气固两相流绕流H型翅片管流动及积灰特性的数值模拟

为评价锅炉尾部烟道烟气流过H型翅片管省煤器时的积灰特性,使用Fluent软件对气固两相流绕流H型翅片管进行了冷态数值模拟。对颗粒相的计算采用单向耦合模型,忽略固相对气相的作用,在给定进口速度及烟气颗粒相质量浓度条件下,得到绕流流场。计算结果表明:颗粒速度在H型翅片管迎风面呈M型分布;背风面呈W型分布。H型翅片管开缝既可提高迎风面驻点附近速度,增强轴向吹扫分流,又可增大背风面的回流扰动。这种速度分布特点使H型翅片管不易积灰。在此基础上,模拟了不同入口流速和颗粒质量浓度时的工况,计算结果表明H型翅片管在高速高质量浓度下工作效果同样较好。     

Comparisons of Fly Ash and Deposition Between Air and Oxy-FuelCombustion in Bench-Scale Fluidized Bed with Limestone Addition

In Oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed, the residual CaO particles may react with high concentration of CO₂ in flue gas to form bonded deposit on heat transfer surfaces in backpass when limestone is used as a sorbent to capture SO₂.In this paper, experiments were designed on ash deposition in a bench-scale fluidized bed under oxy-fuel and air atmosphere. A novel ash deposit sampling probe was used to simulate the tubes of tail surfaces. The chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit from both air-firing and oxy-fuel firing cases were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), respectively. The degrees of carbonation reaction of ash deposits were measured by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis. The results showed that there are distinct differences in fly ash deposition rate between oxy-fuel and air firing cases, and oxy-fuel combustion with limestone addition can affect chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit, especially for elements of Ca, Na, K, and S. However, the carbonation reaction degree of ash deposits is found weak, which is due to the relatively low CaO content in ash deposit or not long enough of the sampling time.[JP]     

人体上呼吸道模型内气流和颗粒沉积的大涡模拟

为探索人体呼吸道内的气体流动和颗粒的运动沉积规律，建立了一个从口腔到前三级支气管的三维几何模型，采用大涡模拟方法计算了此复杂几何结构内的气体流动，并在拉格朗日框架下研究了颗粒的运动现象.讨论了在呼气和吸气过程中不同横截面的流动分布规律，统计了在不同工况下颗粒在呼吸道模型内各部位的沉积率.分析结果表明，不同级气管横截面的流动结构存在很大差异，颗粒沉积率主要受到呼吸强度与颗粒惯性的影响.为验证模型和模拟结果的正确性，将模拟得到的沉积率和文献中的实验数据进行了比较，两者吻合良好.     

NH3和SO3混合气氛下的灰沉积生长特性

通过沉降炉系统研究NH₃和SO₃混合气氛中不同探针表面温度下的灰沉积生长特性. 利用电荷耦合器件（CCD）相机记录灰沉积生长过程,并实时监测探针内外温度,得到灰沉积物厚度变化及探针表面热流密度变化,通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）等进一步研究灰沉积物特性. 研究表明,探针表面温度越高,灰沉积物的稳定厚度越小、探针表面的相对热流密度越大. 当探针表面温度为200、230、260 °C时,平均灰沉积厚度分别为2.15、1.82、1.40 mm,平均热流密度相对变化量分别为30.6%、40.3%、41.8%. 灰沉积生长可以分为快速增加、缓慢增加和稳定阶段. XRD检测出硫酸氢铵（ABS）,EDS检测出N元素,说明在混合气氛下生成黏性ABS加剧飞灰沉积. SEM结果表明,探针上部灰沉积物多为团聚状,粒径增大;下部灰沉积物多为圆球状,与原飞灰形貌相似. 随着探针表面温度的升高,上部灰沉积物团聚现象减弱,下部灰沉积物变得更为平滑疏松.     

通风管道内温湿度对颗粒沉积的影响

于矩形断面0．3m×0．2m、长度3m的通风管道中,对完全发展湍流中的颗粒沉积进行了模拟计算。由于空调通风管道内空气温、湿度有所变化,因此综合考虑了热泳力及湿度对颗粒沉积的影响,采用拉格朗日法随机轨道模型进行了3000个颗粒沉积的模拟研究。在粒径范围0．01～50μm、管道风速5m／s的条件下,得到了无因次沉积速率随无因次松弛时间变化曲线并与前人的研究结果进行了比较,结果表明曲线呈现“V”形分布,模拟结果与前人研究结果基本一致。针对粒径19m的颗粒,调查了温度及湿度对颗粒沉积的影响,结果表明由气流与管壁的温差产生的热泳力加速了颗粒沉积,并随温差的增加而呈提高趋势;随着空气相对湿度的提高,颗粒沉积速率也相应增加,     

Analog-experiment analysis of ash-deposition monitoring model of boiler economizers in power plants

Ash deposition is a form of particulate fouling, and appears usually in boiler economizers. The ash deposition increases capital expenditure, energy input and maintenance costs. An analog experiment for monitoring ash deposition was performed from the analogous objective of a 410 t/h boiler economizer to verify the rationality and reliability of the ash-deposition-monitoring model presented in order to increase the security and economy in economizer running. The analog experiment platform is a tube-shell exchanger that conforms well to the conditions of a self-modeling area. The analog flue gas in the shell side is the heated air mixed with ash, and in the tube side the fluid is water heated by the flue gas. The fluid state in the water side and the flue gas side follows the second self-modeling area. A 4-factor-3 level orthogonal table was used to schedule 9 operation conditions of orthogonal experiment, with the 4 factors being heat power, flue gas velocity, ashes grain diameter and adding ashes quantity while the three levels are different values due to different position classes in every factor. The ash deposition thermal resistances is calculated by the model with the measure parameters of temperature and pressure drop. It shows that the values of the ash deposition thermal resistances gradually increase up to a stable state. And the experimental results are reliable by F testing method at α = 0. 001. Therefore, the model can be applied in online monitoring of ash deposition in a boiler economizers in power plants and provides scientific decision on ash deposition prediction and sootblowing.     

管内颗粒污垢特性分析

为了研究强化管管内污垢特性,选取一组直肋管与光管管内颗粒污垢实验进行了分析,对光管和不同几何设计的3种内置直肋管进行了研究,实验所用颗粒为氧化铝和氧化铁颗粒,平均直径分别为1.75 μm和2.11 μm,质量密度约为1 500 mg/L,实验段的热流密度约为13 kW/m2.实验发现,光管的污垢热阻渐进值最小,其次是型号为30/10,30/20,15/10的直肋管,为此建立了一半理论化模型,对影响颗粒污垢形成的主要因素进行了研究.污垢模型从最常用的质量平衡模型出发,分别讨论了质量传递系数、壁面剪切应力、黏附几率、污垢抗分散强度的影响因素,理论模型与实验结果吻合良好.另外,在进行相应简化后,对实验相应管型进行了二维数值分析,数值分析采用控制容积法和标准k ω模型.为解释不同管型在抗垢性能上的差异,讨论了不同管型的近壁面流场分布以及壁面剪切应力对颗粒污垢沉积的影响,发现壁面剪切力越大,污垢热阻值越小,而肋间距是影响壁面剪切力的重要几何参数.数值模拟结果与经验公式和实验结果相比也有合理的偏差.     

Experimental studies on the erosion rate of different heat treated carbon steel economiser tubes of power boilers by fly ash particles

The experimental investigations on the effect of the fly ash particle size,velocity,impingement angle,and feed rate were done with an emphasis on the effect of erosion on annealed SA 210 GrA1(A) and normalized SA 210 GrA1(N) carbon steel economizer-tube materials.Erosion rates were evaluated with different impingement angles ranging from 15° to 90°,at four different velocities of 32.5,35,37.5,and 40 m/s,and at four different feed rates of fly ash particles of 2,4,6 and 8 g/min.The erodent used was fly ash p...     

氟塑钢复合管冲蚀磨损性能的试验研究

通过实验研究适用于电厂余热深度回收的新型氟塑钢复合管的冲蚀磨损性能,主要考察在刚玉砂和煤灰两种颗粒冲蚀下,气流速度、温度与颗粒质量浓度等对复合管中低速气流冲蚀磨损的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜对冲蚀磨损后的表面微观形貌进行观察,初步探讨冲蚀磨损机制.结果表明,在中低速度下,复合管的冲蚀磨损速率随气流速度的变化呈幂函数关系;在两种不同颗粒的冲蚀下,复合管的冲蚀磨损速率随颗粒质量浓度的变化均近似呈线性关系;复合管的冲蚀磨损速率随气流温度的升高而降低,但变化幅度不大;微观形貌分析显示,复合管表面受到颗粒反复垂直冲击时主要发生塑性变形,局部出现显微裂纹,在受到颗粒的反复斜向冲击时主要发生切削和犁耕.     

Probing particle removal in brush scrubber cleaning with fluorescence technique

Brush scrubber cleaning is widely used for post chemical mechanical polishing(CMP)cleaning in semiconductor manufacturing.In this study,an experimental system based on fluorescence technique and particle-tracking velocimetry(PTV)technique was employed to characterize the particle removal displacement and velocity in the interface between a transparent copper film and a porous polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)brush during the cleaning process.Several different cleaning conditions including rotation speeds,loading pressure and cleaning agent were examined and the particle removal rate was compared.Elastic and friction removal,hydrodynamic removal and mixed-type removal are the three types of particle removal.Particles with an arc trace and uniform velocity curves were removed by friction and elastic force which were related to the brush load.Particles with a random trace and fluctuant velocity curves were removed by hydrodynamic force which was determined by the brush rotation speed.The increase of particle removal rate(PRR)with brush rotation speed is a logistic function.It is easier to improve PRR by increasing the brush load or by adding surfactant than by increasing the brush rotation speed.     

颗粒物在通风管道壁面上沉积的数值分析

为了探究颗粒物在通风管道壁面上的沉积特性,采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法,对粒径为0.003~30 um的颗粒在水平二维粗糙管道及光滑管道内的运动进行了模拟研究,并将两种情况的计算结果进行对比.首先,采用RSM模型得到两种管道内的时均流场,然后采用随机轨道模型得到颗粒物的运动轨迹并计算沉降速度.结果表明粗糙元增大了颗粒的沉降速度,对颗粒沉积的影响在粒径为1 um左右时最为显著,沉降速度提高约3个数量级,且在管道底面布置粗糙元还会增大顶部光滑壁面的颗粒沉降速度.     

Discrete element method of improved performance of railway ballast bed using elastic sleeper

With the development of high-speed and heavy-haul railway in China, problems like insufficient thickness of ballast bed and overlarge track stiffness are obvious. Ballast may break into small particles and their contact status will deteriorate under cyclic loading, resulting in ballast degradation. Discrete element method(DEM) was used to research improved performance of ballast bed using elastic sleeper. Clusters were generated by bonding spheres to model real ballasts, while broken bonds were utilized to distinguish breakage. Two kinds of ballast beds with elastic sleeper and conventional sleeper were established, respectively. After applying cyclic loading to the models, differences of mechanical properties between two models were analyzed by contrasting their dynamic behavior indexes, such as particle contact force, sleeper settlement, vibration velocity and acceleration, breakage characteristic. The results illustrate that compared with conventional sleeper, elastic sleeper increases sleeper settlement, while reduces ballast vibration and contact force between particles, which could depress ballast breakage.     

模拟地下水压力作用下混凝土硫酸盐腐蚀行为研究

针对地下混凝土结构的耐久性问题,利用室内模拟试验技术,研究不同地下水静水压力(0、0.1和0.2 MPa)和粉煤灰掺量(10%、25%和40%)对混凝土受硫酸盐腐蚀的影响,测定了混凝土腐蚀60 d后的腐蚀深度和力学性能指标(抗压强度和动弹性模量)。试验结果表明,混凝土的硫酸盐腐蚀深度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而线性降低;随地下水压力的增加近似呈线性增加。混凝土的抗压强度和动弹性模量随粉煤灰掺量的增加而降低,随地下水压力的增加而略有提高。此外,对混凝土抗压强度和超声波速的相关性进行分析,结果表明粉煤灰和水压力对抗压强度与超声波速关系的影响不明显;通过回归分析建立了硫酸盐腐蚀后混凝土抗压强度和超声波速的指数关系模型。     

模具沉积层应变的模拟

为分析沉积层应变的变化情况,并找出温度与形变的变化规律,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS计算并绘制不同时刻以及不同位置沉积层内的温度及应力应变曲线,在建立传热模型过程中考虑了金属液滴向沉积层的传热以及沉积层向系统外的热量散失等问题．采用在厚度方向以微小层逐层叠加来模拟涂层的增厚,并以此为基础构造沉积层有限元计算模型,应用单元生与死逐层激活层单元参与计算过程．实现移动边界以充分模拟真实的喷涂沉积过程．通过分析不同时刻以及不同位置沉积层内的应力应变曲线,获得了沉积层应力应变变化规律．结果表明,沉积层内存在残余塑性应变,且沉积层与母模接触部位等效应力最大,是最易翘曲的地方,验证了沉积层失稳的一般形式．     

Shell煤气化飞灰粘附特性影响因素探讨

针对Shell粉煤气化炉飞灰的粘附特性,利用XRF、激光粒度分析仪、SEM-EDX等仪器对采自皖北、云南矿区的两种煤在Shell气化过程中形成的飞灰样品进行了分析检测,探讨了化学成分、粒度分布、表面形貌及元素组成等因素对飞灰粘附特性的影响。结果表明,皖北煤飞灰中一些微量元素含量比云南煤飞灰含量高,颗粒直径在1-2μm范围的大颗粒数明显少于云南煤飞灰,但是飞灰的比表面积大于云南煤飞灰,这是皖北煤飞灰的粘附性比云南煤要高的主要原因;此外,飞灰颗粒为球状,表面附着小的球形颗粒,该颗粒的Ca元素含量较高,使得它们彼此容易粘连在一起,从而促进了飞灰的粘附和沉积。     

脉动流条件下弹性管束换热器振动特性仿真

为了得到弹性管束换热器传热元件的振动参数以及流体诱导振动强化传热规律,对平面弹性管束的固有振动特性及脉动流作用下的弹性管束振动规律进行了研究.首先,利用ANSYS软件建立平面弹性管束有限元模型,并对管束进行模态分析;然后利用FLUENT软件对弹性管束内通入脉动流后的流场进行数值分析.结果表明:弹性管束复杂的三维运动状态提高了其换热和抑垢性能;三棱柱绕流体产生的脉动流速度变化范围为0.4~1.3m/s,波形明显,因此三棱柱绕流体更适合用于脉动流发生装置;数值计算得到的弹性管束振动频率与实际工况脉动流流体流经弹性管束时产生的频率相一致,为弹性管束换热器在实践使用中提供一定的参考意义.     

SPH和FEM耦合法模拟磨料水射流中单磨粒加速过程

针对Eulerian和ALE(arbitrary lagriange eulerian)方法仿真研究磨料水射流喷嘴中磨料粒子加速过程的局限性,提出采用SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamics)耦合FEM(finite element method)的方法研究后混式磨料水射流喷嘴中低速磨料粒子在高速水射流作用下的流体动力学特性和磨粒加速后撞击靶材的全过程。水用SPH建模,磨料粒子、喷嘴和工件用FEM建模,通过接触算法实现SPH和FEM的耦合以模拟后混式磨料水射流加工的全过程。仿真研究了磨粒和水在喷嘴中各自的速度变化过程;单磨粒在喷嘴中的运动轨迹;不同直径的磨料粒子在不同水压作用下的速度变化过程;不同直径的磨粒在不同直径的混合管中出口速度的变化规律;磨料粒子在工件上的撞击深度。通过与相关实验及理论数据的比较,验证了仿真模型和结果的正确性。     

再生离子交换树脂主要物理及力学特性试验研究

为系统、全面地了解再生离子交换树脂模型沙的主要物理及力学特性,参照河流泥沙动力学、土力学相关知识和规范,采用模型沙粒度分析、量筒、玻璃水槽试验及室内土力学试验等方法,对其粒径级配、膨胀率、密度、干密度、起动流速、水下休止角、抗剪特性等进行了试验研究。得到如下结论:(1)原状再生离子交换树脂密度为1.234 t/m~3,直径为1.0~1.2 mm,经机械粉碎后可测得的最小粒径为0.005 mm;(2)原状再生离子交换树脂在水中的膨胀率为5.1%,膨胀性较强;(3)量筒法测得中值粒径d_(50)=0.100~0.370 mm的再生离子交换树脂的干密度值基本稳定在0.540 m~3/t左右,但在有压条件下或淤积时间过长时,其干密度值有较大幅度的增加,其中d_(50)=0.100 mm的再生离子交换树脂的起动流速随淤积时间的延长有较明显的增加,不利于长周期的试验;(4)d_(50)=0.100~0.370 mm的再生离子交换树脂的水下休止角为11°00'00″~33°10'00″,与天然沙的水下休止角值接近;(5)d_(50)=0.100~0.270 mm的再生离子交换树脂在1 m高水压条件下固结24 h后,其黏结力为1.44~3.24 k Pa,内摩擦角为14.49°~27.55°,树脂颗粒间黏性较小,淤积体的凝聚主要依靠摩擦阻力的作用。     

燃煤电站锅炉对流受热面灰污层增长预测模型的研究

从灰污的沉积率和剥蚀率出发,推导了燃煤电站锅炉受热面灰污增长预测模型,分析了灰污热阻随积灰时间和烟气流速变化的规律,并与某台300MW燃煤锅炉受热面灰污热阻变化实验数据进行了比较,研究结果有利于进一步完善锅炉受热面优化吹灰模型和吹灰策略。     

基于实验方法的硅胶圆管柔性关节静力学研究

采用两种不同材料的硅胶管和弹性骨架制作了柔性关节,对其进行静力学实验,得出了在相同气压下的弯曲角度和夹持力,并建立了柔性关节形变模型,获得了其气压下的形变特性。研究结果表明: 硅胶胶管邵氏硬度越小,其剪切弹性模量和弹性模量越小,其硅胶管制的柔性关节柔性和力学特性越好。该研究为弹性硅胶管在气动人工驱动器的应用进一步研究奠定了基础。