Effect of bismuth breast shielding on radiation dose and image quality in coronary CT angiography

Background

Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is associated with high radiation dose to the female breasts. Bismuth breast shielding offers the potential to significantly reduce dose to the breasts and nearby organs, but the magnitude of this reduction and its impact on image quality and radiation dose have not been evaluated.

Methods

Radiation doses from CCTA to critical organs were determined using metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors positioned in a customized anthropomorphic whole-body dosimetry verification phantom. Image noise and signal were measured in regions of interest (ROIs) including the coronary arteries.

Results

With bismuth shielding, breast radiation dose was reduced 46%-57% depending on breast size and scanning technique, with more moderate dose reduction to the heart, lungs, and esophagus. However, shielding significantly decreased image signal (by 14.6 HU) and contrast (by 28.4 HU), modestly but significantly increased image noise in ROIs in locations of coronary arteries, and decreased contrast-to-noise ratio by 20.9%.

Conclusions

While bismuth breast shielding can significantly decrease radiation dose to critical organs, it is associated with an increase in image noise, decrease in contrast-to-noise, and changes tissue attenuation characteristics in the location of the coronary arteries.     

In-plane bismuth breast shields for pediatric CT: effects on radiation dose and image quality using experimental and clinical data

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the amount of radiation dose reduction and its effect on image quality when using an in-plane bismuth breast shield for multidetector CT (MDCT) of the chest and abdomen in female pediatric patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty consecutive MDCT examinations (chest, 29; abdomen, 21) of female pediatric patients (mean age, 9 years; range, 2 months-18 years) were performed with a 2-ply (1.7 g of bismuth per square centimeter) bismuth shield (three sizes to accommodate patients of varying sizes) overlying the patient's breasts. MDCT images were evaluated for a perceptible difference in image quality in the lungs at the anatomic level under the shield as compared with nonshielded lung and whether the images were of diagnostic quality. In addition, 2-mm regions of interest were placed in the peripheral anterior and posterior portions of each lung in shielded and nonshielded areas, and noise (standard deviation in Hounsfield units) was measured in the regions. Differences among the regions in noise were compared for shielded versus nonshielded areas (paired t test). To measure differences in actual dose, we also evaluated the breast shield with an infant anthropomorphic phantom using thermoluminescent detectors in the breast tissue. The phantom was imaged with and without the breast shield using identical MDCT parameters. RESULTS: All MDCT scans of patients were of diagnostic quality with no perceptible difference in image quality in shielded versus nonshielded lung. We found no statistically significant difference in noise between the shielded and nonshielded lung regions of interest (shielded: mean noise, 17.3 H; nonshielded: mean noise, 18.8 H; p = 0.5180). Phantom measurements revealed a 29% reduction in radiation dose to the breast when a medium-dose MDCT protocol was used. CONCLUSION: Bismuth in-plane breast shielding for pediatric MDCT decreased radiation dose to the breast without qualitative or quantitative changes in image quality.     

Female breast radiation exposure during thorax multidetector computed tomography and the effectiveness of bismuth breast shield to reduce breast radiation dose

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine the breast radiation dose when performing routine thoracic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). We also evaluated dose reduction and the effect on image quality of using a bismuth breast shield when performing thoracic MDCT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The dose reduction achievable by shielding the adult (18 years or older) female breasts was studied in 50 women who underwent routine thoracic MDCT. All examinations were performed with a 16-MDCT scanner (Sensation Cardiac 16; Siemens Medical Solutions). To compare the shielded/unshielded breast dose, the examination was performed with (right breast) and without (left breast) breast shielding in all patients. With this technique, the superficial breast doses were calculated. To determine the average glandular breast radiation dose, we imaged an anthropomorphic dosimetric phantom into which calibrated dosimeters were placed to measure the dose to breast. The phantom was imaged using the same protocol. Radiation doses to the breasts with and without the breast shielding were measured and compared using the Student t test. RESULTS: In the qualitative evaluation of the MDCT scans, all were considered to be of diagnostic quality. We did not see any differences in quality between the shielded and unshielded lung. The mean radiation doses to the breasts with the shield and to those without the shield were 8.6 +/- 2.33 versus 14.46 +/- 3.94 mGy, respectively. The breast shield enabled a 40.53% decrease in radiation dose to the breast. The difference between the dose received by the breasts with and that received by the breasts without bismuth shielding was significant, with a P value of less than 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Bismuth in-plane shielding for routine thoracic MDCT decreased radiation dose to the breast without qualitative changes in image quality. The other radiosensitive superficial organs (eg, testes and thyroid gland) specifically must be protected with shielding.     

Quantitative assessment of selective in-plane shielding of tissues in computed tomography through evaluation of absorbed dose and image quality

This study aimed at assessment of efficacy of selective in-plane shielding in adults by quantitative evaluation of the achieved dose reduction and image quality. Commercially available accessories for in-plane shielding of the eye lens, thyroid and breast, and an anthropomorphic phantom were used for the evaluation of absorbed dose and image quality. Organ dose and total energy imparted were assessed by means of a Monte Carlo technique taking into account tube voltage, tube current, and scanner type. Image quality was quantified as noise in soft tissue. Application of the lens shield reduced dose to the lens by 27% and to the brain by 1%. The thyroid shield reduced thyroid dose by 26%; the breast shield reduced dose to the breasts by 30% and to the lungs by 15%. Total energy imparted (unshielded/shielded) was 88/86 mJ for computed tomography (CT) brain, 64/60 mJ for CT cervical spine, and 289/260 mJ for CT chest scanning. An increase in image noise could be observed in the ranges were bismuth shielding was applied. The observed reduction of organ dose and total energy imparted could be achieved more efficiently by a reduction of tube current. The application of in-plane selective shielding is therefore discouraged.     

Coronary calcium scoring with MDCT: the radiation dose to the breast and the effectiveness of bismuth breast shield

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine the breast radiation dose during coronary calcium scoring with multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT). We also evaluated the degree of dose reduction by using a bismuth breast shield when performing coronary calcium scoring with MDCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dose reduction achievable by shielding the adult (35 years or older) female breasts was studied in 25 women who underwent coronary calcium scoring with MDCT. All examinations were performed with a 16-MDCT scanner. To compare the shielded versus unshielded breast dose, the examinations were performed with (right breast) and without (left breast) breast shielding in all patients. With this technique the superficial breast doses were calculated. To determine the average glandular breast radiation dose, we imaged an anthropomorphic dosimetric phantom into which calibrated dosimeters were placed to measure the dose to the breast. The phantom was imaged using the same protocol. Radiation doses to the breasts with and without the breast shielding were measured and compared using the Student's t-test. RESULTS: The mean radiation doses with and without the breast shield were 5.71+/-1.1 mGy versus 9.08+/-1.5 mGy, respectively. The breast shield provided a 37.12% decrease in radiation dose to the breast with shielding. The difference between the dose received by the breasts with and without bismuth shielding was significant, with a p-value of less than 0.001. CONCLUSION: The high radiation during MDCT greatly exceeds the recommended doses and should not be underestimated. Bismuth in plane shielding for coronary calcium scoring with MDCT decreased the radiation dose to the breast. We recommend routine use of breast shields in female patients undergoing calcium scoring with MDCT.     

Dedicated breast CT: radiation dose and image quality evaluation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of breast computed tomography (CT) in terms of radiation dose and image quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Validated Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used to estimate the average glandular dose (AGD). The calculated photon fluence at the detector for high-quality abdominal CT (120 kVp, 300 mAs, 5-mm section thickness) was the benchmark for assessing the milliampere seconds and corresponding radiation dose necessary for breast CT. Image noise was measured by using a 10-cm-diameter cylinder imaged with a clinical CT scanner at 10-300 mAs for 80, 100, and 120 kVp. A cadaveric breast was imaged in the coronal plane to approximate the acquisition geometry of a proposed breast CT scanner. RESULTS: The AGD for 80-kVp breast CT was comparable to that for two-view mammography of 5-cm breasts (compressed breast thickness). For thicker breasts, the breast CT dose was about one-third less than that for two-view mammography. The maximum dose at mammography assessed in 1-mm(3) voxels was far higher (20.0 mGy) than that at breast CT (5.4 mGy) for a typical 5-cm 50% glandular breast. CT images of an 8-cm cadaveric breast (AGD, 6.3 mGy) were subjectively superior to digital mammograms (AGD, 10.1 mGy) of the same specimen. CONCLUSION: The potential of high signal-to-noise ratio images with low anatomic noise, which are obtainable at dose levels comparable to those for mammography, suggests that dedicated breast CT should be studied further for its potential in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.     

Differences in behavior of tube current modulation techniques for thoracic CT examinations between male and female anthropomorphic phantoms

Our objective was to investigate the differences in behavior of tube current modulation (TCM) techniques for thoracic CT examinations between male and female anthropomorphic phantoms. The phantoms were scanned with an automatic exposure control system in the longitudinal (z-) and angular-longitudinal (xyz-) TCM, in addition to the fixed-mA which was used as a reference. Axial dose distributions were measured at the levels of the breasts and the diaphragm, and longitudinal dose distributions were measured from the thoracic-inlet level to the diaphragm level at the center and periphery of the phantoms by use of eight solid-state detectors. Image noise was quantitatively measured continuously from the top to the bottom images of the phantoms. With the male phantom, the percentage of average absorbed dose with the xyz-TCM mode compared to the z-TCM mode was 90.2 % at the level of the nipples. This value was significantly smaller than that for the female phantom (95.6 %, P < 0.0001). With either phantom, the percentage of absorbed doses in the longitudinal direction with the xyz-TCM mode compared to the z-TCM mode at the center of the phantom was almost the same as the percent ratio at the periphery of the phantom. Therefore, the effect of xyz-TCM was less pronounced with the female phantom, especially on the reduction of the breast dose. The increase of image noise at the level of the supraclavicular fossa (in the male phantom) and at the level of the diaphragm (both phantoms) could not be avoided with the use of TCM techniques.     

Assessment of the efficiency of new bismuth composite shields in radiation dose decline to breast during chest CT

Background

Bismuth shield has been recently introduced for radiation protection of patient radiosensitive organs such as breast during chest CT with image diagnosis capability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dose reduction and image quality conserve using new bismuth-silicon composite shields during chest CT.

Low-dose multidetector dynamic CT in the breast: preliminary study

This study investigated the feasibility of using low-dose multidetector dynamic computed tomography (CT) scan for imaging breast. We measured the radiation dose using a phantom at low- and standard-dose CT. To compare the image quality at low- and standard-dose CT, we evaluated normal breasts in 57 cases. In 44 cases with breast cancer, we assessed the staging and time-enhancement curves of breast cancer. In conclusion, the low-dose multidetector dynamic CT scan is feasible for the evaluation of the breast, with reduced radiation dose and with similar image quality when compared with standard-dose CT scan. In breast cancers, low-dose dynamic CT could be used for the staging of breast cancer before surgery.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of a bismuth shield during CT examinations

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a bismuth shield (Attenurad F&L Medical Products, Vandergrift, PA) in reducing the dose to surface organs during Computed Tomography (CT) examinations. The shield was evaluated for reduction of the dose to breast during chest examinations and reduction of the dose to the lens of the eye during brain examinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dose was measured on patients (10 for the eye and 30 for the breast), and on an anthropomorphic phantom (Alderson Rando). The reduction of image quality was evaluated both qualitatively by an expert radiologist, and in terms of increased noise on the phantom images (Rando). RESULTS: The use of the protective device reduced the dose by 34% to the breast and 50% to the lens. These figures are confirmed by the measurements taken both on patients and on the anthropomorphic phantom. The protective device reduced image quality in the regions immediately beneath it, but in the cases considered, those regions were of no diagnostic interest, while in the brain and lung regions, the quality is only slightly reduced, always allowing a correct diagnostic evaluation. Numerical analysis also led to the conclusion that a modest increase in noise is only statistically significant for the anterior portions of the lung. When present, the artifacts appeared outside the field of clinical interest. That is mainly due to the use of a foam pad (0.7 - 1 cm thick) to protect the breast. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The protection proved effective both in the case of breast and of lens, leading to a significant reduction in dose, without excessively affecting image quality. The shield proved easy to use, and did not increase the examination time.     

Efficacy of breast shielding during CT of the head

In light of increasing frequency of CT examinations in the past decades, the aims of this prospective study were to investigate scatter radiation breast exposure in head CT and its dependence upon body constitution, and to assess the efficacy of lead shielding as a means of breast dose reduction. In 49 women referred to head CT for objective medical reasons one breast was covered with lead apron during CT scanning. Radiation doses were measured by use of thermoluminescent dosimeters, at skin of both breasts and over the apron. The doses were then compared as well as correlated to body mass index and meatus acusticus externus-to-dosimeter distance, respectively. Average exposure at the skin of the unshielded breast was 0.28 mGy (range 0.15–0.41 mGy), compared with 0.13 mGy (range 0.05–0.29 mGy) at the shielded breast. The doses showed a mean reduction by 57% due to lead shielding. At least half of breast exposure was imparted to the breast from outside, whereas the remainder results from internal scatter. The higher the body mass index, the higher the percentage of internal scatter in total breast dose. Although the level of scatter radiation to the breast is generally low during head CT examination, the use of lead cover enables recognizable further reduction of the exposure, and is recommended as a feasible and effective procedure of breast protection during CT of the head.     

Spiral CT vs incremental CT: Is spiral CT superior in imaging of the brain?

The aim of this study was to evaluate image quality of spiral CT of the brain as compared with incremental CT using identical scanning parameters. Incremental or spiral cranial CT was performed on 46 consecutive, randomized patients with non-traumatic disease of the brain on a Siemens (Erlangen, Germany) Somatom Plus 4. Evaluation was done in a randomized blinded way by two experienced radiologists. Different anatomical structures, image noise, and artifacts were scaled 1 (bad) to 4 (very good). Statistical analysis was done using the F-test of variance for partial sums of squares as well as Student's t-test. Incremental CT was superior to spiral CT for evaluation of the internal capsule, supratentorial artifacts, gray/white matter differentiation, and image noise. No statistically significant differences were seen for evaluation of the pons, infratentorial artifacts, and eye muscles. With identical scanning parameters incremental CT is superior to spiral CT in the assessment of small, complex structures in a low-contrast setting. No differences are seen for larger structures or small structures in a medium-contrast range. Artifacts localized close to the skull in spiral CT can easily mimic hemorrhage in traumatized patients. Spiral CT should therefore only be used for CT angiography and if 3D reconstructions are needed. Received 19 June 1997; Accepted 6 August 1997     

Use of an automatic exposure control mechanism for dose optimization in multi-detector row CT examinations: clinical evaluation

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare dose reduction and image quality achieved with an automatic exposure control system that is based on both angular (x-y axis) and z-axis tube current modulation with dose reduction and image quality achieved with an angular modulation system for multi-detector row computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board, and oral informed consent was obtained. In two groups of 200 patients, five anatomic regions (ie, the thorax, abdomen-pelvis, abdomen-liver, lumbar spine, and cervical spine) were examined with this modulation system and a six-section multi-detector row CT scanner. Data from these patients were compared with data from 200 patients who were examined with an angular modulation system. Dose reduction by means of reduction of the mean effective tube current in 600 examinations, image noise in 200 examinations performed with each modulation system, and subjective image quality scores in 100 examinations per-formed with each modulation system were compared with Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS: Mean dose reduction for the angular and z-axis tube current modulation system and for the angular modulation system was as follows: thorax, 20% and 14%, respectively; abdomen-liver, 38% and 18%, respectively; abdomen-pelvis, 32% and 26%, respectively; lumbar spine, 37% and 10%, respectively; and cervical spine, 68% and 16%, respectively. These differences were statistically significant (P < .05). There was no significant difference in image noise and mean image quality scores between modulation systems, with the exception of cervical spinal examinations (P < .001 for both), where the examinations with angular modulation resulted in better scores. There is good correlation between the mean effective tube current level and the body mass index of patients with the new modulation system. Correlation was as follows: thorax, 0.77; abdomen-pelvis, 0.83; abdomen-liver, 0.84; lumbar spine, 0.8; and cervical spine, 0.6. This correlation was not observed with the angular modulation system. CONCLUSION: An automatic exposure control mechanism that is based on real-time anatomy-dependent tube current modulation delivers good image quality with a significantly reduced radiation dose.     

16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在女性骨盆中的应用

目的 评价16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在女性骨盆中的应用。方法 30例志愿者用16层螺旋CT行女性骨盆扫描，分别采用低剂量扫描（CareDose）和传统方法扫描，将两组女性骨盆图像按各影像颗粒均匀性、解剖结构细节、界面清晰度和有无伪影等评定图像质量。同样对两组的CT检查辐射剂量进行对照研究。结果 两组扫描方法对女性骨盆图像质量的显示差异无统计学意义；剂量扫描与传统扫描相比，辐射剂量大大降低（P〈0．01）。结论 16层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在女性骨盆图像质量不下降的同时，可以较传统CT扫描减少受检者的辐射剂量。     

Dose reduction in CT examination of children by an attenuation-based on-line modulation of tube current (CARE Dose)

In a controlled patient study we investigated the potential of attenuation-based on-line modulation of the tube current to reduce milliampere values (mAs) in CT examinations of children without loss of image quality. mAs can be reduced for non-circular patient cross sections without an increase in noise if tube current is reduced at those angular positions where the patient diameter and, consequently, attenuation are small. We investigated a technical approach with an attenuation-based on-line control for the tube current realised as a work-in-progress implementation. The CT projection data are analysed in real time to determine optimal mAs values for each projection angle. We evaluated mAs reduction for 100 spiral CT examinations with attenuation-based on-line modulation of the tube current in a group of children. Two radiologists evaluated image quality by visual interpretation in consensus. We compared the mAs values read from the CT scanner with preset mAs of a standard protocol. Four different scan regions were examined in spiral technique (neck, thorax, abdomen, thorax and abdomen). We found the mAs product to be reduced typically by 10-60% depending on patient geometry and anatomical regions. The mean reduction was 22.3% (neck 20%, thorax 23%, abdomen 23%, thorax and abdomen 22%). In general, no deterioration of image quality was observed. There was no correlation between the age and the mean mAs reduction in the different anatomical regions. By classifying the children respectively to their weight, there is a positive trend between increasing weight and mAs reduction. We conclude that mAs in spiral CT examinations of children can be reduced substantially by attenuation-based on-line modulation of the tube current without deterioration of image quality. Attenuation-based on-line modulation of tube current is efficient and practical for reducing dose exposure to children.     

Enhancement of breast calcification visualization and detection using a modified PG method in Cone Beam Breast CT

Cone Beam Breast CT is a promising diagnostic modality in breast imaging. Its isotropic 3D spatial resolution enhances the characterization of micro-calcifications in breasts that might not be easily distinguishable in mammography. However, due to dose level considerations, it is beneficial to further enhance the visualization of calcifications in Cone Beam Breast CT images that might be masked by noise. In this work, the Papoulis-Gerchberg method was modified and implemented in Cone Beam Breast CT images to improve the visualization and detectability of calcifications. First, the PG method was modified and applied to the projections acquired during the scanning process; its effects on the reconstructed images were analyzed by measuring the Modulation Transfer Function and the Noise Power Spectrum. Second, Cone Beam Breast CT images acquired at different dose levels were pre-processed using this technique to enhance the visualization of calcification. Finally, a computer-aided diagnostic algorithm was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of this method to improve calcification detectability. The results demonstrated that this technique can effectively improve image quality by improving the Modulation Transfer Function with a minor increase in noise level. Consequently, the visualization and detectability of calcifications were improved in Cone Beam Breast CT images. This technique was also proved to be useful in reducing the x-ray dose without degrading visualization and detectability of calcifications.     

Radiation dose reduction to breast and thyroid during MDCT: effectiveness of an in-plane bismuth shield

PURPOSE: To evaluate dose reduction and image deterioration using in-plane bismuth breast-shielding and thyroid-shielding for MDCT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Skin and organ doses of thyroid and breast were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters in a female Alderson-Rando Phantom with and without a 4-ply in-plane bismuth shield. Routine neck (120 kVp, 150 mAs(eff); 16 x 1.5 mm) and chest (120 kVp, 100 mAs(eff); 16 x 1.5 mm) scan protocols were simulated on a 16-row MDCT scanner in three different settings: without shielding, with the shield directly on the surface, and with a 1-cm-thick cotton spacer between surface and shield. Image noise was quantified and compared using the t test. RESULTS: On average, shielding resulted in a 47% organ-dose reduction for the thyroid and 32% for the breast. Placement of the spacer between shield and surface had no significant impact on the measured doses, but significantly decreased the image noise (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In-plane bismuth breast and thyroid shielding significantly decreases radiation dose in MDCT without deteriorating image quality.     

New organ-based tube current modulation method to reduce the radiation dose during computed tomography of the head: evaluation of image quality and radiation dose to the eyes in the phantom study

A new organ-based tube current modulation (NOB-TCM) method was designed with the intent to decrease tube current by 30% over a prescribed 90° radial arc across the anterior aspect of the radiosensitive organ, without increasing tube current in the remaining radial arc. We compared a reference scan and five other dose-reducing methods with regard to effects on dose, practicality, and image quality to determine the most effective method for the reduction of the radiation dose to the eyes during CT examinations of the head. We compared the radiation doses to the eyes and physical image quality in different regions of interest for TCM and shielding scans. Three types of TCM scans were performed: longitudinal TCM, angular TCM, and NOB-TCM. A bismuth sheet and lead goggles were each applied for the shielding scan. Relative to the reference scan, the dose to the eye was reduced to 25.88% with NOB-TCM, 44.53% with lead goggles, and 36.91% with a bismuth shield. Relative to the reference scan, the mean signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was decreased to 8.02% with NOB-TCM, 28.36% with lead goggles, and 32.95% with the bismuth shield. The SNR of the anterior region of interest was decreased to 11.89% with NOB-TCM and 87.89% with the bismuth shield. The average figure of merit was increased by 11.7% with longitudinal TCM and 13.39% with NOB-TCM, compared with the reference scan. NOB-TCM is a superior solution for head CT, including the orbital area, due to the reduction in radiation exposure without significant loss in image quality.     

Impact of Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction on Image Quality of Contrast-Enhanced Neck CT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Improved image quality is clinically desired for contrast-enhanced CT of the neck. We compared 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and model-based iterative reconstruction algorithms for the assessment of image quality of contrast-enhanced CT of the neck.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Neck contrast-enhanced CT data from 64 consecutive patients were reconstructed retrospectively by using 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and model-based iterative reconstruction. Objective image quality was assessed by comparing SNR, contrast-to-noise ratio, and background noise at levels 1 (mandible) and 2 (superior mediastinum). Two independent blinded readers subjectively graded the image quality on a scale of 1–5, (grade 5 = excellent image quality without artifacts and grade 1 = nondiagnostic image quality with significant artifacts). The percentage of agreement and disagreement between the 2 readers was assessed.RESULTS:Compared with 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction, model-based iterative reconstruction significantly improved the SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio at levels 1 and 2. Model-based iterative reconstruction also decreased background noise at level 1 (P = .016), though there was no difference at level 2 (P = .61). Model-based iterative reconstruction was scored higher than 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction by both reviewers at the nasopharynx (P < .001) and oropharynx (P < .001) and for overall image quality (P < .001) and was scored lower at the vocal cords (P < .001) and sternoclavicular junction (P < .001), due to artifacts related to thyroid shielding that were specific for model-based iterative reconstruction.CONCLUSIONS:Model-based iterative reconstruction offers improved subjective and objective image quality as evidenced by a higher SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio and lower background noise within the same dataset for contrast-enhanced neck CT. Model-based iterative reconstruction has the potential to reduce the radiation dose while maintaining the image quality, with a minor downside being prominent artifacts related to thyroid shield use on model-based iterative reconstruction.

Since the introduction of CT for medical imaging in the early 1970s, there has been tremendous advancement in overall image quality with concomitant shortening of requisite scan times. Additional major effort has been undertaken to reduce the radiation dose to improve patient safety while maintaining image quality. In particular, image reconstruction algorithms have evolved from the traditional analytic algorithms such as filtered back-projection (FBP) to newer iterative reconstruction methods such as adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASiR; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) and most recently model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR; GE Healthcare), which models system noise statistics and optics.Both phantom and clinical studies have confirmed that the application of the MBIR algorithm results in an improved contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), lower background noise (BN),^1–4 and reduction of helical conebeam artifacts.^2,4 Clinical studies in the delineation of arteries in the posterior fossa on 3D brain CT angiography,¹ improved liver lesion detection,^3,5 general evaluation of abdominopelvic CT,² and pediatric chest CT⁶ all support the use of MBIR, with or without radiation-dose reduction. In this study, we compared objective and subjective image quality in neck CT images reconstructed with 2 different iterative reconstruction algorithms (MBIR versus 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction [ASiR30]) by using the same raw dataset.