微通道经皮肾镜取石术和标准通道经皮肾镜取石术的临床对比研究

目的：比较微通道经皮肾镜取石术和标准通道经皮肾镜取石术的临床效果。方法：选取2010 年1 月至2014 年5 月我院收 治的118 例肾结石患者,根据治疗方案分为微通道经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）（M 组,62 例）和标准通道经皮肾镜取石术（SPCNL） （S组,56 例）,比较两组术中术后相关指标和并发症情况。结果：与S 组相比,M组的手术时间更长,冲水量更多,但手术中出血量 更少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;M 组术后血肌酐(Scr)、住院时间、卧床时间以及术后费用均小于或短于S 组,差异有统计学意 义（P<0.05）;两组结石清除率没有显著差异（P>0.05）;两组术后发热、出血、介入栓塞、结合穿孔、脓毒血症等并发症比较差异无统 计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：行MPCNL患者相比行SPCNL患者术后效果更好,临床上可根据结石的大小选择手术类型。     

超声引导下微通道与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的前瞻性对照研究

摘要 目的：对比超声引导下微通道经皮肾镜取石术（mPCNL）与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术（sPCNL）治疗肾结石的疗效。方法：选择空军第九八六医院2020年1月~2022年5月期间收治的肾结石患者127例,根据随机数字表法将患者分为sPCNL组（63例）和mPCNL组（64例）。对比两组临床指标、结石清除率、疼痛情况、肾功能、应激情况、炎症因子水平和并发症发生率。结果：mPCNL组的肾盂结石、肾盏结石清除率均高于sPCNL组（P<0.05）。两组肾铸形结石、鹿角形结石清除率比较无差异（P>0.05）。mPCNL组的手术时间长于sPCNL组,术中出血量、术中输液量少于sPCNL组,住院时间短于sPCNL组（P<0.05）。两组术前、术后3 d尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）组间及组内对比,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。mPCNL组术后3 d皮质醇（Cor）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）低于sPCNL组（P<0.05）。mPCNL组术后3 d白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、降钙素原（PCT）低于sPCNL组（P<0.05）。mPCNL组术后3 d视觉疼痛模拟评分（VAS）评分和P物质（SP）、前列腺素E₂（PGE₂）水平低于sPCNL组（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：与sPCNL相比,超声引导下mPCNL治疗肾结石虽会延长手术时间,但可降低术中出血量、术中输液量,缩短住院时间,减轻患者疼痛反应、应激反应和炎性反应,同时对患者的肾功能影响较小。     

微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术（MPCNL）治疗上尿路结石的临床分析

目的：探讨微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术（MPCNL）用于治疗尿路结石的临床效果。方法：选取120例单侧上尿路结石病患者,随机分为两组,每组60人。一组应用微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术（MPCNL）进行一期单通道上尿路取石,另一组采用开放手术治疗。比较并分析两组患者的临床疗效。结果：应用MPCNL治疗的60名患者中,结石清除的有55名,清除率为91．17％,手术时间平均为77分钟,住院时间平均为5-3天。术中平均出血100mL,术后发生大出血者一例,经输血后好转,术后发热者38例,发热比例为63-3％,尿液转清时间平均为2．5天。应用开放式手术的60名患者中,结石清除的有39例,清除率为65．0％,平均手术之间为112分钟,住院时间平均为18．1天,术中平均出血380mL,术后发生大出血者9例,经输血后好转,术后发热者43例,发热比例为71．2％,尿液转清时间平均为8．6天。结论：MPCNL方法治疗上尿路结石的效果明显比开放式手术好,具有清除率高、手术时间短、术后并发症少、术后感染少以及患者恢复快的优点。     

侧卧位经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下取石治疗上尿路结石56例报道

目的:探讨侧卧位施行经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下取石(MPCNL)治疗上尿路结石方法及疗效。方法:回顾分析56例上尿路结石侧卧位施行PCNL治疗的临床资料,其中肾铸形结石33例,输尿管上段结石23例。结果:56例均手术成功,无穿刺失败或中转开放手术。一次结石取净率80%,两次手术合计达96%。术中均无输血,无肠道损伤等并发症。结论:侧卧位施行MPCNL手术患者易耐受,手术更安全,术中碎石易排出。效果良好。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗特殊肾结石的临床疗效观察

目的：研究微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗特殊鹿角型或多发肾结石中的临床疗效和安全性。方法：回顾性分析2007年1月-2013年3月我院收治的37例采用微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）手术方式治疗的特殊鹿角形或多发肾结石患者的临床资料。结果：37例患者中,孤立肾9例、马蹄肾7例、海绵肾和多囊肾7例、儿童患者14例。成人结石直径（3．2±0．3）cm,儿童结石直径（2．2±0．2）cm。37例患者均一期单通道情况下顺利完成手术,单次手术成功率100％,结石清除率91．2％（34／37）,平均手术时间（94±21．6）min,平均出血量（62±12．3）mL,术后1月复查B超提示肾脏积水减轻,肾脏功能血肌酐较术前降低,术后一月复查KUB提示3例肾脏下盏少量残留结石,4例患者出现术后低热症状。结论：采用PCNL治疗特殊鹿角形或多发肾结石的安全性好、结石清除率高、并发症较少。     

经皮肾镜碎石术后发热相关因素的研究进展

经皮肾镜碎石术（PCNL）已成为处理复杂上尿路结石最常用的手术方式之一。尽管术前可以预防性使用广谱抗菌素,但严重尿路感染、发热仍是PCNL术后常见并发症。虽然PCNL术后发热常能较快消退,在一些患者中仍可发生严重并发症。PCNL术后发热或者严重的尿路感染可增加患者死亡率、住院时间及医疗成本,因此,越来越多的医生开始关注可能导致PCNL术后发热的相关因素。本文主要综述了PCNL术后发热的可能机制及明确术前及术中可能导致PCNL术后发热的相关因素。根据近年国内外数据、文献可以得出,可能影响PCNL术后发热的因素包括糖尿病、术前肾造瘘管的使用、结石成分及形状、肾盂积脓、手术时间及灌注液量,术前尿路感染的适当治疗虽然不能阻止术后炎性反应或发热,但可以降低细菌感染率及促进从全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）中的恢复。术前尿培养、结石细菌培养及肾盂尿培养均为术后发热的预测因子,能够为术后发热的抗菌素选择提供重要依据。     

微通道经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效及安全性观察

目的:探讨标准通道及微通道经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)对复杂性肾结石患者的临床疗效及安全性.方法:140例行PCNL治疗的复杂性肾结石患者,根据手术通道的不同分为(对照组,n=70)及(研究组,n=70),比较两组治疗效果、手术情况、手术前后肾小球滤过率变化、术后并发症及手术前后血清炎性因子水平变化.结果:研究组治疗效果...     

经皮肾镜碎石术后发热相关因素的研究进展

经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL)已成为处理复杂上尿路结石最常用的手术方式之一。尽管术前可以预防性使用广谱抗菌素,但严重尿路感染、发热仍是PCNL术后常见并发症。虽然PCNL术后发热常能较快消退,在一些患者中仍可发生严重并发症。PCNL术后发热或者严重的尿路感染可增加患者死亡率、住院时间及医疗成本,因此,越来越多的医生开始关注可能导致PCNL术后发热的相关因素。本文主要综述了PCNL术后发热的可能机制及明确术前及术中可能导致PCNL术后发热的相关因素。根据近年国内外数据、文献可以得出,可能影响PCNL术后发热的因素包括糖尿病、术前肾造瘘管的使用、结石成分及形状、肾盂积脓、手术时间及灌注液量,术前尿路感染的适当治疗虽然不能阻止术后炎性反应或发热,但可以降低细菌感染率及促进从全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)中的恢复。术前尿培养、结石细菌培养及肾盂尿培养均为术后发热的预测因子,能够为术后发热的抗菌素选择提供重要依据。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石

目的:分析微创经皮肾镜碎石术(minimal invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,mPCNL)治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的临床疗效.方法:采用B超或X线定位,mPCNL治疗102例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石,其中2例经皮穿刺抽吸脓性尿液,留置造瘘管,抗炎治疗后二期手术.术后生命体征、B超和尿路平片(kindey ureter bladder,KUB)等检查并随访.结果:100例Ⅰ期穿刺成功并气压弹道或钬激光mPCNL,手术时间55-75 min.碎石、取石时间15-35 min.术后住院4-7 d.无穿刺损伤腹腔脏器、术中未有肾孟穿孔和输尿管损伤、无大出血等术中和术后并发症.mPCNL术后2 dKUB检查结石清除率为91.1%(93/102),9例残留结石,术后辅以体外冲击波碎石治疗.术后1个月结石清除率为100%(102/102).结论:微创经皮肾穿刺取石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石创伤小、恢复快且有很高的清除率,值得临床推广应用.     

Regional versus General Anesthesia for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness and safety of regional anesthesia (RA) and general anesthesia (GA) for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL).ResultsEight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and six non-randomized controlled trials (nRCTs) involving 2270 patients were included. Patients receiving RA were associated with shorter operative time (−6.22 min; 95%CI, −9.70 to −2.75; p = 0.0005), lower visual analgesic score on the first and third postoperative day (WMD, −2.62; 95%CI, −3.04 to −2.19; p < 0.00001 WMD, −0.38; 95%CI, −0.58 to −0.18; p = 0.0002), less analgesic requirements (WMD, −59.40 mg; 95%CI, −78.39 to −40.40; p<0.00001), shorter hospitalization (WMD, −0.36d; 95%CI, −0.66 to −0.05; p = 0.02), less blood transfusion (RR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.41 to 0.93; p = 0.02), fewer modified Clavion-Dindo Grade II (RR, 0.56; 95%CI, 0.37 to 0.83; p = 0.005), Grade III or above postoperative complications (RR, 0.51; 95%CI, 0.33 to 0.77; p = 0.001), and potential benefits of less fever (RR, 0.79; 95%CI, 0.61 to 1.02; p = 0.07), nausea or vomiting (RR, 0.54; 95%CI, 0.20 to 1.46; p = 0.23), whereas more intraoperative hypotension (RR, 3.13; 95%CI, 1.76 to 5.59; p = 0.0001) when compared with patients receiving GA. When nRCTs were excluded, most of the results were stable but the significant differences were no longer detectable in blood transfusion, Grade II and more severe complications. No significant difference in the total postoperative complications and stone-free rate were found.ConclusionsCurrent evidence suggests that both RA and GA can provide safe and effective anesthesia for PNL in carefully evaluated and selected patients. Each anesthesia technique has its own advantages but some aspects still remain unclear and need to be explored in future studies.     

B超与X线定位微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石的随机对照研究

目的:比较B超与X线定位微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石的临床疗效。方法:选取2010年3月到2012年9月我院收治的上尿路结石患者190例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组95例;对照组给予X线定位微创经皮肾取石术,研究组给予B超定位微创经皮肾取石术治疗,两组再分为肥胖组和正常体型组;比较各组结石清除率、手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、并发症发生率及穿刺定位时间。结果:研究组一期结石清除率高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(X2=10.751,P=0.024);研究组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均显著优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(t=9.214,9.013,10.012,P=0.012,0.015,0.009);两组均无严重并发症发生,并发症发生率比较无统计学意义(X2=3.120,P=0.120),研究组中肥胖组定位时间明显长于正常体型组,差异有统计学意义(t=22.939,P=0.003),也长于对照组的肥胖组,差异有统计学意义(t=10.979,P=0.009)。结论:B超定位微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石具有较好的效果,结石的清除率高,对患者危害小,有利于患者康复。对于肥胖患者,B超定位相对于X线定位无优势。     

Evaluating the Learning Curve for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy under Total Ultrasound Guidance

Objectives

To investigate the learning curve of percutaneous nephrolithotomy under total ultrasound guidance.

Methods

One hundred and twenty consecutive PCNL operations under total ultrasound guidance performed by a novice surgeon in a tertiary referral center were studied. Operations were analyzed in cohorts of 15 to determine when a plateau was reached for the variables such as operation duration, ultrasound screening time, tract dilation time, stone-free rate and complication rate. Comparison was made with the results of a surgeon who had performed more than 1000 PCNLs. Fluoroscopy was not used at all during procedure.

Results

The mean operation time dropped from 82.5 min for the first 15 patients to a mean of 64.7 min for cases 46 through 60(P = 0.047). The ultrasound screening time was a peak of 6.4 min in the first 15 cases, whereas it dropped to a mean of 3.9 min for cases 46 through 60(P = 0.01). The tract dilation time dropped from 4.9 min for the first 15 patients to a mean of 3.8 min for cases 46 through 60(P = 0.036). The senior surgeon had a mean operating time, screening time and tract dilation time equivalent to those of the novice surgeon after 60 cases. There was no significant difference in stone free rate and complication rate.

Conclusions

The competence of ultrasound guided PCNL is reached after 60 cases with good stone free rate and without major complications.     

侧卧体位下经皮肾穿刺取石术联合经尿道输尿管镜取石术治疗复杂上尿路结石的临床应用价值

目的：探讨侧卧体位下经皮肾穿刺取石术联合经尿道输尿管镜取石术治疗复杂上尿路结石的可行性及临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2009年8月至2011年9月我院采用侧卧体住下经皮肾穿刺取石术联合经尿道输尿管镜取石术治疗复杂上尿路结石患者52例的临床资料：患者同时存在肾脏铸型结石或多发结石和或输尿管上段结石,单个结石最大径8-30mm。结果：平均手术时间60分钟（50—120分钟）;术前血红蛋白116±30g／L,术后第一天复查105±26g／L,无大出血需要输血病例;一次结石取净率为86．5％（45／52）,总取净率为92．3％（48／52）。结论：侧卧体位下经皮肾穿刺取石术及经尿道输尿管镜取石术两种术式联合应用具有可行性及互补性,在预防及减少术中出血、获得清晰的手术视野、减少灌注液外渗、增加结石清除速度及碎石成功率、缩短手术时间、减少术后发热等方面疗效显著,为治疗复杂上尿路结石提供了一个可行的新方法。     

Effectiveness of Ureteroscopy-Assisted Retrograde Nephrostomy (UARN) for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Objective

To determine the impact of ureteroscopy-assisted retrograde nephrostomy (UARN) during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

Materials and Methods

From April 2009 to September 2011, a total of 50 patients underwent PCNL for large renal stones (stone burden >2 cm). We performed UARN in the Galdakao-modified Valdivia position for 27 patients (UARN PCNL) and ultrasonography-assisted percutaneous nephrostomy in the prone position for 23 patients (prone PCNL).

Results

UARN PCNL significantly improved the stone-free rate (81.5% vs 52.2%) and the rate of residual stones (<4 mm, 92.6% vs 65.2%, P<0.05). The median length of the operation was significantly shorter for UARN PCNL, at 160 min, compared to 299 min for prone PCNL (P<0.001). There was one intraoperative complication in prone PCNL, namely a hemorrhage that resulted in stopping the initial treatment, but it was cured conservatively. The postoperative complications included a high grade fever that persisted for three days in two UARN PCNL patients (7.4%) and six prone PCNL patients (26.1%). The Clavien grading scores showed significantly lower postoperative complications for UARN PCNL compared to prone PCNL.

Conclusion

UARN is associated with a higher stone-free rate, shorter operation time, and fewer complications during PCNL than prone PCNL.     

Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity Score for Predicting Stone-Free Rate after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Objectives

Currently, no standardized method is available to predict success rate after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We devised and validated the Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity (S-ReSC) scoring system for predicting the stone-free rate after single-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy (sPCNL).

Patients and Methods

The data of 155 consecutive patients who underwent sPCNL were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative computed tomography images were reviewed. The S-ReSC score was assigned from 1 to 9 based on the number of sites involved in the renal pelvis (#1), superior and inferior major calyceal groups (#2–3), and anterior and posterior minor calyceal groups of the superior (#4–5), middle (#6–7), and inferior calyx (#8–9). The inter- and intra-observer agreements were accessed using the weighted kappa (κ). The stone-free rate and complication rate were evaluated according to the S-ReSC score. The predictive accuracy of the S-ReSC score was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Results

The overall SFR was 72.3%. The mean S-ReSC score was 3.15±2.1. The weighted kappas for the inter- and intra-observer agreements were 0.832 and 0.982, respectively. The SFRs in low (1 and 2), medium (3 and 4), and high (5 or higher) S-ReSC scores were 96.0%, 69.0%, and 28.9%, respectively (p<0.001). The predictive accuracy was very high (AUC 0.860). After adjusting for other variables, the S-ReSC score was still a significant predictor of the SFR by multiple logistic regression. The complication rates were increased to low (18.7%), medium (28.6%), and high (34.2%) (p = 0.166).

Conclusions

The S-ReSC scoring system is easy to use and reproducible. This score accurately predicts the stone-free rate after sPCNL. Furthermore, this score represents the complexity of surgery.     

通道大小对经皮肾镜取石患者出血的影响

目的:探讨通道大小对经皮肾镜取石患者围手术期出血的影响及治疗策略。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年1月在我院行F24和F18通道的经皮肾镜取石术的189例患者临床资料,分别比较具有不同临床特征患者围手术期出血的发生情况。结果:95例F24通道患者平均出血量为125±19.6 m L,其中5人进行输血治疗;94例F18通道患者平均出血量为103±17.6m L,其中3人进行输血治疗。F18通道经皮肾镜取石术的出血组和非出血组糖尿病、高血压的发生率、结石表面积、通道数量、手术时间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。F24通道经皮肾镜取石术的出血组和非出血组孤立肾、高血压发生率、结石面积、肾实质厚度、通道数量和手术时间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。F18通道经皮肾镜取石围手术期出血量显著少于F24通道(P0.05)。结论:孤立肾、高血压、结石面积大、肾实质厚、肾积水轻、通道数量多和手术时间长均会导致经皮肾镜围手术期出血几率和出血量增加,并且F24通道相较于F18通道出血量更多。     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术治疗马蹄肾结石

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术治疗马蹄肾结石的可行性与效果,以期指导临床诊治。方法:回顾性分析在2010年8月~2013年8月期间接受微创经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术治疗的12例马蹄肾结石患者的疗效及并发症。结果:在12例患者中,一期结石清除率为83.3%(10/12),2例需要二期取石。单通道取石11例,双通道取石1例。1例患者为上盏通道,其余患者均为中盏通道。平均手术时间105 min,术中平均出血量50 m L,平均住院天数14d。未出现严重并发症,无患者需要输血。结论:微创经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术是治疗马蹄肾结石的安全、有效的方法,具有损伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点。     

Dysregulation of Hyaluronan Homeostasis During White Matter Injury

Neurochemical Research - Although the extra cellular matrix (ECM) comprises a major proportion of the CNS parenchyma, new roles for the ECM in regeneration and repair responses to CNS injury have...