MANETs面向稳定性的自适应路由开销控制算法

为了在节点频繁移动的MANETs网络环境中发现和建立具有较长维持时间的路由,以增强路由的可用性和数据传输的连续性,面向稳定性的路由算法需要中间节点转发更多的RREQ分组,但这会造成路由开销显著增加。为此,提出了一种面向稳定性的自适应路由开销控制算法。算法使用策略型博弈对RREQ转发过程进行建模,利用该博弈存在的混合策略纳什均衡计算RREQ的转发概率,实现RREQ的概率转发。仿真结果表明,提出的面向稳定性的自适应路由开销控制算法不仅保证了路由的稳定性和分组递交率,而且有效地减少了路由开销和传输延迟。     

节点度估计和静态博弈转发策略的Ad Hoc网络路由协议

针对Ad Hoc网络路由发现过程中广播路由请求分组导致的广播风暴问题，提出了一种基于节点度估计和静态博弈转发策略的Ad Hoc网络路由协议NGRP.NGRP考虑边界影响，采用分段函数的思想将网络场景分为中心、边和角区域，分别估算网络中节点在不同区域的节点度，避免了周期性广播Hello消息获取节点度导致的开销；NGRP路由请求分组的转发采用静态博弈转发策略，利用节点度估算参与转发路由请求分组的节点数量，将转发和不转发作为策略集合，设计效益函数，通过纳什均衡获得节点转发路由请求分组的转发概率，从而减少了路由请求分组广播过程中产生的大量的冗余、竞争和冲突，提高了路由发现过程中路由请求分组的广播效率.运用NS-2对协议的性能进行大量的仿真，结果表明：NGRP的分组投递率、路由开销、MAC层路由开销和吞吐率这4项指标明显优于AODV+FDG，AODV with Hello和AODV without Hello协议.     

基于非均匀分簇机制的ZigBee混合路由算法

针对现有ZigBee网络路由算法存在节点能量消耗不均衡问题,在树路由算法与无线自组网按需距离矢量路由改进(AODVjr)算法的基础上,提出一种基于非均匀分簇机制的ZigBee混合路由算法。该算法将网络分成若干个非均匀的逻辑簇,使距离协调器越近的簇规模越小,从而减少转发任务,使得能量消耗均衡。在分簇的基础上,将节点之间的传输分为簇内传输与簇间传输。簇内传输采用基于邻居表的树路由算法;簇间传输在基于树路由算法无效的情况下,采用AODVjr算法,找到两个簇首之间的较短路径;同时规定只有簇首节点和网关节点才能广播请求分组(RREQ),可以减少冗余的RREQ分组。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效推迟死亡节点出现的时间,延长网络的生存周期,达到提高网络性能的目的。     

基于双转发机制的车载自组织网络路由算法

在车载自组织网络(VANET)中,节点高速移动性与动态拓扑快速变化会引起控制开销大、链路不稳定等问题.利用节点的位置、运动速度等信息,提出一种基于双转发机制的VANET路由算法.在路由寻路阶段,运用方向转发、动态概率转发限制路由请求(RREQ)包的洪泛广播.在路由回溯阶段,运用链路预测机制,选择路径失效时间最大的路径作为传输路径.在路由维护阶段,设置定时器,在路径断裂前触发新的路由寻路,寻找新路径替换即将断裂的旧路径.实验结果表明,与链路时间预测-按需路由算法以及无线自组织网络按需距离向量路由算法相比,该算法在转发的RREQ包数量、平均端到端延迟、传输吞吐率及报文投递率方面的性能较好.     

基于路径收集的Ad-hoc网络路由协议的研究

针对Ad-hoc网络中由于节点移动导致的链路断裂和RREQ(Route Request)分组泛洪的问题,提出了基于路径收集的路由协议.采用路径收集机制和链路不相交的多路径算法,提高节点获取路由的能力,增加节点的平均有效路由数量,提高RREQ分组被应答的可能性,从而限制RREQ的广播范围和转发次数;依据路径维持时间的概率密度呈指数分布的特点,设计优先使用最新路径、兼顾路径长度的路由选择策略,以在概率上延长通信路径的维持时间.NS2的仿真结果表明,与AODV、AOMDV以及AODV_PA协议相比,提出的协议提高了分组投递率,并显著地减少了路由开销和通信时延.     

一种新型的WSAN两层协作路由协议

在WSN网络中引入执行器节点构成WSAN网络,并依据WSAN网络特性提出一种新的协作路由协议——基于动态分簇的角度转发路由协议AFRPDC(Angle Forwarding Routing Protocol base on Dynamic Clustering)。AFRPDC协议由2部分算法组成:基于接收信号强度RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication)的动态分簇算法BRCA(Based on RSSI Dynamic Clustering Algorithm)和角度转发路由协议AFRP(Angle Forwarding Routing Protocol)。BRCA算法保证传感器节点形成较为稳定的拓扑,实现传感器节点与簇头节点的协作;AFRP协议利用簇头节点的角度信息转发事件报告,实现簇头节点与执行器节点的协作通信。仿真结果表明,AFRPDC协议中节点分簇有较好的稳定性,同时AFRPDC较基于链路状态分簇的定向扩散协议DDLSC在降低平均时延和节点能耗方面有更好的表现,可满足WSAN网络对实时性、可靠性和低能耗的要求。     

能量高效的ZigBee路由算法

研究无线网络能耗优化控制问题,传统的AODVjr路由算法通过洪泛路由请求分组(RREQ)来实现路由查找和记录,利用目标节点对最先到达的RREQ分组做出响应选择出最优路径.上述方法只有目的节点才能发送RREP分组,虽可避免无效的RREP分组出现和循环问题,但寻找路由方式需要大量的路由开销,造成网络拥塞,且没有保护剩余能量低的节点,引起通信效率低的问题.针对ZigBee传感网络路由算法的不足,为降低网络节点能量消耗,提出了一种能量高效的路由优化算法,充分利用邻居表信息及簇树分布式地址分配机制,转发数据分组并控制路由请求分组(RREQ)的传播方向,通过节点路由代价及能量等级避免关键节点的能量过度消耗,有效均衡网络能耗.仿真实验验证,改进算法有效地均衡了网络能耗,延长了网络的生命周期.     

移动自组网中基于延迟重播的AODV路由改进协议

在移动自组网中,由于节点的移动性及有限的电池能量,路由是一个具有挑战性的问题,目前已存在很多不同方面的协议来解决这个问题。提出一个新的改进路由协议,其基于延迟重播方案,主要目标是建立一个基于跳数AODV、节点移动速度和节点通信状态的稳定路由协议,改进协议的路由发现过程仅让低速节点转发RREQ包,根据节点的繁忙程度来延迟请求包的广播。采用NS2仿真器对该方案的性能进行评估。仿真结果表明,该方法比以往方法具有更好的性能。     

基于局部邻居节点和链路权值的改进AODV路由协议

在节点高速移动的Ad Hoc网络环境中,广播风暴对网络性能的影响尤为重要,且网络拓扑结构的频繁变化极易导致路由中断.传统的AODV路由协议在路由发现阶段直接使用广播转发RREQ（路由请求分组）机制,容易导致广播风暴降低网络性能;同时,协议选择跳数最少的路径作为路由,没有考虑到节点的快速移动导致路由频繁失效,因此无法适应节点高速移动的网络环境.针对上面存在的问题,提出一种对AODV进行改进的协议.该协议在路由发起过程中,基于局部邻居节点数量计算动态转发概率;选择路由时,利用跨层思想,结合网络节点移动速度提出链路权值,依据链路权值选择路由路径.NS2仿真结果表明：该改进协议提高了数据包的投递率,缩短了端到端的传输时延,能够更好地适应节点高速移动的网络环境.     

一种能量均衡的WSN多级分簇路由算法

通过分析无线传感器网络分簇路由协议中簇首选择不合理和网络负载不均衡的问题,提出一种能耗均衡的多级分簇算法,簇首通过分析已学习到的周围网络数据作出较优决策。在簇首选举方面,综合考虑了节点剩余能量和相对节点密度,选择出合适的簇首;路由方面,运用贪婪算法选择较优簇内通信方案,为簇间数据转发预留能量;簇首对死亡节点能及时发现和广播死亡信息,更好地维护网络运行。仿真和分析结果表明,该算法能选出更为合理的簇首,更有效地均衡了网络负载,显著延长了网络寿命。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).