不同氮素水平下施硫对高产小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以2个不同穗型的高产冬小麦品种为试验材料,在施240 kg·hm-2(N240)和330 kg·hm-2(N330)纯氮水平下,分别施纯硫60 kg·hm-2(S60)和0 kg·hm-2(S0),研究了施硫对小麦不同器官碳氮运转及其对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响.结果显示:(1)2个供氮水平下,施硫(S60)均比对照(S0)增加了2个小麦品种的叶片、茎、鞘、颖壳和穗轴等营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素的运转量和运转率以及总运转量和总运转率,提高了转运干物质、氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素的贡献率,极显著提高了籽粒和蛋白质产量.(2)施硫对豫农949品种籽粒和蛋白质产量提高幅度显著高于兰考矮早八;与对照(S0)相比,豫农949的N240S60和N330S60处理使籽粒产量分别增加12.74%和16.41%,蛋白质产量分别增加16.84%和16.14%.结果表明,中氮和高氮水平下施硫均可明显促进高产小麦植株的C-N运转,提高植株对氮的吸收利用和碳物质的积累,从而增加籽粒产量,但不同品种间的施硫效应存在差异.     

施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

在大田高产栽培条件下,以大穗型小麦品种‘兰考矮早八’和多穗型品种‘豫麦49-198’为材料,研究了4个施氮水平下2种穗型冬小麦品种的籽粒产量、氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率。结果显示:随着施氮水平的提高,2种穗型小麦植株地上部生物量(返青期、拔节期除外)、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质产量均呈先增加后降低的趋势并都显著高于对照(不施氮),且均以180 kg.hm-2施氮处理最高,而2品种小麦各生育期植株氮素积累量和成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量却逐渐增加,且大都显著高于对照;2品种小麦的氮肥利用率、土壤氮贡献率以及氮收获指数均表现出180 kg.hm-2>90 kg.hm-2>360 kg.hm-2的趋势,且不同氮肥处理间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。研究表明,2种穗型冬小麦品种在试验条件下施用纯氮180 kg.hm-2可获得较高籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氮收获指数。     

铜、镉胁迫下施硫肥和有机肥对冬小麦碳氮运转的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了铜、镉胁迫条件下施硫和有机肥对冬小麦碳氮运转的影响。结果表明,与各自对照相比,铜、镉胁迫下低施硫和有机肥的处理增加了小麦叶片、茎鞘、颖壳穗轴等营养器官花前贮藏物质、氮素的再运转量和运转率以及营养器官花前贮藏物质、氮素的总再运转量和总运转率,高施硫和有机肥的铜、镉处理则规律性不明显。在铜、镉胁迫条件下,施用硫肥和有机肥处理增加了小麦成熟期籽粒重和花后光合同化物输入籽粒量以及籽粒氮素含量和花后氮素积累量。与各自对照相比,铜胁迫下施硫和有机肥的处理与镉胁迫下低施硫和有机肥的处理增加了成熟期小麦的穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,提高了籽粒产量,其中以T\-5处理增产幅度最大;镉胁迫下高施硫和有机肥的处理则变化不大。铜、镉胁迫下低施硫和有机肥的处理均增加了籽粒淀粉含量,而高施硫和有机肥的铜、镉处理则未表现出此规律。此外,铜、镉胁迫下施硫和有机肥的各处理增加了籽粒蛋白质的含量。     

不同水分管理下优质稻花后植株碳氮流转与籽粒生长及品质的相关性

以桂华占、八桂香为材料,在干湿交替灌溉、亏缺灌溉、淹水灌溉3种水分条件下,研究优质稻花后植株碳氮流转与籽粒生长及品质的相关性。结果表明:不同水分管理下,桂华占和八桂香花后碳氮流转与籽粒的生长间存在密切相关。主要表现在:(1)茎鞘和叶片干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累的贡献率为16.86%～25.68%,花后茎叶干物质运转速度和运转率与籽粒起始灌浆势呈显著甚至极显著正相关;籽粒最大灌浆速率、活跃灌浆期、持续灌浆时间与叶片干物质运转速度和运转率呈极显著正相关,与茎鞘干物质运转速度和运转率呈极显著负相关;(2)茎鞘碳同化物转运对籽粒的产量和淀粉产量的贡献率则为干湿交替灌溉>亏缺灌溉>淹水灌溉;但叶片碳同化物转运对籽粒的产量和淀粉产量的贡献率则为淹水灌溉>亏缺灌溉>干湿交替灌溉;茎叶可溶性糖积累量的减少和籽粒直链淀粉含量和积累量增加是同步的,且茎叶可溶性糖积累量快速递减期(花后3～12d)与直链淀粉含量和积累量快速递增期(花后6～12d)同步;(3)茎鞘和叶片氮素转运对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率为44.05%～117.66%,叶片总氮转运对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率大于茎鞘,茎鞘和叶片氮同化物对籽粒氮素的贡献率以淹水灌溉处理的最大,亏缺灌溉处理的次之,干湿交替灌溉处理的最小。     

花前渍水预处理对花后渍水逆境下扬麦9号籽粒产量和品质的影响

以扬麦9号为材料,研究花前渍水预处理对花后渍水逆境下小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与未进行渍水预处理相比,花前渍水预处理提高了小麦植株对花后渍害的抗性,生物产量、收获指数和千粒重显著提高,进而显著提高了籽粒产量;花前渍水预处理显著提高花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,降低了花前贮藏氮素运转量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,进而引起籽粒球蛋白含量提高,但显著降低了清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和全蛋白质含量、以及干湿面筋含量和沉降值;花前渍水预处理还提高了籽粒直链淀粉和总淀粉含量和降落值,降低了支/直链淀粉比,显著提高了面粉峰值粘度、低谷粘度、崩解值、最终粘度、回冷值和峰值时间,但对糊化温度无显著影响。     

烯效唑干拌种对小麦氮素积累和运转及籽粒蛋白质品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同烯效唑干拌种剂量对3个不同筋力小麦品种植株氮素积累、运转和籽粒蛋白质品质的影响,结果表明,基因型、环境及烯效唑处理对小麦品质的影响效应依次减小,且均达到了极显著水平,但三者的互作效应较小。烯效唑处理后提高了不同生态点下不同小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量和产量,处理后的面筋含量和沉淀值增加,面团形成时间和稳定时间延长;干拌种增加了开花期各营养器官中的氮素含量和单株氮素积累量,花后氮素总转移量、总转移率及其对籽粒氮的贡献率极显著提高,且处理后旗叶中可溶性蛋白质含量在花后15 d内均显著高于对照;对籽粒中氮含量而言,烯效唑处理后提高了灌浆初期籽粒中的非蛋白氮含量,花后5—20 d内均高于对照,灌浆期间籽粒蛋白氮含量均高于对照,因而处理后的粗蛋白质含量变化动态特点为谷底高、回升快。研究认为,烯效唑处理如同基因、环境一样独立影响小麦籽粒品质,而烯效唑处理后提高了开花初期旗叶中的可溶性蛋白质含量和花前营养器官中氮素含量及花后氮素转运量,可能是其提高籽粒非蛋白氮含量、促进籽粒蛋白质含量增加和蛋白质质量提高的重要原因之一,烯效唑干拌种对小麦籽粒蛋白质品质的改善具有广适性。     

春性和半冬性小麦植株氮素积累与运转特征差异

以江苏省6个半冬性和9个春性小麦品种为材料,研究两类型小麦品种在大田条件下的氮素积累、运转和分配差异.结果表明: 施氮量相同条件下,半冬性小麦群体植株平均氮素积累量在越冬始期-拔节期低于春性小麦群体,孕穗期-成熟期高于春性小麦群体;氮素阶段累积量在越冬始期-拔节期两类型群体间差异不显著,开花-成熟期半冬性群体显著高于春性群体.半冬性小麦平均总氮素转运量、花后积累量显著高于春性小麦;两种类型小麦总氮素转运率、积累氮贡献率、总转运氮贡献率差异均不显著.半冬性小麦营养器官中叶片氮素转运量、转运率、转运氮贡献率均低于春性小麦,茎鞘氮素转运量、转运率、转运氮贡献率则高于春性小麦,茎鞘氮素转运量差异达显著水平;同一类型内不同品种间植株氮素积累量、总氮素运转量、花后氮素积累量、总氮素转运率、总转运氮贡献率等均存在差异.生产中应根据不同品种吸收、利用、运转氮素能力的差异,合理运筹生育期氮肥用量和施用比例,提高氮肥利用率.     

花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理对2个小麦品种（扬麦12和淮麦17）籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累与组分的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦花前贮藏氮素（花前贮藏干物质）转运量和花后同化氮素（花后同化物）输入籽粒量,从而导致小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质和淀粉产量显著降低,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理表现更为明显.与对照和渍水处理相比,盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量及谷/醇蛋白比,显著提高了蛋白质组分含量;同时降低了小麦籽粒淀粉积累量、淀粉组分含量及直/支链淀粉比;盐胁迫处理对扬麦12的影响较盐渍处理明显,而盐渍处理对淮麦17的影响较盐胁迫处理明显.渍水条件下小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累量均下降,除淮麦17谷蛋白和清蛋白含量有所提高外,淮麦17其他蛋白组分含量和扬麦12各蛋白组分含量均下降.     

旱地麦田休闲期覆盖保水与植株氮素运转及产量的关系

采用大田试验研究旱地小麦休闲期不同时间覆盖(前茬小麦收获后30和60 d)、不同覆盖方式(全覆盖、半覆盖和不覆盖)对植株氮素吸收、利用的影响.结果表明:覆盖后休闲期蓄水效率和播种期0~300 cm土层土壤蓄水量显著增加,各生育阶段氮素积累量、花前营养器官氮素运转量和运转率、花后氮素积累量及籽粒氮素积累量均增加,最终促使产量、氮素吸收效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数显著提高,且表现为全覆盖效果好于半覆盖.小麦收获后30 d覆盖,下茬小麦播种期0~300 cm土层土壤蓄水量、休闲期蓄水效率、各生育阶段的氮素积累量、成熟期叶片和整株氮素积累量、茎秆+茎鞘、叶片和营养器官花前氮素运转量、产量均高于麦收后60 d覆盖,其中播种期0~300 cm土层土壤蓄水量与休闲期蓄水效率差异显著.各土层土壤蓄水量与花前营养器官氮素运转量及花后氮素积累量均呈正相关,茎杆+茎鞘氮素运转量对籽粒产量的直接影响最大,直接通径系数为0.619.休闲期覆盖通过提高播种期土壤蓄水量增加植株对氮素的吸收与利用,提高了产量与品质,其中提早全覆盖效果最好.     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的比例,研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明,硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长,叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为25／75时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下,黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性则较高,叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

Nitrogen Dynamics in Ice Storm-Damaged Forest Ecosystems: Implications for Nitrogen Limitation Theory

Despite the widely recognized importance of disturbance in accelerating the loss of elements from land, there have been few empirical studies of the effects of natural disturbances on nitrogen (N) dynamics in forest ecosystems. We were provided the unusual opportunity for such study, partly because the intensively monitored watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, experienced severe canopy damage following an ice storm. Here we report the effects of this disturbance on internal N cycling and loss for watershed 1 (W1) and watershed 6 (W6) at the HBEF and patterns of N loss from nine other severely damaged watersheds across the southern White Mountains. This approach allowed us to test one component of N limitation theory, which suggests that N losses accompanying natural disturbances can lead to the maintenance of N limitation in temperate zone forest ecosystems. Prior to the ice storm, fluxes of nitrate (NO₃ ^–) at the base of W1 and W6 were similar and were much lower than N inputs in atmospheric deposition. Following the ice storm, drainage water NO₃ ^– concentrations increased to levels that were seven to ten times greater than predisturbance values. We observed no significant differences in N mineralization, nitrification, or denitrification between damaged and undamaged areas in the HBEF watersheds, however. This result suggests that elevated NO₃ ^- concentrations were not necessarily due to accelerated rates of N cycling by soil microbes but likely resulted from decreased plant uptake of NO₃ ^-. At the regional scale, we observed high variability in the magnitude of NO₃ ^- losses: while six of the surveyed watersheds showed accelerated rates of NO₃ ^– loss, three did not. Moreover, in contrast to the strong linear relationship between NO₃ ^– loss and crown damage within HBEF watersheds [r ²: (W1 = 0.91, W6 = 0.85)], stream water NO₃ ^– concentrations were weakly related to crown damage (r ² = 0.17) across our regional sites. The efflux of NO₃ ^– associated with the ice storm was slightly higher than values reported for soil freezing and insect defoliation episodes, but was approximately two to ten times lower than NO₃ ^– fluxes associated with forest harvesting. Because over one half of the entire years worth of N deposition was lost following the ice storm, we conclude that catastrophic disturbances contribute synergistically to the maintenance of N limitation and widely observed delays of N saturation in northern, temperate zone forest ecosystems. Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.     

Nitrogen yields from undisturbed watersheds in the Americas

Yields of total fixed nitrogen and nitrogen fractions are summarized for thirty-one watersheds in which anthropogenic disturbance of the nitrogen cycle, either through land use or atmospheric deposition, is negligible or slight. These yields are taken as representative of background conditions over a broad range of watershed areas, elevations, and vegetation types. The data set focuses on watersheds of the American tropics, but also includes information on the Gambia River (Africa) and some small watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California. For the tropical watersheds, total nitrogen yield averages 5.1 kg ha^–1 y^–1. On average, 30% of the total is particulate and 70% is dissolved. Of the dissolved fraction, an average of 50% is organic and 50% is inorganic, of which 20% is ammonium and 80% is nitrate. Yields are substantially lower than previously estimated for background conditions. Yields of all nitrogen fractions are strongly related to runoff, which also explains a large percentage of variance in yield of total nitrogen (r²=0.85). For total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions, yield increases at about two-thirds the rate of runoff; concentration decreases as runoff increases. There is a secondary but significant positive relationship between elevation and yield of DIN. Ratios DON/TDN and PN/TN both are related to watershed area rather than runoff; DON/TDN decreases and PN/TN increases toward higher stream orders. The analysis suggests for tropical watersheds the existence of mechanisms promoting strong homeostasis in the yield of N and its fractions for a given moisture regime, as well as predictable downstream change in proportionate representation N fractions. Yields and concentrations for small tropical watersheds are much larger than for the few temperate ones with which comparisons are possible.     

氮处理对大豆根瘤固氮能力及GmLbs基因表达的影响

共生根瘤的固氮效率受外界氮素的严格调控。除固氮酶活性外,豆血红蛋白(Lb)浓度亦是反应固氮能力的重要指标。为明确氮水平对生物固氮作用的影响,以大豆(Glycine max)为材料,在低氮(0.53 mmol·L–1)条件下接种根瘤菌,30天后再进行高氮(5.3、10、20、30和40 mmol·L–1)处理7天,分析L...     

砒砂岩区不同施氮水平下5种潜在适生植物氮素利用比较研究

鄂尔多斯高原砒砂岩区土壤贫瘠、水土流失强烈,土壤氮素养分也是该区域植被恢复重建的主要限制因子。该研究以3种乡土种芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)、长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)与2种外来种掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum)和杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)为研究对象,采用田间试验方法,分析比较鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区5种潜在适生植物在4个施氮水平[对照N_0、低(N_L,0.1 g N/kg风干土)、中(N_M,0.2 g N/kg风干土)、高(N_H,0.3 g N/kg风干土)]下个体生长表现和氮素利用相关指标的差异,旨在从氮素利用角度以及物种选择与施氮干预两方面为区域植被恢复重建提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)5种植物的个体生长表现在中等施氮水平下最佳,试验期间掌叶大黄、芨芨草、长柄扁桃、杂交狼尾草和沙棘在中等施氮水平下的株高和生物量分别增加10.00、41.41、38.95、151.45、41.08 cm和52.84、60.55、75.36、668.67、142.86 g。(2)5种植物在4个氮素水平下的平均氮素利用效率(NUE)为1 154.42 g·g~(-1),各施氮水平下,沙棘、掌叶大黄、长柄扁桃、杂交狼尾草和芨芨草的NUE分别为1 546.16、1 429.45、1 389.75、731.09、675.65(g·g~(-1)),且5种植物的NUE存在显著的种间差异,各施氮水平下植物的NUE综合表现为:沙棘、掌叶大黄、长柄扁桃大于杂交狼尾草、芨芨草。(3)氮素水平对5种植物NUE的影响显著,以中等施氮下最高,且5种植物不同施氮水平的NUE综合表现为:中氮对照、高氮低氮。(4)在影响NUE的两种乘项构成因素中,5种植物因生活型等方面的差异呈现出较为明显的氮素生产力(NP)和平均滞留时间(MRT)间的权衡,其中作为速生植物类引进的杂交狼尾草倾向于通过提高氮素生产力来提高氮素利用效率;而大型灌木类本地种——沙棘和长柄扁桃则偏向于通过提高滞留时间来提高氮素利用效率。研究认为,在砒砂岩区植被恢复物种选择和施氮干预中,建议栽植沙棘和长柄扁桃;并且适度施氮有助于提高区域适生植物氮素利用效率,促进植被恢复重建。     

Optimization of Dynamic Plant Nitrogen Uptake,Using Apriori Information of Plant Nitrogen Content

Emphasizing that model development should be in accordance with the context under consideration, a model for plant nitrogen uptake is developed for use in connection with soil nitrogen models. The aim of the modeling is to improve the accuracy in model simulations of plant nitrogen uptake by application of optimization theory and apriori information of plant nitrogen content. A simple soil nitrogen model is coupled to the plant nitrogen uptake model, and solutions, obtained by two different methods, are presented. Suggestion for how to use the modeling principles in connection with a more complex plant nitrogen uptake model, and apriori information of plant dry weight, is given. It is believed that the modeling principles can also be used on other types of dynamic models with given apriori information.     

Effect of Nitrogen Supply on the Nitrogen Use Efficiency of an Annual Herb, Helianthus annuus L.

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the product of nitrogen productivity (NP) and the mean residence time of nitrogen (MRT). Theory suggests that there should be a trade-off between both components,but direct experimental evidence is still scarce. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effect of varying nitrogen supply levels on NUEand its two components (NP, MRT) in Helianthus annuus L., an annual herb.The plants investigated were subjected to six nitrogen levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 g N/m2). Total plant production increased substantially with increasing nitrogen supply. Nitrogen uptake and loss also in creased with nitrogen supply. Nitrogen influx (rin) and outflux (rout) were defined as the rates of nitrogen uptake and loss per unit aboveground nitrogen, respectively. Both rin and rout increased with increasing nitrogen supply. In addition, rin was far higher than rout. Consequently, the relative rate of nitrogen incre ment (rin- rout) also increased with nitrogen supply. There were marked differences between treatments with respect to parameters related to the stress resistance syndrome: nitrogen pool size, leaf nitrogen concentration,and net aboveground productivity increased with nitrogen supply. Plants at high nitrogen levels showed a higher NP (the growth rate per unit aboveground nitrogen) and a shorter MRT (the inverse of rout), whereas plants at low nitrogen levels displayed the reverse pattern. Shorter MRT for plants at high nitrogen levels was caused by the abscission of leaves that contained relatively large fractions of total plant nitrogen. We found a negative relationship between NP and MRT, the components of NUE, along the gradient of nitrogen availability, suggesting that there was a trade-off between NP and MRT. The NUE increased with increasing nitrogen availability, up to a certain level, and then decreased. These results offer support for the hypoth esis that adaptation to infertile habitats involves a low nitrogen loss (long MRT in the plant) rather than a high NUE per se. The higher NUE at the plant level was a result, in part, of greater nitrogen resorption during senescence. We suggest that a long MRT (an index of nitrogen conservation) is a potentially successful strategy in nitrogen-poor environments.     

Nitrogen use scenario in India

Nitrogen is one of the major plant nutrients without which the agricultural production is not possible. Nitrogen use in Indian agriculture was nearly 55000 tons in 1950-1951 that increased to 11.31 million tons in 2001-2002. The total food production of the country has also experienced the similar increase from 50.83 to 222 million tons in the respective years. Interestingly the N fertilizer consumption of India remained almost constant during the last six years indicating the possibility of reducing N consumption. The highest N consumption is in North zone owing to the introduction of rice-wheat cropping system followed by West, South and East.The N use efficiency has been reported to be varying between 30% to 50% depending on the crops and the management. But in most of the cases, N use efficiency has been calculated based on the total N removed by the crops (above ground part only) ignoring the N content left in the roots. It has been observed in controlled experiments that the total N uptake by roots varied from 18% to 44% of the total N removed by the above ground parts, i.e. grain and straw. If the root N is also accounted, the N use efficiency will be higher than reported. The management of other organic sources has to be improved so as to increase the fertilizer use efficiency as well as to check the direct release of N in the atmosphere. In this review all these issues will be dealt.     

施氮对不同品种冬小麦植株硝态氮和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

以黄土高原南部半湿润区土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤进行盆栽试验,以NR 9405、9430、偃师9号、小偃6号、陕229号和西农2208冬小麦品种为供试材料,研究施氮对不同品种冬小麦植株硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)的影响.结果表明,施氮能明显增加叶片NRA.不施氮时除小偃6号和偃师9号外,其余品种NRA在全生育时期的动态变化均呈双峰曲线,2个高峰期分别在返青期和开花期,且开花期高峰值(36.17 NO2-μg.-g 1FW.h-1)明显比返青期峰值(15.407 NO2-μg.-g 1FW.h-1)大;施氮时不同品种叶片NRA在全生育期呈单峰曲线变化,最高峰在开花期,平均峰值为80.93 NO2-μg.-g 1FW.h-1),比同期不施氮处理增加1倍以上.施氮后地上部硝态氮含量在各时期均显著提高,在小麦生育前期(出苗到拔节)表现最为显著.氮肥对不同品种硝态氮含量的影响程度基本上与对NRA的影响程度相反,即施氮后硝态氮增加幅度小的品种,NRA却增加幅度大.     

Nitrogen mineralization by bacterial-feeding nematodes: verification and measurement

Bacterial feeding nematodes excrete N assimilated in excess of that required for growth. Because metabolic and developmental rates differ among nematode species, we hypothesized that their contribution to N mineralization in soil would differ. Sand-column microcosms amended with an organic substrate, bacteria, and with or without bacterial-feeding nematodes, were leached at 3-d intervals. Cumulative N, as NH ₄ ⁺ or NO ₃ ^- , leached from columns containing nematodes was consistently greater than from columns without nematodes. Maximum N-mineralization rates for populations of rhabditid nematodes, which predominated in field soils early in the summer were at lower temperatures than those for cephalobid nematodes, which predominated later in the summer. For an organic substrate with C-to-N ratio of 11:1, rates of N mineralization among species of different body size were similar, ranging between 0.0012 and 0.0058 g-N nematode^-1 d^-1, mainly as NH ₄ ⁺ . Smaller nematodes mineralized more N per unit of body weight than larger nematodes. We hypothesized that at low C-to-N ratios of the organic substrate, bacterial growth is C-limited and N-immobilization will be minimal; at high C-to-N ratios bacterial growth will be N-limited and there may be rapid immobilization of newly-mineralized N. Consequently, net N mineralization in the presence of nematodes will be lower when the organic substrate has a high C-to-N ratio. In experiments with different nematode species, net mineralization and the nematode contribution to mineralization generally decreased with increasing C-to-N ratio, consistent with the hypothesis; however, there were exceptions.