一种新的TOA无线定位算法

在无线通信系统中,精确定位面临的一个主要问题就是信号的非视距传播(NLOS)。提出了一种新的定位算法-最小距离误差算法(LRE),能够有效地降低NLOS误差的影响。算法基于到达时间(TOA)测量距离,利用TOA测量值所确定的几何关系,由受条件约束的优化方法求得移动台的估计位置。研究了该算法在不同类型NLOS误差下的表现,实验表明LRE算法的定位精度达到E911要求,比其它算法有明显提高,且在多种分布的NLOS误差下表现稳定。     

基于TOA的置信因子移动定位算法

移动台的精确定位面临的一个主要问题就是信号的非视距(NLOs)传输。小文在TOA测量距离的基础上,利用基站和测量值之间的几何关系、信号的损耗模型和信号强度信息,提出了置信因子定位算法(BFA)。研究了BFA算法在不同类型NLOS误差下的表现,结果表明该算法能够有效地降低NLOS误差的影响,定位精度比其它算法有显著提高,而且在不同分布的NLOS误差下表现稳定。     

密集多径环境下UWB测距的NLOS误差减小方法

为减小密集多径环境下超宽带(UWB)测距结果中因为障碍物引起的非视距(NLOS)误差,提出了一种有效的NLOS误差减小方法.此方法考虑了NLOS误差的产生原理及特点,以信号传播的路径损耗模型为基础,通过对接收信号中不同时间到达单径的能量比较,实现了对NLOS误差的粗略估计,进而以此估计值对测距结果进行校正.在方法的具体实现上,给出了一种计算量较小、复杂度较低的单径检测算法.对实测数据的处理验证了方法的正确性,结果表明本文提出的NLOS误差减小方法使UWB测距精度有了较大提升.     

多天线NLOS定位误差抑制算法

为抑制非视距传播造成的定位误差,提出一种基于对各基站TOA测量结果进行NLOS判别的误差抑制算法。与传统基于TOA统计信息的NLOS抑制不同,算法直接利用移动台多天线接收数据判别基站视距状态,然后融合LOS和NLOS基站测量结果解算移动台位置。NLOS判别机制采用多天线接收数据估计信道莱斯K因子,利用K因子在LOS/NLOS下服从的不同概率分布在信号处理层面对NLOS基站进行判别。算法最后采用约束最优化方法融合识别后的LOS和NLOS基站的TOA测量结果解算移动台位置。仿真结果表明,所提融合NLOS基站TOA解算算法可有效提高NLOS存在时的定位精度。      

一种基于散射体模型的NLOS误差抑制方法

在无线定位中,非视距（NLOS）传播成为高精度定位的主要障碍,它严重约束了无线移动台的定位精度。提出了一种新颖的减小非视距误差的方法。该基于到达时间（TOA）分布的定位算法是以多径散射为测量模型的。通过匹配由散射体模型产生的若干多径信号的TOA测量值的统计方法,可以获得视距（LOS）条件下基站与移动台之间的TOA估计值。由此,获得的LOS的TOA估计值可以用于任何传统的TOA定位算法。在NLOS环境中,该算法表明TOAA统的定位精度得到显著的提高。     

基于时域射线法的IR UWB信号穿墙传播建模与分析

研究了一种基于时域射线追踪技术(Time Domain Ray Tracing)适用于大尺度室内环境传播建模的IR-UWB信号传播模型。该模型综合考虑室内传播存在的多径效应、阴影效应和穿墙效应等物理现象,引入墙体内部的时域传输系数和墙体至空气的时域透射系数,分析并解释了时域传播系数的物理意义。模型利用了IR-UWB信号时域极窄的特点,与传统的FDTD方法相比,能够显著提高大尺度环境下的计算效率。最后通过与实测结果的对比,验证了该模型的有效性,详细研究了模型的计算精度及误差成因。     

一种基于圆环模型的网格搜索定位算法

为了降低非视距(Non-Line-of-Sight,NLOS)误差对定位精度的不利影响,提出了一种基于圆环模型的到达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)/到达角(Angle of Arrival,AOA)混合定位算法。假设各基站(Base Station,BS)接收的多径信号都经历了散射体的单次散射,首先利用圆环模型的几何特征搜索圆环的半径,再根据圆环的半径、TOA信息和AOA信息确定散射体的位置;然后将散射体作为虚拟基站规划移动台(Mobile Station,MS)的可能位置范围,并使用网格搜索和约束判断来获得多个MS可能的估计位置;最后根据误差目标函数的大小进行选择性平均。在不同NLOS场景下的仿真结果表明,与现有算法相比,所提算法取得了更好的定位性能。     

TOA数据处理对NLOS环境下定位精度的改善

基于移动通信环境中非视距(NLOS)传播时延服从指数分布的特性,提出了一种改善移动台定位精度的波达时间(TOA)数据处理方法.NLOS传播时延是TOA测量误差的一部分,是基站与移动台距离的指数函数,具有正偏置的特性,因此TOA测量值越大其误差越大.对所有的TOA测量数据进行分析,仅保留误差最小的3个,然后再采用最小二乘(LS)法估计移动台的坐标.仿真结果表明,该TOA数据处理方法能够明显改善NLOS传播环境下的定位精度,在系统测量误差较小时对LOS传播条件下的定位精度几乎没有影响.     

对抗NLOS误差的TOA/AOA混合无线定位算法

信道的时间和空间的变化所导致的非视距（NLOS）传输是移动定位技术面临的巨大困难。为此,利用蜂窝网络的结构、信号到达时间（TOA）以及信号到达角度（AOA）提出了一种TOA／AOA混合定位算法,有效地解决了这一问题。研究了算法在不同类型NLOS误差下的表现,结果表明该算法能够有效地降低NLOS误差的影响,定位精度比其它算法有显著提高,而且在不同分布的NLOS误差下表现稳定。     

一种NLOS环境下的TOA/AOA定位算法

为了减小NLOS传播的影响,基于几何结构的单次反射统计信道模型,该文提出一种NLOS环境下的TOA/AOA定位算法。利用RBF神经网络较快的学习特性和逼近任意非线性映射的能力,对NLOS传播的误差进行修正以减小NLOS传播的影响,再利用最小二乘(LS)算法进行定位,从而提高系统的定位精度。仿真结果表明,该算法在NLOS环境下有较高的定位精度,性能优于Chan算法,Taylor算法和LS算法。     

Modeling the Effect of Human Body on TOA Based Indoor Human Tracking

In time-of-arrival (TOA) based indoor human tracking system, the human body mounted with the target sensor can cause non-line of sight (NLOS) scenario and result in significant ranging error. However, the previous studies on the behavior of indoor TOA ranging did not take the effects of human body into account. In this paper, measurement of TOA ranging error has been conducted in a typical indoor environment and sources of inaccuracy in TOA-based indoor localization have been analyzed. To quantitatively describe the TOA ranging error caused by human body, we introduce a statistical TOA ranging error model for body mounted sensors based on the measurement results. This model separates the ranging error into multipath error and NLOS error caused by the creeping wave phenomenon. Both multipath error and NLOS error are modeled as a Gaussian variable. The distribution of multipath error is only relative to the bandwidth of the system while the distribution of NLOS error is relative to the angle between human facing direction and the direction of transmitter–receiver, signal to noise ratio and bandwidth of the system, which clearly shows the effects of human body on TOA ranging.     

A decision tree‐based NLOS detection method for the UWB indoor location tracking accuracy improvement

Among existing wireless technologies, ultra‐wideband (UWB) is the most promising solution for indoor location tracking. UWB has a great multipath fading immunity; however, great multipath resolvability alone does not eliminate the effect of non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) and multipath propagation. NLOS and multipath propagation in indoor environments can easily produce meters of UWB ranging error. This condition gives an enormous impact on the accuracy of indoor location tracking data. To address this problem, we propose an NLOS detection method using recursive decision tree learning. Using the UWB channel quality indicators information, we develop our model with the Gini index and altered priors splitting criteria. We then validate the constructed model using the 10‐fold cross‐validation method. Our experiment shows that the constructed model has correctly detected 90% of both line‐of‐sight (LOS) and NLOS cases on the seven different indoor environments. The result of this work can be used for the UWB indoor location tracking accuracy improvement.     

一种基于单次散射体定位的TOA/AOA混合定位算法

为了降低非视距(Non-Line-of-Sight,NLOS)误差对定位精度的不利影响,提出了一种基于散射体定位的到达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)/到达角(Angle of Arrival,AOA)混合定位算法.假设各基站(Base Station,BS)接收的多径信号都经历了散射体单次散射,首先利用...     

IR-UWB系统中采用锯齿波匹配的低复杂度TOA估计

采用非相干能量检测,提出了一种负斜率锯齿波相关搜索的算法,其结合接收多径脉冲信号的包络特征,获得了次优的估计性能。另外,通过对于锯齿波斜率(锯齿波宽度)的分析给出了在非视距条件下无偏估计的条件,理论分析了TOA估计平均绝对误差,推导出其性能解。仿真结果验证了算法的性能,并通过对结果的分析给出了在视距和非视距环境、不同信噪比下锯齿波斜率的最优取值范围。该方法解决了估计复杂度、抗多径和非视距环境下的顽健性问题。     

IR-UWB测距中NLOS状态的鉴别

NLOS效应是IR-UWB测距定位系统中影响精度的主要因素之一。该文提出不依赖于信道估计,直接从接收信号采样序列中提取特征参量进行NLOS鉴别的方法,构造了采样序列的首均比与峰均比乘积作为鉴别参量,并与使用峭度和平均附加时延这两个参量的鉴别性能进行了对比。仿真结果表明:相干测距所对应的鉴别性能要好于非相干测距,原因是更为精确的DP检测结果及高采样速率使得参量提取值更能准确地反映信道状态信息;使用峭度和平均附加时延作为鉴别参量所能获得鉴别性能均不理想,而使用采样序列的首均比与峰均比乘积能使鉴别成功率提高10%左右。在定位模块中融入该文所获得的NLOS的鉴别结果将有助于定位精度的进一步提升。     

Error performance and throughput evaluation of a multi-Gbps millimeter-wave WPAN system in the presence of adjacent and co-channel interference

This paper investigates the impact of adjacent channel interference (ACI) and co-channel interference (CCI) on error performance and throughput of a multi-Gbps millimeterwave wireless personal area network (WPAN) system in a realistic residential line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) multipath environment. The main contribution of this paper is providing a multi-Gbps WPAN system design in the challenging multipath environment in the presence of ACI/CCI. Based on the investigation results, we have provided ACI/CCI rejection as a reference for victim receiver protection design. In the NLOS environment, the ACI rejection (i.e. ACI that causes 0.5 dB degradation in the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to achieve bit error rate (BER) of 10^-6) for pi/2-BPSK, QPSK, 8 PSK and 16 QAM are 13, 7, 0 and -6dB respectively. And the CCI rejection for similar modulation schemes are -18, -20, -26 and -29 respectively. Secondly, we have clarified the LOS-NLOS relationship of the ACI/CCI impact to system performance. ACI in multipath NLOS environment causes an additional 5 dB degradation to error performance as compared to ACI in the LOS environment. CCI on the other hand, has similar impact on error performance in both LOS and NLOS environment. Thirdly, we have clarified the relationship between modulation spectral efficiency and robustness against ACI/CCI. In an environment with no or low ACI/CCI, the maximum achievable throughput for pi/2-BPSK, QPSK, 8 PSK and 16 QAM in LOS environment are 1.2, 2.5, 3.8 and 5 Gbps respectively. In NLOS environment, the achievable throughput decreases to 1, 1.9, 2.8 and 3.8 Gbps respectively. As ACI/CCI increases, the throughput of higherorder modulation schemes such as 16 QAM decreases the most rapidly, followed by 8 PSK and QPSK. The throughput for pi/2-BPSK has the highest tolerance against increasing ACI/CCI, at the expense of lower maximum achievable throughput.     

超宽带室内定位算法综述

在超宽带定位系统中,多径效应、NLOS 等因素会导致一定程度的测量误差。详细介绍了基于超宽带的各类定位技术及其实现原理,并着重于定位性能较好的TDOA技术,从定位模型建立到定位解算方面系统地介绍了各类基于TDOA的定位算法,详细阐述了各种算法的实现原理及设计流程,并对各种算法在LOS和NLOS下的性能进行了比较分析。     

MST-based topology control with NLOS location error compensation for location-aware networks

The topology control algorithms can improve the network capacity and network lifetime in location-aware networks. The topology control algorithms require accurate locations of mobile nodes or distances between each of the mobile nodes. The IEEE 802.15.4a-based location-aware networks can provide precise ranging distance between two mobile nodes. The mobile nodes can obtain their accurate locations by using accurate ranging distances. However, in the IEEE 802.15.4a networks, the ranging distance has a large measurement error in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. In this paper, we propose MST-based topology control with NLOS location error compensation algorithm to improve location accuracy and prevent mobile nodes from connecting to unstable links in NLOS condition. Performance evaluation shows the proposed algorithm constructs a topology map which has low location errors with considering the instability of NLOS links in NLOS condition.     

NLOS环境下低复杂度的UWB-SRAKE接收机性能分析

该文提出一种适用于NLOS环境UWB多径信道下低复杂度的选择性RAKE接收机(RC-SRAKE),通过本地参考波形与接收信号的卷积抽样来确定SRAKE的Finger参数,不需要已知信道信息或信道估计过程,降低了复杂度。给出了RC-SRAKE误码率的表达式,分析了Finger数目和信道噪声对RC-SRAKE性能的影响。通过对IEEE.802.15.4a中NLOS信道的仿真实验表明,与能获得准确信道信息的理想SRAKE相比,在Finger数目较少的情况下RC-SRAKE能达到与之相近的性能。