转基因食品安全性评价研究进展

自1996年以来,转基因作物的大规模商业化生产为人们带来了巨大的社会经济效益,但是转基因技术存在一定的风险性,因此加强转基因食品的安全性评价和标准化管理显得尤为迫切和重要。本文从营养学、毒理学、过敏性等方面综述了转基因食品的食用安全性评价,并多角度探讨了转基因食品安全性评价的关键问题,包括用不同动物实验评价转基因食品的食用安全性,新型转基因植物的安全性评价,以及转基因食品的食用安全标准化等,以期使读者对转基因食品的食用安全性有更加系统、全面的了解。     

转Bt基因水稻的食用安全性评价研究进展

水稻（Oryza sativa）是我国重要的经济作物,其优化育种一直是研究的重点。苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt）抗虫基因的出现,开辟了利用外源基因培育转基因抗虫作物的新领域。目前,转基因抗虫水稻的培育技术已日趋成熟,而其对人体的潜在安全性问题却备受争议。转Bt基因水稻能否实现商业化是人们关注的焦点。本文就转Bt基因水稻的食用安全性评价的研究进展进行综述,以期为我国转Bt基因水稻的风险评估和推广提供一些参考。     

转基因植物食用安全性评估与监管研究进展

转基因植物已商业化20 年,其为农民乃至全社会带来了巨大的农业、经济和社会效益。但转基因植物的安全性,尤其是食用安全性受到公众极大关注。本文从关键成分分析、营养学、毒理学、致敏性等方面系统总结了转基因植物食用安全性评估,并综述了转基因植物产业现状以及国内外安全性评估与监管,以期为我国的转基因植物食用安全性评估与监管提供借鉴。     

农业部:国产转基因水稻玉米暂不存在

日前,农业部科教司副司长石燕泉在做客中国网《中国访谈》时表示,目前市面上不存在国产的转基因水稻和玉米。石燕泉称,我国批准的转基因产品有两种情况,一种是用于商业化生产的转基因食用农作物,到目前为止已经先后批准了抗病毒的甜椒,耐储藏的番茄,抗病毒的番木瓜3种。2009年批准了转基因抗虫水稻和转植酸     

转基因食品(饲料)的安全性及其管理现状

随着越来越多的转基因作物被批准商业化生产 ,转基因作物的安全性引起了人们极大的关注。文中扼要介绍转基因作物及其副产品作为食品或饲料资源的现状、可能存在的安全性问题、安全性评价及各国政府对转基因食品或饲料的态度与管理。     

食品中转基因表达蛋白的危险性评估

随着转基因技术的商业化发展,直接或间接来源于转基因作物的食品日益增多。对食品中外源性基因表达蛋白质的研究是转基因食品安全性评价工作中的重要部分。本文从安全食用历史、生物信息学分析、体外稳定性研究、作用方式研究、毒理学试验等方面,对目前常见转基因表达蛋白的危险性评估进行了综述。     

转基因抗虫水稻与非转基因水稻具有同样的食用安全性

食用安全评价是转基因作物商业化种植前重要的评价内容，我国政府十分重视转基因作物的食用安全评价，农业部依据《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》和《农业转基因生物安全评价管理办法》，并参考国际食品法典委员会、世界卫生组织、联合国粮农组织和经济合作与发展组织等颁布的转基因作物食用安全评价指南，制定了我国的《转基因植物安全评价指南》。评价内容涵盖了国际食品法典委员会等组织颁布的转基因作物食用安全评价指南里的所有内容。     

转基因食品的免疫安全性评价

随着转基因生物技术的发展以及转基因作物商品化生产进程的推进,转基因食品的安全性评价工作已经迫在眉睫,而免疫安全性评价是其中必不可少的一个组成部分。本文分别概述转基因食品免疫安全性评价的必要性、内容和近几年国内外研究进展,以期建立系统的实用的转基因食品免疫安全性评价标准与规程,并为转基因食品安全性评价标准体系的建设提供科学依据和支撑。     

新型转基因植物及其食用安全性评价对策研究进展

随着转基因技术的快速发展,以药用、工业用为代表的新一代转基因植物及复合性状转基因植物不断涌现。与此同时,对其进行食用安全性评价的技术体系却明显滞后。本文主要对药用、工业用及复合性状转基因植物的研究进展进行综述,并对其食用安全评价对策进行阐述和分析,以期为促进我国转基因技术的健康发展提供一定的技术支持。     

转基因的健康发展必须超越“实质等同”评价原则

本文围绕转基因食品的"实质等同"原则下的食用安全性评价方式存在的问题进行深入讨论,并从实验动物饲料配方的高营养性及动物体质因素与人类的差异,以及评价定位不准和标准过于宽松等方面,对"实质等同"评价的"严谨性"和"科学性"进行质疑。并对评价方式不科学带来的严重后果进行剖析和阐述。通过逆向思维,创新建立的损益指数及累计积分(BDI-GS)食品功效及安全性评价新体系具有明显的科学性和实用价值,并为转基因作物及食品的研究和发展指明方向。相信只有超越"实质等同"的评价原则,我国的转基因事业才会迎来灿烂的明天。     

GM食品内外源基因在加工过程中的降解变化

转基因(genetically modified,GM)食品安全问题受到广泛关注,其内外源基因及其表达产物在深加工过程中变化规律的研究是其热点之一。文中阐述了转基因食品的安全性问题,评述了转基因食品DNA在加工过程中变化规律的研究进展,并提出了转基因食品内外源基因在加工过程中降解变化研究思路。     

转基因食品安全性评价和安全保障

本文在简述转基因食品安全性及其研究现状的基础上 ,提出的若干对应策略 ,其中重点介绍转基因食品安全性评估的基本原则———实质等同性 ,和管理措施和检测技术的应用前景     

Comparative analysis of genetically modified brown rice with conventional rice varieties for the safety assessment

Compositional analysis of genetically modified (GM) rice (OsCK1), non‐GM comparator and reference rice as commercial rice was conducted for the safety assessment. The tolerance intervals (TI) of commercial rice were also set to illustrate compositional variability. GM rice, non‐GM rice and reference rice were compared using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) to assess the impact of genetic modification vs. environmental influence on the rice component. Seventeen components in forty‐six analysed components were significantly different between GM rice and non‐GM rice. But, the mean ranges of the seventeen components were all within those of the reference TIs. These results demonstrate that the nutrition components of GM rice (OsCK1) fell within the range of natural variability and were biologically equivalent to non‐GM rice. In addition, multivariate analysis by PCA and PLS‐DA revealed that environmental factors such as growing locations were important due to the variability of the rice metabolite profiles. These comparisons lead to the conclusion that disease‐resistant transgenic rice (OsCK1) is compositionally equivalent to and as safe and nutritious as conventional rice varieties grown commercially.     

Toxicity studies of genetically modified plants: a review of the published literature

According to the information reported by the WHO, the genetically modified (GM) products that are currently on the international market have all passed risk assessments conducted by national authorities. These assessments have not indicated any risk to human health. In spite of this clear statement, it is quite amazing to note that the review articles published in international scientific journals during the current decade did not find, or the number was particularly small, references concerning human and animal toxicological/health risks studies on GM foods. In this paper, the scientific information concerning the potential toxicity of GM/transgenic plants using the Medline database is reviewed. Studies about the safety of the potential use of potatoes, corn, soybeans, rice, cucumber, tomatoes, sweet pepper, peas, and canola plants for food and feed were included. The number of references was surprisingly limited. Moreover, most published studies were not performed by the biotechnology companies that produce these products. This review can be concluded raising the following question: where is the scientific evidence showing that GM plants/food are toxicologically safe?     

Adaptation of the ToxRTool to Assess the Reliability of Toxicology Studies Conducted with Genetically Modified Crops and Implications for Future Safety Testing

To determine the reliability of food safety studies carried out in rodents with genetically modified (GM) crops, a Food Safety Study Reliability Tool (FSSRTool) was adapted from the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods’ (ECVAM) ToxRTool. Reliability was defined as the inherent quality of the study with regard to use of standardized testing methodology, full documentation of experimental procedures and results, and the plausibility of the findings. Codex guidelines for GM crop safety evaluations indicate toxicology studies are not needed when comparability of the GM crop to its conventional counterpart has been demonstrated. This guidance notwithstanding, animal feeding studies have routinely been conducted with GM crops, but their conclusions on safety are not always consistent. To accurately evaluate potential risks from GM crops, risk assessors need clearly interpretable results from reliable studies. The development of the FSSRTool, which provides the user with a means of assessing the reliability of a toxicology study to inform risk assessment, is discussed. Its application to the body of literature on GM crop food safety studies demonstrates that reliable studies report no toxicologically relevant differences between rodents fed GM crops or their non-GM comparators.     

稻农种植转基因水稻的意愿及影响因素——基于湖北省随州市的调查研究

依据对湖北省随州市水稻产区6个乡镇的102位稻农户主的调查数据,运用Logistic模型对稻农种植转基因水稻潜在意愿的影响因素进行回归分析。结果表明,稻农收入的主要来源、种植水稻的历史、是否听说过生物技术、是否知道转基因生物、是否种植过转基因棉花、对转基因主粮的产量预期、销售难易预期和食品安全预期等8个变量对农户选择种植转基因水稻有显著的影响。     

转基因动物及其食品安全性评估方法

转基因食品的安全性涉及到贸易壁垒和人体健康,本文从食品安全的内涵和外延出发,在实质等同性原则的基础上,重点论述了转基因动物及其遗传修饰的安全性评估方法,最终用于食品或食品加工的转基因动物安全性评估方法,以及在转基因过程中可能会出现的非预期效应的安全性评估方法,系统的描述了转基因动物及其食品安全性评估框架,以便为我国的转基因动物安全性评估和政府监管提供参考。