术前三维CT血管成像评估肠系膜下动脉解剖特征

目的 通过三维CT血管成像（CTA）评估分析直肠癌患者肠系膜下动脉（IMA）分型及解剖特点,为直肠癌手术血管处理提供参考。 方法 回顾分析2018年1月至2019年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院接受IMA CTA检查的直肠癌患者临床及影像学资料。通过三维CT血管成像重建IMA图像。对IMA进行分类并测量统计肠系膜下血管各解剖参数。 结果 266例研究对象中男性187例,女性79例。111例（41.7%）左结肠动脉（LCA）从主干独立发出,112例（42.1%）LCA和乙状结肠动脉（SA）共干发出,33例（12.4%）LCA、SA及直肠上动脉（SRA）共干,10例（3.8%）缺乏LCA。全组IMA主干长度（LIMA）为（39.1±10.1）mm、IMA根部至髂血管分叉距离（DIMA）为（44.1±7.4）mm、IMA根部与肠系膜下静脉（IMV）水平距离为（24.6±8.9）mm、IMA分支点与IMV水平距离为（13.0±5.3）mm。LCA走行包括：122例（47.6%）高位型,88例（34.4%）中位型,46例（18.0%）低位型。65例（25.4%）LCA紧贴IMV内侧,136例（53.1%）LCA紧贴IMV外侧,55例（21.5%）LCA外侧远离IMV。 结论 术前利用三维CT血管成像可准确评估IMA分型及肠系膜下血管的形态走行关系,为直肠癌手术中血管处理提供指导。     

肠系膜下动脉根部自主神经保护的解剖学基础

目的　观察肠系膜下动脉（IMA）根部与其周围自主神经的解剖学关系,为肠系膜下动脉根部自主神经保护提供解剖学证据。 方法　7例10%福尔马林固定标本进行大体解剖及显微解剖;2例新鲜标本模拟腹腔镜下直肠癌D3根治术中肠系膜下动脉根部自主神经的显露和保护。 结果　上腹下丛(SHP)的左、右侧束及束间交通支与肠系膜下动脉根部关系密切。右侧束距离肠系膜下动脉根部较远,位于肾前筋膜下。以左侧束降支为界,其近端,上腹下丛左侧束、肠系膜下丛、腹主动脉丛紧贴肠系膜下动脉根部左侧壁并相互延续,其远端左侧束走行于肾前筋膜下。左侧束降支距离IMA起点的距离不恒定。 结论　在肾前筋膜前平面分离可有效保护上腹下丛右侧束及侧束间交通支;以SHP左侧束降支作为肠系膜下动脉根部离断的解剖学标志可以有效保护左侧束。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术中输尿管保护的临床解剖

目的:探讨与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术(LTME)有关的左输尿管解剖学特点和保护方法。方法:利用腹腔镜对2004年10月~2005年5月接受LTME的24例直肠癌患者进行解剖学观察。结果:左输尿管腹段偏向中线侧走行,与左半乙状结肠系膜关系密切;输尿管盆段靠外侧走行,与直肠系膜和直肠侧韧带距离较远;输尿管位于肾前筋膜/骶前筋膜后外侧,而乙状结肠直肠系膜位于肾前筋膜前面,两者处于不同的解剖间隙。结论:左输尿管腹段损伤的几率较大,盆段较安全。LTME中保护输尿管的方法是:保持正确的外科平面,紧贴结直肠系膜,避免突破肾前筋膜/骶前筋膜,与输尿管保持安全距离;充分暴露,直视下锐性解剖;避免在盆侧壁盲目电凝止血等。     

腹腔镜下左半结肠切除术相关筋膜平面的解剖观察

目的：探讨左半结肠切除术相关筋膜的解剖学特点和外科平面的鉴别方法。临床资料和方法：2003-2004年南方医院普通外科施行的腹腔镜左半结肠切除术15例，病例均为左半结肠癌。对腹腔镜下左半结肠后外侧、中线侧和直肠后外侧相关筋膜的解剖特点和镜下定位标志进行观察和描述。结果：在乙状结肠第一曲外侧缘肠壁与左侧腰大肌筋膜之间存在一个固定的粘连带，它是左侧Toldt’s线的尾侧端点。左半结肠系膜后外侧存在肾前筋膜；中线侧存在主动脉前筋膜；直肠系膜后外侧存在盆筋膜壁层。这三个部位的筋膜相互延续。结论：乙状结肠和左侧腰大肌筋膜之间的粘连带是左半结肠切除术外侧分离的起点。肾前筋膜是衬贴于左半结肠和直肠系膜后面的一层连续筋膜，在不同的解剖位置有不同的表现形式。左半结肠切除术的外科平面统一于结直肠系膜与连续的肾前筋膜之间。     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术相关血管的活体解剖学观察

目的阐明腹腔镜右半结肠切除术(laparoscopic right hemicolectomy,LRH)相关血管的活体解剖学特点。方法对36例接受LRH的肿瘤病人进行术中观察和术后录像复习。结果肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)为起于右髂窝上缘,位于小肠系膜和升结肠系膜交界部的蓝色条纹。肠系膜上动脉在系膜内难以目视辨认,走行于SMV左侧。回结肠血管出现率100%,为升结肠系膜内、十二指肠水平部下缘附近、搏动的条索。胃结肠干出现率77.8%(28/36),包含上右结肠静脉/右结肠静脉者占比为89.3%(25/28);后者亦可直接注入SMV。胃结肠干于胰切迹右缘的横结肠后间隙汇入SMV右壁。右结肠动脉在胰颈下缘起始,常与胃结肠干伴行或交叉。结论正确的间隙(肠系膜内间隙)、标志和线索(肠系膜上静脉),是LRH中血管定位的解剖学基础。     

腹腔镜单层面法血管外支架植入术1例并文献复习

目的 探讨经腹腹腔镜单层面左肾静脉血管外支架植入术治疗胡桃夹综合征(NCS)的解剖特点及可行性。方法 回顾性复习我院收治的1例NCS患者临床资料及手术录像。本例手术采用腹腔镜下，以Toldt平面为解剖标志进行游离，实施经腹途径左肾静脉血管外支架植入术。在游离过程中，对消化系统、泌尿生殖系统及Toldt筋膜的解剖关系进行观察，并查阅有关左肾、左肾上腺、左半结肠等脏器解剖性理论的书籍和文献，包括“层面外科”“膜-解剖”等理论。归纳总结消化、泌尿生殖系统与Toldt筋膜的解剖关系及术中注意事项。结果 手术完成顺利，手术时间80 min，术中出血20 mL，无并发症发生，术后3 d血尿消失，随访1年无症状复发。术中可观察到清晰完整的Toldt筋膜平面，由左半消化系统附着于后腹膜上形成，然后整体卧伏于左半泌尿生殖系统之上。头侧界至膈腹膜，尾侧界至乙状结肠外侧系膜髂血管水平，外侧界止于Toldt线，内侧界为腹主动脉右侧缘。结论 Toldt筋膜平面为一天然无血管层面，经腹腹腔镜单层面左肾静脉血管外支架植入术治疗NCS安全可靠，是一种可复制的手术入路，具备模式化潜能。     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中完整结肠系膜切除的解剖学观察

目的探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中完整结肠系膜切除(CME)的相关筋膜和间隙的局部解剖特点。方法采用尸体解剖和活体观察的方法描述和总结相关系膜、筋膜、间隙的解剖学特点。结果肠系膜上静脉是实施腹腔镜中间入路CME法的右半结肠切除术的解剖标志。其中主要的系膜为右半结肠系膜和回肠系膜,筋膜包括肾前筋膜及胰前筋膜,筋膜之间构成重要的解剖间隙为右结肠后间隙和横结肠后间隙,二者之间的融合筋膜间隙为手术的天然平面。结论腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中CME的腹腔系膜、筋膜和间隙组成的天然外科平面统一于结肠系膜与肾前筋膜之间,该术式临床上是可行的。     

腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术中胃背系膜及系膜间隙的解剖形态特点

目的:探讨腹腔镜胃癌根治术中相关系膜及系膜间隙的镜下解剖学特点,为腹腔镜下解剖定位和操作入路提供解剖学依据。方法:通过大体解剖观察并在腹腔镜下于新鲜尸体标本上模拟进展期胃癌根治术,对胚胎期胃背系膜形成的胰腺筋膜、胃脾韧带和腹后壁筋膜间隙在腹腔镜下的解剖层次和形态特点进行观察和描述。结果:胃背系膜后层衍化形成的胃脾韧带、胰腺筋膜、胰十二指肠筋膜和横结肠系膜前叶是相互延续的一个整体;胰腺前筋膜形成的胃胰襞和肝胰襞是镜下确定胃左血管根部和肝总动脉的解剖标志;胰腺后筋膜与肾前筋膜之间的融合筋膜间隙是进行胰后淋巴结清扫的安全平面,而肾前筋膜是确保安全操作平面的后界。结论:(1)胚胎时期由于肠管旋转形成胃周广泛存在的筋膜和筋膜间隙,是腹腔镜胃癌根治术中进行解剖定位、系膜游离和淋巴结清扫的关键;(2)循筋膜间隙进行分离有助于提高腹腔镜下操作的安全性和根治的彻底性;建立腹腔镜下筋膜层次解剖的整体观念可为腹腔镜手术的设计和规范提供形态学依据。     

腹腔镜中间入路法右半结肠切除术解剖学观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中线入路相关活体解剖学特点。方法:对2004年1月至2006年12月我科施行的21例腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术手术录像进行观察分析。结果:利用中间入路,以肠系膜上静脉为解剖学标志,可成功进行系膜血管的解剖、淋巴结清扫,并进入正确的外科平面。结肠系膜和肾前筋膜之间存在融合筋膜间隙,其内侧、外侧、腹侧、背侧的边界分别是肠系膜上静脉、右结肠旁沟、结肠系膜、肾前筋膜。胃结肠韧带、肝结肠韧带和结肠外侧腹膜返折等外周固定装置是右半结肠切除术中必须离断的结构。结论:在腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术中,肠系膜上静脉是关键解剖学标志和主线,融合筋膜间隙是正确的外科平面;一系列外周腹膜结构是重要固定装置。     

Toldt’s间隙的CT影像解剖学观察及临床意义

目的　术前通过CT影像识别Toldt’s间隙,为腹腔镜结直肠癌手术寻找正确的外科平面,从而制订具有前瞻性的个性化术式。 方法　通过对南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院2010年1月~2012年6月246例腹腔镜结直肠癌手术患者的术前CT影像及术中镜下所见对照观察,确认Toldt’s间隙的位置、沟通和毗邻关系。 结果　术前CT影像观察到:升降结肠系膜后叶与肾前筋膜融合成的线影即为Toldt’s线。结直肠癌术前CT所显示的Toldt’s筋膜间隙与术中所见具有较好的一致性(Kappa值为0.718)。腹腔镜结直肠癌手术时沿此线切开,以肾前筋膜为参照面,即可建立正确的外科平面。 结论　①术前CT影像可指导术中构建正确的Toldt’s间隙外科平面,保持肾前筋膜的完整性;②CT可提示肿瘤是否侵犯Toldt’s间隙平面,对于制订个性化术式和预后评估具有前瞻性意义。     

Anatomical basis of laparoscopic medial‐to‐lateral mobilization of the descending colon

In laparoscopic colorectal resection, the medial‐to‐lateral approach has been largely adopted. This approach can be initiated by the division of either the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) or the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV). This cadaveric study aimed to establish the feasibility of IMV dissection as the initial landmark of medial‐to‐lateral left colonic mobilization for evaluating the size of the peritoneal window between the IMV at the lower part of the pancreas and the origin of the IMA (IMA‐IMV distance) and the point of origin of the IMA compared to the lower edge of the third part of the duodenum (IMA‐D3 distance). These distances were recorded on 30 fresh cadavers. The IMA‐D3 distance was 0.4 ± 2.2 cm (mean ± SD). The IMA originated from the aorta at the level of or below the D3 in 21 cases (70%). The IMA‐IMV distance was 5.5 ± 1.8 cm and was greater or equal to 5 cm (large window) in 21 cases (70%). IMA‐IMV distance was correlated with IMA‐D3 showing that a large window was inversely correlated with a low IMA origin (P < 0.001). IMA‐D3 distance was not correlated with weight, height and sex. IMA‐IMV distance was largerin male (6.7 ± 0.9 vs. 4.9 ± 1.8, P = 0.001) and correlated with weight, (r = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.03–0.10, P < 0.001) and height (r = 0.54, 95%CI = 0.05–0.21, P = 0.002). IMV can be used as the initial landmark for laparoscopic medial‐to‐lateral dissection in two‐thirds of cases. A too‐small window can require first IMA division. The choice between the two different medial‐to‐lateral approaches could be made by evaluating the anatomical relationship between IMA, IMV, and D3. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同手术入路在腹腔镜直肠癌前切除低位吻合术中的应用

目的研究经不同手术入路行保留左结肠动脉的腹腔镜直肠癌前切除低位吻合术的效果。方法回顾性分析我科2016年1月至2017年12月收治的80例行腹腔镜直肠癌前切除低位吻合术患者的临床资料,并按手术入路的不同分组,其中40例患者术中采取头侧中间入路,设为改良组;另外40例患者术中采取传统中间入路,设为传统组。比较2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后并发症、左结肠后间隙打开时间、肠系膜下动脉周围淋巴结清扫时间、第253组淋巴结清扫数目、肿瘤下切缘距离、术后排气时间及远期预后情况,对比两种手术入路方式的临床效果。结果在手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、肿瘤下切缘距离及术后排气时间方面,2组患者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而在肠系膜下动脉周围淋巴结清扫时间及第253组淋巴结清扫数目上,改良组优于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在术后并发症方面,改良组发生7例(17.50%),传统组发生8例(20.00%),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采取头侧中间入路腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除低位吻合术治疗直肠癌患者,可有效缩短肠系膜下动脉周围淋巴结清扫时间,在第253组淋巴结清扫上较传统中间入路更具优势。     

全直肠系膜切除相关盆自主神经的解剖学观察

目的：阐述全直肠系膜切除术相关盆自主神经的局部解剖学特点，探讨盆自主神经保留的部位和对策。方法：对20具男性盆腔固定标本进行解剖观察。结果：腹主动脉丛远离肠系膜下动脉起点；上腹下丛贴近骶岬表面；腹下神经部分毗邻输尿管；盆内脏神经伴行直肠中动脉外侧部；下腹下丛位于直肠系膜后外侧；其直肠侧支走行于直肠侧韧带内，直肠前支向前穿过Denonvilliers筋膜后叶；勃起神经位于Denonvilliers筋膜前叶外侧部。结论：盆自主神经保留的部位是：离断肠系膜下血管时的腹主动脉丛左干，直肠后分离时的上腹下丛和腹下神经，直肠侧面分离时的下腹下丛和盆内脏神经，直肠前分离时的勃起神经。共同原则是：在直肠后间隙中贴近直肠系膜操作；直视下操作；避免过度牵引直肠系膜。     

The topographic relationships of the unpaired visceral branches of the aorta

We examined the metric relationship among the origins of the unpaired visceral branches of the aorta, their relationship to the total descending aorta (TDA), and the relationship between the TDA and stature to see whether a graft for the TDA, e.g., from the left subclavian artery to the aortic bifurcation, which includes its visceral branches, could be pre-constructed. These proportions were compared between the genders and between adults and children to see whether any differences exist. Thirty-four adult aortae and eight juvenile aortae were examined. These segments—TDA, aortic bifurcation to celiac artery, aortic bifurcation to superior mesenteric artery, and aortic bifurcation to inferior mesenteric artery, were defined as the distances between the origins of the left subclavian, celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries, respectively, to the aortic bifurcation. Stature was known only in 15 adult cadavers. The absolute lengths of the segments were correlated to each other and the ratios of these absolute lengths (proportional lengths) were calculated. The statistical significance was examined by Student's T-test and variability by the F test. The TDA correlated well with aortic bifurcation to celiac artery and aortic bifurcation to superior mesenteric artery, whereas a weaker correlation existed with aortic bifurcation to inferior mesenteric artery. The ratio aortic bifurcation to celiac artery and aortic bifurcation to superior mesenteric artery to TDA was less variable than the ratio aortic bifurcation to inferior mesenteric artery to TDA. The abdominal aorta measured approximately a one-third of TDA. No differences in correlation nor in ratio were found between genders and between adults and children. No correlation between stature and TDA was found. The two upper unpaired visceral branches originate from the aorta in a prefixed site, which correlates closely with the length of the descending aorta, whereas the lower one has a more variable point of origin. This is true for all ages and for both genders. Aortic length does not correlate with stature. It is not possible thus to predict the length of the descending aorta by stature. However, a model of the descending aorta can be constructed, but with less accuracy, for the inferior mesenteric artery. Clin. Anat. 11:304–309, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A rare case of inferior mesenteric artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery,with a review of the review of the literature

Anatomical variations of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) are uncommon. Generally, the IMA is very stable, arises directly from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. We describe here an extremely rare case in which the IMA arose from the superior mesenteric artery. The findings were made during routine dissection of the cadaver of a 79-year-old Japanese man. This present case is the ninth report of this variation and was associated with gastrophrenic trunk, hepatosplenic trunk, hypoplastic spleen and accessory spleen. Clinically, cases like this highlight the importance of knowing the IMA anatomy and the possibility of its numerous variations in surgical procedures such as right hemicolectomy, resection of the transverse colon, left hemicolectomy, sigmoidectomy, and en bloc resection of the head of the pancreas and the superior mesenteric vessels. The developmental significance of this variation is also discussed with a detailed review of the literature.     

The Relation between Inferior Mesenteric Vein Ligation and Collateral Vessels to Splenic Flexure: Anatomical Landmarks,Technical Precautions and Clinical Significance

Purpose

Our aim to assess clinical significance of the relation between inferior mesenteric vein ligation and collateral blood supply (meandering mesenteric artery) to the splenic flexure with elaboration more in anatomical landmarks and technical tips.

Materials and Methods

We review the literature regarding the significance of the collateral vessels around inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) root and provide our prospective operative findings, anatomical landmarks and technical tips. We analyzed the incidence and pattern of anatomic variation of collateral vessels around the IMV.

Results

A total of 30 consecutive patients have been prospectively observed in a period between June 25-2012 and September 7-2012. Nineteen males and eleven females with mean age of 63 years. Major colorectal procedures were included. There were three anatomical types proposed, based on the relation between IMV and the collateral vessel. Type A and B in which either the collateral vessel crosses or runs close to the IMV with incidence of 43.3% and 13.3%, respectively, whereas type C is present in 43.3%. There was no definitive relation between the artery and vein. No intra or postoperative ischemic events were reported.

Conclusion

During IMV ligation, inadvertent ligation of Arc of Riolan or meandering mesenteric artery around the IMV root "in type A&B" might result in compromised blood supply to the left colon, congestion, ischemia and different level of colitis or anastomotic dehiscence. Therefore, careful dissection and skeletonization at the IMV root "before ligation if necessary" is mandatory to preserve the collateral vessel for the watershed area and to avoid further injury.     

How Much Colonic Redundancy Could Be Obtained by Splenic Flexure Mobilization in Laparoscopic Anterior or Low Anterior Resection?

Background and Objectives: Splenic flexure mobilization (SFM) is performed to ensure a tension free anastomosis with an adequate resection margin in laparoscopic anterior resection (AR) or low anterior resection (LAR). This retrospective study was performed to determine the amount of colonic redundancy that can be expected by SFM.Methods: Retrospective review of medical record for a total of 203 patients who underwent SFM during laparoscopic AR or LAR for the treatment of sigmoid colon or rectal cancer was performed.Results: The obtained redundancy of the colon by SFM was 27.81 ± 7.29 cm from the sacral promontory. The redundancy of the colon by SFM with high ligation of the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) (29.54 ± 7.17 cm from the sacral promontory) was greater than that with low ligation of the IMV (24.94 ± 6.07 cm from the sacral promontory, P < 0.0001). It took about 9.82% of the total operation time to perform SFM. There was no intraoperative complication during SFM.Conclusions: SFM during laparoscopic AR or LAR is a safe and feasible option. Based on the result of this study, one can gain about 27.81 cm redundancy of the colon by SFM.     

Is low tie ligation truly reproducible in colorectal cancer surgery? Anatomical study of the inferior mesenteric artery division branches

Aim

Curative surgery is the standard treatment for colorectal cancer. The ligation level of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is still debated, as neither low tie (LT) nor high tie ligation (HT) has shown any benefit on the patients’ overall survival. We examined whether LT is standardizable and easily reproducible from an anatomical point of view.

Method

One hundred CT angiographies of healthy patients were analysed for the anatomy of the IMA and its division branches: left colic artery (LCA), sigmoid arteries trunk and superior rectal artery. Data analysed comprised angles between the IMA and the aorta, diameters of the IMA and its branches, repartition of the branches and distances between the origin of the branches and the origin of the IMA.

Results

IMA anatomy showed no variation. In contrast, its division branches showed important variability in terms of distance to the origin and repartition: in 19.9 % of the patients, the IMA directly splits into three branches, and in 17.6 % of the patients, the LCA originated at more than 5 cm from the origin of the IMA. These frequent variations led us to assume that the standardization of LT is very difficult in a context of neoplasm, where the quality of the lymphadenectomy is fundamental.

Conclusion

The division branches of the IMA are extremely subject to interindividual variations, making it difficult if not impossible to reproduce identically a surgical procedure based on their anatomy. HT appears to us as the only relevant procedure for colorectal cancer.