 ,恢复平衡重建良好的咬合关系。作者的经验表明 ,对严重骨型下颌后缩患者 ,要获得形态和功能完美结合的理想治疗目标 ,外科和正畸联合治疗 ,特别是术前、术后的正畸准备 ,是保证手术成功的必须和必要的条件。     

正畸配合根尖下截骨术治疗严重双牙弓前突的临床研究

目的探讨骨性双牙弓前突患者经正畸正颌联合治疗后,颌面部硬组织、软组织在矢状方向上的变化及其相互关系,为临床矫治方法的选择提供参考。方法临床选择10例安氏Ⅰ类重度骨性双牙弓前突符合正颌手术的患者,术前正畸矫治完成后实施上、下前颌部截骨后退术（术中去除上下第一前磨牙牙骨块）,术后进一步正畸治疗以改善咬合关系。通过手术前后头影测量分析,比较颌面部硬组织,软组织在矢状方向上后退量及其相互关系。结果10例重度骨性双牙弓前突患者,经正畸一正颌联合矫治后,效果非常显著。上颌切牙平均后退7．13mm,上颌牙槽骨平均后退6．48mm,上颌软组织唇突点平均后移5．66nm。上颌硬、软组织后退的比例为1：0．87;下颌切牙平均后退6．62mm,下颌牙槽骨平均后退6．91mm,下颌软组织唇突点平均后移5．89mm。硬软组织后移的比值为1：0．85。结论重度骨性的双牙弓前突患者,应首选正畸正颌联合治疗,可彻底纠正前突的面型,上、下颌的硬软组织显著的内收,达到十分满意的疗效。     

成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错畸形手术前后的正畸治疗

目的:研究成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错畸形在正颌外科治疗的术前与术后正畸的特点及难点。方法:成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错病例35例,对该类畸形的临床特点、正颌手术前后正畸治疗方法和注意事项进行分析研究。结果:术前正畸治疗必须完成个别牙齿错位的调整,纠正牙弓形态与宽度的不调和牙齿代偿的去除;术后正畸的主要目的是牙弓内残留间隙的关闭和咬合关系的进一步精细调整。结论:只有完善的术前、术后正畸治疗与正颌外科手术相互配合,才能较好地完成成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错的临床治疗。     

成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形手术前后的正畸治疗

目的:研究成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形在正颌外科治疗的术前与术后正畸的特点及难点.方法:成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)病例35例,对该类畸形的临床特点、正颌手术前后正畸治疗方法和注意事项进行分析研究.结果:术前正畸治疗必须完成个别牙齿错位的调整,纠正牙弓形态与宽度的不调和牙齿代偿的去除;术后正畸的主要目的是牙弓内残留间隙的关闭和咬合关系的进一步精细调整.结论:只有完善的术前、术后正畸治疗与正颌外科手术相互配合,才能较好地完成成人严重骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)的临床治疗.     

骨性Ⅲ类错畸形术前术后正畸治疗的临床研究

目的探讨经正畸正颌联合治疗的骨性Ⅲ类错畸形患者的术前术后正畸治疗特点。方法 25例经完善的正畸正颌联合治疗的骨性Ⅲ类错畸形患者,分析治疗前(T0)、术前正畸治疗后(T1)、及矫治结束后(T2)的头颅定位侧位X线片,分析其不同时期的硬组织变化,总结术前术后正畸治疗特点。结果所有患者面部外形都较治疗前明显改观,咬合及功能改善。尽管头影测量结果显示骨面型:面角、颌凸角等变化明显,但术前正畸去代偿并不完全,上颌牙齿的代偿依然存在。术后的正畸主要是稳定手术后的颌骨关系和精细调整咬合,类似于综合性的正畸治疗。结论正畸正颌联合是治疗骨性Ⅲ类错畸形的有效手段,而治疗效果的日臻完善需要正畸正颌治疗的密切配合。     

Craniofacial morphology in isolated cleft palate prior to palatoplasty

Roentgencephalometry was used in a study of 30 boys and 30 girls with isolated cleft palate prior to palatoplasty. Their ages ranged from 3.5 to 4.5 years. These patients were compared with a control series and with a group of 20 boys with unilateral cleft lip and palate, examined similarly prior to palatoplasty. The isolated cleft palate (CP) group showed four basic differences from the control group: a shortening of maxillary depth and mandibular length (body and ramus), a reduction of the posterior height of the upper face, and a marked widening of the nasal cavity. In contrast to the unilateral cleft lip and palate group the CP group failed to demonstrate a shortening of the anterior height of the upper face or an elongation of the lower face. There was also no indication of a posterior displacement of the upper jaw, of a dentoalveolar retroinclination of the maxilla, or of an increase of the interocular distance. The observed shortening of both jaws in the CP group might be of importance in understanding the pathogenesis of isolated cleft palate. Unilateral cleft lip and palate was not associated with a reduction of the depth of the upper jaw, although the observed shortening of the lower jaw and of the posterior height of the upper face and the widening of the nasal cavity were similar to those seen in isolated cleft palate.     

Primary veloplasty: long-term results without maxillary deformity. a twenty-five year report.

Primary veloplasty during the first year of life enables normal growth of the upper jaw and of the facial skeleton in patients with clefts. In spite of the remaining cleft in the hard palate, intelligible speech can be learned. The closure of the residual cleft of the hard palate is generally postponed until the age of 12 to 14 years, when the normal growth of the jaw is virtually completed. This method has been used in the clinic by the author and his father for thirty years. The results after primary veloplasty for some hundred adult patients show normal maxillary and cranial growth both clinically and radiologically. Primary veloplasty operations constitute acceptable restorative surgical treatment of the maxilla. Various problems of timing and methods of cleft palate treatment are discussed. The author's cases are summarized.     

Vertical Changes in Patients with Complete Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip, Alveolus and Palate

AIMS AND METHODS: Twelve UCLP and eleven BCLP patients who had been treated according to the Hanover treatment protocol were evaluated by means of cephalometric analysis and cast measurements. The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate changes in the vertical plane and in incisor position in the course of craniofacial growth compared to age-matched non-cleft controls. Lateral cephalograms and casts were analyzed for each cleft patient at age 10 and 15 and compared with corresponding data of a non-cleft control group (n = 20). RESULTS: A vertical growth impairment of the maxilla was registered in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate. The maxilla of the cleft patients showed a significant clockwise rotation while the inclination of the mandible remained virtually unchanged. Both upper and lower incisors, which were significantly retruded at the beginning of the late mixed dentition, could be protruded in the course of craniofacial growth, development of the dentition and treatment, but remained retruded in comparison with the non-cleft controls. The posterior midfacial height was highly significantly shorter in both UCLP and BCLP patients at both evaluation timepoints, whereas the anterior lower jaw height was greater than in the control group     

A comparison of growth impairment and orthodontic results in adult patients with clefts of palate and unilateral clefts of lip, palate and alveolus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the long-term aesthetic and functional results of surgical and orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft palate and unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. DESIGN: 30 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and 30 patients with isolated cleft palate, mean age of 18.9 years, were evaluated by cephalometric and model analysis a mean of 1.5 years after orthodontic treatment. In each group the surgical treatment has been similar. RESULTS: Model analysis: The sum of every mesiodistal tooth diameter in the maxilla and in the mandible was recorded according to the Bolton analysis. Twenty patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate and alveolus had relatively large upper dental arches and nine had relatively large lower dental arches. Twenty-two patients with cleft palates had large upper dental arches and seven had large mandibular arches. Eleven patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and 18 patients with cleft palate had a negative space supply (the sum of the mesiodistal tooth diameters compared with the sagittal length of the alveolar ridge) in the region of the lateral teeth. All patients had persistent transverse space deficits that were increased on the side of the cleft in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. These unilateral transversal space deficits were recorded in 22 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 8 patients with isolated cleft palate. Sagittal measurements were reduced in 26 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 23 patients with cleft palate alone. The alveolar midline of the maxilla and the mandible were displaced in 25 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 19 patients with isolated cleft palate. Lateral cephalometric analysis: The lateral cephalograms taken at the same time as the models showed a mean SNA of 76.8 degrees and a NL-NSL angle of 8.7 degrees, indications of a tendency towards maxillary retrognathia in patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. Patients with cleft palate had a mean SNA of 79.6 degrees and NL-NSL angle of 8.1 degrees. The anterior facial vertical index was within normal limits in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus (44% vs 56%). An anterior facial height index of 42% compared with 58% in patients with isolated cleft palate indicated a slight reduction in midface height with an increase in the lower face as a consequence. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic and surgical treatment can result in satisfactory results on model analysis. However, there is specific growth impairment of the maxilla 1.5 years after termination of orthodontic treatment and this influences the final cephalometric analysis, particularly in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus.     

One- or two-stage palate closure in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: comparing cephalometric and occlusal outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess facial growth and dentoalveolar development in two groups of patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Primary surgical treatment differed in the timing of hard palate closure. DESIGN: Forty-three patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were examined. Twenty-two patients underwent early one-stage closure of the hard and soft palate cleft (mean age 23.0 +/- 4.7 months); in 21 patients, the hard palate closure was delayed to 86.3 +/- 39.2 months of age. Lateral cephalograms and dental casts were consecutively analyzed at four stages between 6 and 18 years of age. RESULTS: Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed no significant intergroup differences in the sagittal and vertical craniofacial dimensions at any time. Dental cast analysis showed constriction of the upper anterior arch width at the ages of 6 and 10 years in patients with one-stage surgical palate closure, but a difference could no longer be verified at the ages of 15 and 18 years. CONCLUSIONS: The transverse distances in the upper jaw developed initially more positively in the group with delayed hard palate closure, but it became apparent later that the transverse deficiency after one-stage palate closure could be compensated for. When considering surgical treatment in general, the advantages of the delayed hard palate closure must be weighed against criteria favoring the early one-stage closure of the hard and soft palate.     

上颌骨前牵引器与正畸联合治疗单侧唇腭裂的评价

目的:对单侧完全性唇腭裂伴上颌骨发育不足的患者,进行面罩式上颌骨前牵引加正畸治疗,探讨其对颌骨发育的影响。方法:14例患者在治疗前、上颌前牵引后及正畸治疗后分别摄X线头颅侧位定位片,通过9个测量指标数据进行治疗前后的比较分析。数据资料用SPSS10.0软件作统计学处理,治疗前后比较用t检验,以确定上颌前牵引及正畸联合治疗对上下颌骨的影响。结果:本组患者经上颌骨前牵引器牵引加后期正畸治疗,获得满意的效果。切牙覆盖达2mm,咬合关系较稳定;侧面呈直面型。SNA角增加,有高度显著性差异,P<0.001。SNB及下颌平面角SN-MP无变化,P>0.05;颌凸角的差值有显著改变(P<0.001)。结论:单侧完全性唇腭裂伴上颌骨发育不足的患者进行整形加正畸治疗,能促进上颌骨的发育,下颌骨未见显著的变化;通过上颌前牙轴倾度增大,下颌前牙轴倾度变小以及舌代偿,上颌前牙前移,覆牙合覆盖改善。这些改变反应在侧貌上,表现为上颌突度增加,上唇变丰满,凹面形变直面形,上下颌协调。     

The adult unoperated cleft patient: absence of maxillary teeth outside the cleft area.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible absence of teeth in the postcanine region of the upper jaw of the unoperated adult cleft patient. METHOD: The study was performed on 266 dental casts of fully unoperated adult cleft patients. The patients were divided into four groups according to the type of the cleft: unilateral cleft lip and alveolus, unilateral cleft lip and palate, bilateral cleft lip and alveolus, and bilateral cleft lip and palate. RESULTS: No absence of permanent teeth in the canine and postcanine area of the upper jaw could be found. CONCLUSION: The results are in contradiction with the established hypothesis that absence of teeth outside the cleft area of the maxilla is due to an unknown congenital factor. On the contrary, the findings support the hypothesis that surgery for the closure of the hard palate in early childhood is the most important etiological factor for the absence of teeth outside the cleft area in the early operated cleft patient. The superficial position of the tooth germs (at the time of the palatal surgery), especially those of the premolars, supports this hypothesis.     

术前正畸对完全性唇腭裂牙槽突植骨疗效的影响

目的　探讨牙槽突植骨术前正畸治疗对于完全性唇腭裂牙槽突植骨长期疗效的影响。方法　选择牙弓狭窄、上颌前牙舌倾或扭转 ,可以伴有前牙反 \ ,牙槽突植骨手术不易进行的完全性唇腭裂患者 16例 ,男 9例 ,女 7例。其中单侧完全性唇腭裂 10例 ,双侧完全性唇腭裂 6例 ,共有裂隙 2 2侧 ,患者年龄 8～ 2 2岁。在牙槽突植骨前进行正畸治疗 ,植骨术后定期拍摄上颌体腔片或上颌前部咬合片 ,观察植骨疗效 ,手术后观察期为 0 5～ 4年。牙槽骨高度的评价采用Bergland标准进行。结果　术前正畸 ,特别是通过开展狭窄的上牙弓 ,能够使因存在错畸形而不易进行牙槽突植骨的唇腭裂患者顺利完成手术 ,牙槽突植骨的临床成功率达 86 %。结论　对于上牙弓狭窄 ,错畸形严重的完全性唇腭裂患者 ,应该在植骨手术前进行正畸治疗。     

Dentocraniofacial morphology of 21 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: a cephalometric study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the skeletal and dental craniofacial proportions of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients who were operated upon using the Malek technique, and compare them with a normal group to highlight the effect of surgical correction on craniofacial development during growth. DESIGN: Retrospective. METHODS: The cleft palate was closed using the Malek technique in a single operation at 3 months for 11 patients (complete closure of lip and palate) and in a two-stage operation for 10 patients (soft palate at 3 months, lip and hard palate at 6 months). Comparisons were made with a normal control group. Angular and linear measurements of anterior and posterior dimensions of the upper and lower compartments of the face were measured in the 7th and 12th years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No significant differences were observed between the two groups of palate technique repair, although significant differences were observed between craniofacial dimensions of normal versus cleft lip and palate patients. At a skeletal level, the maxilla and mandible were retrusive relative to the cranial base in the cleft lip and palate group. In fact, there was a backward rotation of the palatal plane with repercussions on the maxillo-mandibular complex position. Furthermore, the maxilla was shorter than in normal patients, whereas the mandible was normally shaped. The upper incisors were retroclined and they locked the lower incisors in linguoversion. There was a posterior skeletal deficit of the respiratory compartment, compensated by more marked posterior maxillary alveolar growth. Facial growth in cleft lip and palate patients followed the same pattern, but was delayed compared with normal patients.