动力电池及充电基础设施技术发展对电动汽车能量补给方式的影响研究

电动汽车能量补给有两种典型模式—电池充电和电池更换,选择何种模式与动力电池的尺寸重量、能量密度、制造成本、电池管理系统及充电设施均有着密切的联系。对目前在国内外电动汽车上应用最广泛的磷酸铁锂和三元材料锂离子电池的发展水平进行了描述,同时分析了电动汽车充电和换电两种模式对电动汽车动力电池及充电基础设施等因素的要求,提出了电动汽车能量补给在何种条件下适合采用充电或换电模式的结论。     

充换电站电动公交车自动有序充电系统设计

摘要： 对于服务于电动公交车的充换电站,单位时间内可供更换的动力电池越多,整站服务能力就越强。运用动态规划的充电控制策略和动力电池的状态评价体系,借助共享配电数据,关注站内负荷变化,调节充电功率消耗,达到站内自动有序充电的控制目标,实现可供更换动力电池数量最大化。同时,根据工位需求情况、可换电池组数等信息,通过充电机与其电气连接的充电架,设计对放置于电池架的动力电池自动充电功能,制定合适的自动有序充电计划。最后,跟踪电池全寿命周期信息,结合一段时间换电效率判断充电监控设计效果,提高整站自动化水平和运行效率。     

电动汽车接入充电对配电网电压波动的影响

针对电动汽车接入充电增加了发电、输电和配电等方面的压力问题,提出电动汽车接入充电对配电网电压波动的影响。从交流充电桩、充电站、电池充换站几方面分析当前常见电动汽车接入充电设施,并指出电动汽车接入充电设施运行原理。以三相平衡负荷、单相负荷2种充电方式为主,分析汽车接入充电对电压波动产生的影响。采用增强配电网的供电能力、静止无功补偿器和有源滤波器改善电压波动。实验结果表明：不可控整流状态下,电动汽车接入充电对配电网电压产生的影响较大,不可直接接入电网,但在PWM整流状态下,接入充电对配电网电压产生的影响较小,电压波动在标准范围内。     

考虑电动汽车换电站负荷特性的电网管理效益分析

摘要： 电动汽车充放电管理是智能电网需求侧管理的重要组成部分。基于对3种常见充电模式的比较,首先分析了换电模式在电动汽车负荷管理方面的优势。然后,分析了电动汽车换电站的负荷特性,研究了其对电网运行的影响。最后,以一假想的换电站接入IEEE 33节点配电系统,比较电动汽车换电站有序和无序充放电对电网运行的影响,从而说明换电站有序充放电的管理效益。     

电动汽车充电负荷预测模型及对城市 负荷影响研究

摘要： 电动汽车充电站或充电设备集群的负荷变化情况受具体车流量、电池充电时长、电池起始荷电状态（state of charge,SOC）、充电设备数量等多种因素的影响,变化规律复杂,各个充电站的负荷曲线形态差异很大,难以从本质上表征负荷的一般性规律。从影响充电负荷变化规律的进站车流量入手,研究电动车辆进站流量、充电时长、充电站充电能力等对充电负荷的具体影响,提出适用于充电站负荷快速计算的简化公式和计及多种影响因素的仿真方法。以西北某市为算例,结果表明,该方法能够方便、有效地预测电动汽车充电负荷的时空分布特性,为分析其对电网的影响及充电设施规划等提供依据。     

一种电动汽车充换电服务网络需求分析模型

通过分析电动汽车充换电需求的特点,以优化配置电动汽车充换电服务网络为出发点,提出一种电动汽车充换电服务网络的需求分析模型.按照不同服务对象的特点对充换电站进行细化分类,在此基础上研究不同类型充换电设施的规模配置及服务范围,建立各类型充换电站配置的数学模型及相互间合理的配比模型,形成基于服务能力和地理分布的需求分析模型.研究了模型针对电动汽车不同发展阶段模型的适应性,并对所构建的电动汽车充换电服务网络进行了验证优化.实际算例的计算结果表明,该模型对电动汽车充换电服务网络的规划建设具有较好的指导意义.     

我国电动汽车大规模接入电网影响分析与建议

为了分析我国未来电动汽车大规模接入电网充电对电网的影响,本文首先分析了电动汽车充电负荷的特性,并定量计算了不同能源补给方式下,全国电动汽车作为充电负荷的电量和电力需求。结果表明,至2020年,充电负荷占总负荷的比例很小。到2030年,充电负荷占全网负荷的比例较高。无序充电情景下,充电负荷有一个明显的晚高峰,将会较大的增加电网的峰荷需求及峰谷差。充电负荷具有较大的调控潜力,换电模式总负荷峰荷小于充电模式。本文从规划和运行的角度研究了充放电优化对于电网的效益。计算结果表明,从规划的角度,充放电优化具有较大的容量效益,从运行的角度,充放电优化能够有效提高电网运行的可靠性,但其总成本不能忽略。提出了积极应对电动汽车大规模接入电网充电,应在研究和相关政策等方面采取措施的建议。     

考虑风电消纳的电动汽车充电站有序充电控制

为实现电动汽车充电站对风电的充分利用,降低充电负荷对配网系统运行带来的负面影响,本工作提出一种考虑风电消纳的电动汽车充电优化策略.首先采用蒙特卡罗仿真法对不同数量电动汽车的充电负荷进行预测;然后,在综合考虑风电出力和电动汽车充电需求的基础上,根据风电功率的波动,动态调整分时电价,以包含充电负荷在内的配电网负荷峰谷差最小和用户充电花费最低为控制目标,建立电动汽车有序充电模型,采用改进的粒子群优化算法对模型求解,此外,通过与电动汽车直接接入配网充电的无序情形对比,结果表明,所提策略有效降低充电行为对配电网冲击的同时,能够直接促进风电消纳,提高用户充电的经济性.     

日本开发成功超快速电动汽车充电设备

日本JFE工程技术股份公司开发成功仅用3分钟就可以向电动汽车电池充电达50％、5分钟可充电70％的超快速充电设备。新开发的充电设备内部构造由蔷电池和瞬间可释放大量电力的特殊电池组成。特殊电池可以把蓄电池在夜间储存的电力瞬间释放到电动汽车电池，以实现超快速充电目的。该设备设置成本较此前同类设备大大下降。     

一种电动汽车光伏充电站的分时段有序充电策略

  目的  针对电动汽车光伏充电站的有序充电问题,提出一种分时段有序充电策略。  方法  研究了光伏充电站的结构体系及工作原理,构造了电动汽车充电时间、储能电池荷电状态（SOC）范围等约束条件。负荷高峰时段,在满足车辆充电需求的同时,减少向电网的购电量,降低购电费用,并辅助电网“消峰”。负荷低谷时段,在满足车辆充电需求的同时,增加向电网的购电量,辅助电网“填谷”。  结果  通过仿真事例验证了所建模型的有效性,并与即时充电方案进行比较,说明了所建模型在减小充电站的购电费用,降低电网峰谷差方面的优势。  结论  所提电动汽车光伏充电站的充电策略是正确并有效的,可为实际应用提供参考。     

Optimal operation of an all-in-one EV station with photovoltaic system including charging,battery swapping and hydrogen refueling

The issue of electrification of transportation is discussed due to the possibility of depletion of conventional resources in the near future and environmental problems caused by carbon emissions. For this purpose, different options have been proposed for the electrification of electric vehicles (EVs). Each potential EV user can choose a different EV type according to his desire, so different EV types can be seen in the environment. However, one of the most important reasons why the prevalence of EVs has not increased is the scarcity of EV charging, swapping, or refueling stations. In this respect, there is a need for an all-in-one EV station (AiOEVS) that can serve all types of EVs around and that all users know to be able to meet their energy needs easily and in line with their wishes. In this study, the economically optimum energy management model via mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach of an AiOEVS including a photovoltaic (PV) system as well electrolyzer and consisting of three different parts (charging for plug-in EVs, swapping for swappable EVs, and refueling for hydrogen fuel-cell EVs (HFCEVs)) is proposed. Besides, energy is purchased from the grid with time-of-use electricity prices. The proposed optimum operating framework is beneficial for each party. Furthermore, the hydrogen tank, swappable batteries, and long-parking plug-in EVs provide operational flexibility. The AiOEVS owner obtains a net profit of 33.12% at the end of the day. Furthermore, when the capacity of the PV is doubled or tripled, the gain increases by 11.69% or 23.41%, respectively.     

Regulatory framework and business models for charging plug-in electric vehicles: Infrastructure,agents, and commercial relationships

Electric vehicles (EVs) present efficiency and environmental advantages over conventional transportation. It is expected that in the next decade this technology will progressively penetrate the market. The integration of plug-in electric vehicles in electric power systems poses new challenges in terms of regulation and business models. This paper proposes a conceptual regulatory framework for charging EVs. Two new electricity market agents, the EV charging manager and the EV aggregator, in charge of developing charging infrastructure and providing charging services are introduced. According to that, several charging modes such as EV home charging, public charging on streets, and dedicated charging stations are formulated. Involved market agents and their commercial relationships are analysed in detail. The paper elaborates the opportunities to formulate more sophisticated business models for vehicle-to-grid applications under which the storage capability of EV batteries is used for providing peak power or frequency regulation to support the power system operation. Finally penetration phase dependent policy and regulatory recommendations are given concerning time-of-use pricing, smart meter deployment, stable and simple regulation for reselling energy on private property, roll-out of public charging infrastructure as well as reviewing of grid codes and operational system procedures for interactions between network operators and vehicle aggregators.     

基于动态规划的电动汽车用户侧充电优化方法

实现电动汽车有序充电是将电动汽车纳入智能电网的重要内容之一。从电动汽车用户需求角度出发,提出了以用户为充电过程决策主体的有序充电方法。以充电费用最低为目标建立了用户侧优化模型,并应用动态规划建立了求解方法。按照给定算例,对电动汽车的充（放）电过程进行了决策。计算结果表明,在满足功率约束和用户充电目标的前提下,通过用户优化控制策略可有效减少电动汽车充电过程产生的费用。该文提供了电动汽车有序充电的用户层方案。     

考虑充电负荷与风电波动特征的电动汽车快充站储能优化配置

由于电动汽车快充过程中产生的功率波动会对配电网运行造成生较大冲击,需要从充电站层面考虑相应的补偿性措施.利用储能系统(ESS)的快速调节特性,本文提出了一种考虑充电负荷特性和风电出力波动的快充站ESS配置方法.ESS的配置不仅可以减轻快充站对配电网的功率波动影响,而且可以提高其经济效益.首先,采用场景法对配电网中的风电...     

A price‐regulated electric vehicle charge‐discharge strategy for G2V,V2H,and V2G

Electric vehicles (EVs) and smart grids are gradually revolutionising the transportation sector and electricity sector respectively. In contrast to unplanned charging/discharging, smart use of EV in home energy management system (HEMS) can ensure economic benefit to the EV owner. Therefore, this paper has proposed a new energy pricing controlled EV charging/discharging strategy in HEMS to acquire maximum financial benefit. EV is scheduled to be charged/discharged according to the price of electricity during peak and off‐peak hours. In addition, two different types of EV operation modes, ie, grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) in off‐peak time and vehicle‐to‐home (V2H) in on‐peak time are considered to determine comparative economic benefit of planned EV charging/discharging. The real load profile of a house in Melbourne and associated electricity pricing is selected for the case study to determine the economic gain. The simulation results illustrate that EV participating in V2H contributes approximately 11.6% reduction in monthly electricity costs compared with G2V operation mode. Although the facility of selling EV energy to the grid is not available currently, the pricing controlled EV charging/discharging presented in the paper can be used if such facility becomes available in the future.     

Modeling of fast charging station equipped with energy storage

The popularization of EVs (electric vehicles) has brought an increasingly heavy burden to the development of charging facilities. To meet the demand of rapid energy supply during the driving period, it is necessary to establish a fast charging station in public area. However, EVs arrive at the charging station randomly and connect to the distribution network for fast charging, it causes the grid power to fluctuate greatly and the peak-valley loads to alternate frequently, which is harmful to the stability of distribution network. In order to reduce the power fluctuation of random charging, the energy storage is used for fast charging stations. The queuing model is determined to demonstrate the load characteristics of fast charging station, and the state space of fast charging station system is described by Markov chain. After that the power of grid and energy storage is quantified as the number of charging pile, and each type of power is configured rationally to establish the random charging model of energy storage fast charging station. Finally, the economic benefit is analyzed according to the queuing theory to verify the feasibility of the model.     

Impact assessment of electric vehicle charging/discharging strategies on the operation management of grid accessible and remote microgrids

This article deals with impact analysis of different electric vehicle (EV) charging/discharging strategies (CDS) on the operation and pollutant treatment cost of both grid accessible and remote microgrid (MG) modes. In this regard, EV demand is developed under four different scenarios, namely, uncoordinated charging model (UCM), load leveling model (LLM), maximum renewable model (MRM), and charging discharging model (CDM). A comprehensive study is performed to see the effect of these different EV charging/discharging behaviors in optimizing MG's operation. A 2m scheme of Hong's point estimate method (PEM) is applied to examine the effect of uncertainties linked with the forecasted errors in load demand, solar energy, wind energy, and grid price respectively on MG operation problem. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the effect of variations in battery parameters on economics of remote MG. The study results indicate that controlled charging of EVs can substantially improve operation of MG.     

快速充电锂离子电池研究进展

电池产业发展的重要方向之一是提高锂离子电池快速充电能力。然而,快速充电电池经常遭受容量和功率性能衰减。快充电池开发涉及多尺度问题,因此要从原子层面到电池水平进行充分考虑。从现有的文献资料出发,概括总结了开发具有快充性能电池的一些关键要素。这些要素包括提高正极材料锂离子迁移速度、加快锂离子嵌入负极材料的速度、提高电解液离子导电性、选择快充型隔膜、提高电极离子和电子导电性以及充电策略的选择。     

The pricing of charging for electric vehicles in China—Dilemma and solution

The number of electric vehicles in China is expected to grow rapidly, triggering the nationwide large-scale construction of charging stations. At the same time, a reasonable charging price has not been established. This article records the views of station operators and EV users and calculates a charging pricing range. The price should not only ensure the profit of operators, but also help reduce EV users’ expenditure compared to using internal-combustion-engine vehicles. Based on current energy prices and battery costs, charging stations are unable to make profit, and the pricing shortfall is up to 0.78 RMB yuan(kWh)⁻¹. Only with a 25% increase in energy price or 25% reduction in battery cost can charging stations become profitable. Several suggestions are proposed to improve station profits. First, ensuring a high station load is helpful to increase profits, and it is estimated the reasonable number of chargers in Beijing is approximately 6000, distributed among 672 stations. Second, the use of storage batteries for on/off-peak electricity self-management can also increase the annual profit by 600,000 RMB yuan. In addition, other methods like a jointed station alliance, multiple energy supplement approaches, vehicle-to-grid technology and state subsidy can also accelerate the development of the charging service industry.     

Economic evaluation of fast charging electric vehicle station with second-use batteries energy storage system

由于电动汽车快速充电站大功率快速充电的特性会对电网的稳定造成冲击,因此考虑在电动车快速充电站中配置电池储能系统（BESS）,对充电站负荷进行削峰填谷,从而减少充电站变压器配置容量、缓解大功率快速充电对电网的不利影响。考虑到目前我国大量退役动力电池亟待回收利用的现状,结合梯次利用电池储能系统,建立了基于电动汽车快速充电站整体成本与收益的经济性评估模型,以快速充电站年净收益最大为目标函数,采用改进的遗传算法对模型优化求解。结合算例对快速充电站不配置储能、配置常规电池储能和配置梯次电池储能等不同情况进行了经济性评估,并综合考虑经济性与储能削减负荷的效果,确定了梯次电池储能系统最优容量配置方案。