生物质与三种不同变质程度的煤混合热解H2S析出规律

采用热重分析和色谱、质谱偶联技术,对玉米秆与三种不同变质程度的煤混合热解中产生的H2S气体进行了在线检测,研究生物质对不同煤种热解析出H2S气体的影响.研究表明:生物质与不同变质程度的煤的混合热解过程中H2S析出有着相似的规律,即生物质的加入使煤析出H2S提前,且随着生物质比例的增加,H2S在更低的温度下有较大的析出速度.生物质与煤共热解时,在380℃以前析出的H2S的浓度和析出量都比煤单独热解时的高,且随着生物质加入比例的增加而增加,这是生物质加氢作用的影响.且随着煤中含氢量的增加,生物质对煤热解过程的加氢作用表现得越不明显.生物质与不同变质程度的煤的混合热解过程中H2S析出规律是生物质加氢作用和矿物质固硫作用的综合结果.     

淖毛湖煤加氢转化过程中硫和氮的迁移规律

基于硫、氮含量对新疆低变质煤热解炼制油气品质的重要影响作用,本实验通过建立多功能煤热解转化实验台,并结合XPS先进测试方法,充分考察了不同温度对新疆淖毛湖煤加氢转化中硫、氮迁移规律的影响.研究结果表明,原煤和低温半焦中的硫主要为噻吩硫、硫砜和硫酸盐等.低温热解条件下主要为不稳定有机硫的分解;当热解温度高于600℃时煤焦表面形成大量硫化物;随着温度的进一步升高,硫酸盐在高温热力环境下逐渐分解.原煤中的氮主要为吡咯氮及少量氮氧化物.低温热解阶段吡咯向吡啶转化,高温阶段吡咯和吡啶向季氮快速转化.当热解温度升高至800℃时,吡咯氮转化完全,季氮和吡啶氮为半焦中氮的主要形式.     

半焦氧化过程中反应活化能的变迁

使用热天平考察了5种半焦的本征氧化反应活性。这5种半焦是由大同煤、神木煤、蔚县煤、湔江煤和台湾石油焦在900℃下热解7min制得的．使用分布活化能模型(DAEM)描述了半焦在氧化过程中的活化能变迁。大同煤半焦初期活化能最小,随着碳损失率的增加,活化能增加(反应初期增加较快),反应后期达到峰值后下降。湔江煤半焦活化能则是在反应初期活化能很高(达250kJ／mol),其初始下降较快,在碳损失为0．2后其下降趋势变缓。而对于其它三种半焦,均在反应初期与反应后期其活化能分别经历两个峰,在此之间变化比较平缓。各种半焦活化能的变迁规律不同,反映了其内部性质的不同。与煤焦相比,石油焦半焦的内部结构比较均一。     

基于副产物揭示条浒苔热解机理

以生物质条浒苔为原料,石英管管式炉为反应器,在190、320、550℃热解温度下制备半焦,以X射线光电子能谱法(XPS)为主要分析手段,利用XPS检测不同热解温度下半焦表面结构变化,同时结合热解气和半焦电镜扫描的分析结果揭示条浒苔的热解机理。研究结果表明:条浒苔在低温段(190℃)热解过程中主要以脱水和部分小分子侧链的解聚为主;在中温段(190～320℃)热解过程中,蛋白质、硫酸多糖及一些脂类物质开始不断解聚和重组;在高温段(320～550℃)热解过程中,蛋白质与水溶性多糖基本热解完毕,少量纤维素碳化生成CO、CH_4气体并析出。     

热解温度对生物质半焦特征的影响

对稻壳和稻秸进行了机理性热解试验,并采用TG、SEM、EDS和XDR方法研究和分析了半焦的孔隙结构、结渣特性、氯和硫元素迁移和无机化合物晶相等物化特性的变化规律．结果表明：在500～800℃,生物质热解半焦孔隙结构的变化较大．当热解温度为1000℃时,稻壳半焦的凸面呈现熔融现象,稻秸半焦呈现熔融黏结现象．在800～1000℃,半焦中剩余的氯和硫大部分会析出;在稻壳和稻秸热解过程中,当终温为1000℃时,物相发生较大变化并且出现非晶态的无机化合物．     

松木颗粒热解与高温蒸汽气化半焦产率及形貌特征分析

以成型松木颗粒为原料,进行低温热解,研究了热解温度和升温速率对生成的松木半焦产率及官能团的影响。以试验得到的松木半焦进行蒸汽气化试验,对比分析了温度对半焦重整气化形貌特征、比表面积和平均孔径的影响。研究表明：随着热解温度升高,松木半焦脂肪族结构峰消失转化为烃等小分子物质及气化气,进而降低半焦产率。升温速率升高,半焦产率呈先下降后升高的趋势,在800℃升温速率为30K/min时半焦产率最低。不同温度热解和蒸汽气化对比试验表明,温度相对较低时（500℃）热解和蒸汽气化半焦孔隙结构相近,随着温度的升高,蒸汽气化半焦结构发生明显变化,900°C时出现了更小的孔道结构且比表面积增加明显。蒸汽引入使松木半焦和水蒸气发生热解反应的同时发生了脱氢反应,气化半焦形貌出现熔融和烧结现象。     

超细煤粉热解特性及热解反应动力学研究

采用TG-DSC分析方法对内蒙古煤和神华煤两种煤种各4个不同粒径的超细煤粉分别在5℃/min、10℃/min、20℃//min和30℃/min的升温速率下进行热解实验并采集数据分析,研究了不同煤种超细煤粉热解过程中煤粉粒径、升温速率、煤种中组分对热解过程的影响。最后根据Coats-Redfern法建立了动力学模型并计算出了相关系数。结果表明:超细煤粉的热解过程可以分为干燥脱气、半焦形成和熟化成焦(二次脱气)3个失重阶段。     

不同热解温度下落叶松半焦特性的演变规律

为探究热解温度对生物质半焦特性的影响规律,文章以落叶松为原料,采用管式电阻炉制取200～1 000℃的热解半焦,利用元素分析、XRD、BET、SEM等测试手段,结合碳-氢-氧相图及Scherrer方程,深入分析了热解温度对生物焦元素组成、石墨化程度、孔隙结构及表观形貌的影响。结果表明:热解温度升高,热解半焦的H/C,O/C原子比减小,芳构化程度加深,碳微晶结构更趋于有序化,片层状碳骨架结构逐渐凸显,石墨化程度增加;400℃下的半焦比表面积最高,微孔对比表面积的贡献大;300℃和500℃是热解半焦结构发生明显变化的两个特殊的温度点。     

煤中矿物质对煤焦氧化的催化性能在热处理过程中的变化

利用热天平和XRD,考察了蔚县煤和湔江煤镜质组中矿物质在热处理过程中对由其生成的焦反应性的影响．在温度较低时,热处理对焦中的碳结构、矿物质的催化性能影响很小;随着热处理温度的增加,矿物质将逐渐失去催化活性,碳结构则趋于有序化,导致焦反应性的下降．煤种不同,矿物质在煤中的组成及存在形式不同,使其在生成焦中的分布形式及存在状态的不同,对焦反应的催化能力也不同．热处理导致煤焦中碳微观结构的有序化和矿物质催化能力下降,是热处理过程中煤焦反应活性下降的两个主要原因．     

低温热解提质对褐煤半焦影响的研究

为研究低温热解提质对褐煤半焦的影响,选取一种锡林郭勒褐煤利用固定床反应器在250℃、350℃、450℃、550℃4个温度下进行热解提质处理,对不同提质温度下制得的半焦从煤质参数、表观形貌、粒径分布、官能团、着火燃尽特性等方面进行表征。结果表明:热解提质显著降低半焦中挥发分含量,提高煤阶;在提质温度为350℃时,煤焦颗粒开始发生明显破碎;醇、酚、醚类、羧酸等含氧官能团在350℃下开始脱除。热重分析表明,随提质温度升高,半焦着火点先降低再升高,在350℃时达到最低;在提质温度低于350℃时,煤焦破碎对于着火温度的影响起主要作用;而提质温度高于350℃时,挥发分含量对于着火温度的影响占主导。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。