AP1000与EPR堆芯中子注量率测量系统的差异性比较和分析

堆芯中子注量率测量系统是核电站监测系统的一个重要组成部分。它主要测量反应堆堆芯的中子注量率分布,监测堆芯功率畸变,积累燃耗数据,对核电站的安全运行及经济性起到重要作用。论文简单介绍了AP1000和EPR堆芯中子注量率测量系统的组成和特点,分析比较了两者之间的差异性。     

移动式微型裂变电离室中子探测器研制与核特性测试

微型裂变电离室是一种反应堆上广泛使用的堆芯中子探测器。国内CPR1000核电机组的堆芯中子注量率测量系统采用移动式微型裂变电离室作为中子探头，在反应堆运行过程中测量反应堆中子通量，提供堆芯中子通量分布图，是核电站重要的安全仪控设备。对标现役国外产品的服役条件和技术指标要求，研制了一款移动式微型裂变电离室中子探测器，并参照国家标准GB/T 7164-2022和行业标准NB/T 20215-2013，对探测器的核特性进行了测试。测试结果表明：其核特性与国外产品相当，有望实现该反应堆安全产品的“国产替代”。     

双探头中子注量率探测器的研究

反应堆启动初始阶段,中子注量非常低,是一般核测量系统的测量盲区。针对测量盲区的问题,设计了一种高灵敏度宽量程的中子注量率探测器。通过计算及实验表明,该探测器具有稳定的性能,能提供一种反应堆物理启动过程中盲区中子注量率测量的方法。     

反应堆核功率测量自适应控制系统设计

针对研究堆动态参数测量现有方法不足,基于反应堆中子噪声分析方法,设计了一套核功率测量系统。该系统通过对信号前置放大和信号调理的自适应控制测量反应堆临界后的核功率,实现反应堆中子噪声和核功率的智能化、自动化监测。试验测量结果表明:该系统测量的核功率与中子注量率分布测量的理论计算功率值一致,验证了系统测量的有效性,为反应堆核功率测量提供了一种便捷、可靠的测量手段。     

多通道中子注量率相对分布测量装置研制

为了实现反应堆堆芯中子注量率相对分布的测量,基于NaI探测器测量活化探测片放射性计数来计算相对中子注量率的方法,研制多通道中子注量率相对分布测量装置。该装置由PTMC12数据采集板卡、工控机和MNFDAS控制软件组成,可自动实现循环计数或非循环模式下的定时计数功能,测量结果以数据图形和文件形式保存。测试结果表明,该装置稳定性好,相对偏差在±1%之内,可保证反应堆内中子注量率相对分布实时长期稳定测量的要求。     

基于SCADE的反应堆中子倍增时间算法设计与验证

为实现反应堆装料至升功率期间对核裂变反应速率的密切监视,需对反应堆中子倍增时间进行正确稳定的测量。本文基于对中子注量率测量的统计特性分析,设计了一种适用于压水堆核仪表系统的倍增时间算法,并利用SCADE软件对实现了算法,同时在方家山核电工程2号机组上进行了堆上试验,试验验证了该算法的稳定性、及时性和有效性。因此,本研究设计的反应堆中子倍增时间算法能够应用于压水堆核仪表系统中子注量率测量信号的处理。      

可逆比热容法测量反应堆中子注量率的可行性及应用前景

热分析仪器和测量技术的迅速发展为通过测量受辐照材料热性质的变化测量中子注量提供了可能。本文提出采用调制差示扫描量热（MDSC）法测量反应堆辐照的含硼材料可逆比热容的变化,进而得到反应堆的中子注量率。从理论和实验两方面讨论了利用该方法测量反应堆中子注量率的可行性。介绍了可逆比热容法测量反应堆中子注量率的原理和实验方法。展望了这种测量方法在测量高注量反应堆中子注量率的应用前景。     

先进三代核电机组反应堆达临界方式及特性分析

介绍了先进三代核电机组如何在低中子注量率的情况下通过堆外核测量系统源量程探测器监视反应堆达临界,并对其达临界过程中探测器的计数率变化进行比照、分析。通过分析发现,在低中子注量率情况下,利用反应堆启动率（或周期）的变化能够实现对反应堆临界实现与否的判断。同时,利用相对中子源不同位置的探测器计数率的变化规律,能够监测反应堆逼近临界的程度。这一反应堆达临界方式可以在诸如无源启动等低中子注量率情况下得到应用。      

测控数据管理软件在堆芯中子注量率测量系统中的应用

介绍了基于OPC标准开发的用于C2工程堆芯中子注量率测量系统的测控数据管理软件(以下简称为CORE_DMIS),它是C2工程堆芯中子注量率测量系统的重要组成部分。运行于主机柜计算机的测控软件实现系统监控一体化,而运行于通道柜的测控软件实现系统监测。     

CARR核测量系统设计

核测量系统是CARR仪表控制系统重要的组成部分,该系统监测CARR堆芯外中子注量率并向保护系统、ATWS缓解系统、功率调节系统等提供功率水平信号。本文阐述CARR核测量系统的设计,介绍CARR核测量系统的系统结构、堆外探测器、监测装置和技术特点。     

钒自给能探测器中子响应计算方法

钒自给能探测器被广泛用作核动力反应堆的堆内固定式探测器,为堆芯中子注量率分布测量连续不断地提供信息。研究钒自给能探测器的响应电流计算方法,为堆芯在线功率分布监测与探测器设计优化提供理论依据。首先描述钒自给能探测器的响应机理与特性,然后基于Warren提出的理论模型,详细介绍中子响应电流控制方程及电子逃脱概率的计算方法,最后根据公开报道的典型钒探测器规格与实验数据进行数值模拟分析。结果显示,单位长度热中子灵敏度计算值与测量值相对偏差在±5%以内,论证了该方法的有效性与计算精度。     

反应堆堆外核测量系统的实时仿真

堆外核测量系统实时仿真是核电厂全范围培训模拟器的重要组成部分。本文给出一种基于测量原理的功能仿真处理方法,利用堆芯物理仿真计算出堆芯中子通量密度．建立了堆外核测量值与反应堆内三维中子通量密度分布之间的拟合公式．根据反应堆物理计算或功率刻度实验确定拟合系数．可以实时准确仿真堆外核测量系统,满足核电厂全范围培训模拟器的要求．     

In-Core Neutron Flux Instrumentation

A survey of the new work in the neutron monitoring of a nuclear power reactor is presented. The sensors have been moved into the reactor and the three modes of measurement necessary to cover the ten decades of the in-core neutron range from startup to rated power are described. The system specifications and life performance data are reviewed. Several innovative extensions of in-core monitoring such as the traversing probe and the Campbell method are covered in detail.     

Tory II-C Nuclear Instrumentation System

The design of the nuclear instrumentation system for the Pluto series of nuclear ramjet test reactors is an attempt to provide a very flexible nuclear sensing system that will be adequate for Tory II-C and following test reactors. The nuclear detectors will be exposed to the leakage neutron flux from the reactor during operation. Since the leakage flux is proportional to reactor power, the neutron detectors will give a measure of reactor power. A difficulty in providing nuclear instruments for this reactor is the uncertainty in the neutron energy spectrum of the leakage flux at the detectors. Since detector response varies with neutron energy, a large margin of flexibility is desirable. A difficulty which may be encountered is a significant shift in neutron energy spectrum at high power and temperature. This would make indicated nuclear power nonlinear with calorimetric power. A difficulty in insufficient instrument overlap was encountered with the Tory II-A experiment where a large margin of flexibility would have been useful. The detector placement for the Tory II-A experiment had the power range detectors in line with the reactor and main air pipe. At high air flows there was a much greater mass of air between the detectors and the reactor, allowing fewer neutrons to reach the detectors per unit reactor power. This is the reason for the power range detectors being placed off to the side of the Tory II-C test vehicle. Not all difficulties can be foreseen, but provision is made where possible to overcome them.     

Applicability of neutron noise technique for diagnostics of in-core components for heavy water reactors

Neutron flux signal is composed of a steady or mean component resulting from the flux produced by power operation of the reactor and a very small fluctuating component called ‘noise’ component. Analysis of neutron noise from suitably located sensors is a proven technique to monitor the in-core components of light water reactors (LWRs). However, the use of neutron noise has been rare, if any, for heavy water reactors (HWRs) as it was generally felt that the unfavourable transfer function characteristics of the reactors would limit its applicability. To assess the applicability of technique in pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs), experiments were carried out using in-core and out-of-core neutron sensors in a research reactor. This paper discusses the measurement details and results of the experiment. This paper concludes that the neutron noise technique can be effectively utilised for diagnostics/characterisation of the in-core components of heavy water reactors.     

软件仿真核电站堆芯核测量系统的设计与实现

针对堆芯核测量系统设计制造周期长、关键机械设备采购难、控制系统调试困难等问题,设计了仿真堆芯核测量系统。基于RSView32的仿真测量系统仿真电气设备和机械设备的功能,并配备了测量系统的状态监控界面。本文介绍了仿真测量系统的原理和实现方法。通过仿真测量系统与真实控制软件的联调试验,证实在系统设计过程中,仿真测量系统完全可以代替电气和机械设备,辅助测量系统的控制程序进行调试运行。该仿真测量系统的使用可显著减少机械磨损,缩短控制系统的调试周期。     

Testing the dynamics of shutdown systems instrumentation in reactor trip measurements

Periodic testing of the dynamics of the shutdown systems and their instrumentation is performed in the CANDU nuclear power plants of Ontario Power Generation (OPG) and Bruce Power. Measurements of in-core flux detector (ICFD) and ion chamber (I/C) signals responding to the insertion of shut-off rods (shutdown system No. 1, SDS1), or to the injection of neutron absorbing poison (shutdown system No.2, SDS2) are regularly carried out at the beginning of planned outages. A reactor trip is manually initiated at high power and the trip response signals of ICFDs and I/Cs are recorded by multi-channel high-speed high-resolution data acquisition systems set up temporarily at various locations in the station. The sampling of the seaprate data acquisition systems are synchronized through the headset communication systems of the station. A total of 120 station signals can be sampled simultaneously up to 2500 samples per second. The effective prompt fractions of the ICFDs are estimated from the measured trip response. Effectiveness and the timeline of the trip mechanism are assessed in the measurement as well. The measurement can identify ICFDs with abnormally slow response (under-prompt) or overshooting response (over-prompt) at the beginning of the outage. The time required for the signals to drop to predefined fractions of their pre-trip values (level crossing time) is plotted as a function of detector position and compared against safety requirements. The propagating effect of shut-off rod insertion or poison injection on the flux is monitored by the level crossing times of ICFDs and ion chambers.     

数字化核仪表系统样机堆上试验及验证

针对目前国内核电厂核仪表系统设备主要依赖进口的现状,设计研发了一套数字化核仪表系统样机,系统样机主要包括中子探测器组件、信号调理和处理样机以及信号监控设备。通过介绍样机在商用堆上的安装和试验情况,详细分析了反应堆启堆、升功率、满功率及降功率运行期间的试验数据。试验结果表明,中子探测器与信号调理和处理样机配合良好,整套系统样机运行稳定可靠。      

Calculation of the power peaking factor in a nuclear reactor using support vector regression models

Local power density (LPD) at the hottest part of a hot nuclear fuel rod should be estimated accurately to confirm that the rod does not melt. The power peaking factor (PPF) is defined as the highest LPD divided by the average power density in the reactor core. In this paper, the PPF is calculated by support vector regression (SVR) models using numerous measured signals from the reactor cooling system. SVR models are regression analysis models using a kernel function for artificial neural networks. Their neural network weights are found by solving a quadratic programming problem under linear constraints. SVR models are trained using a training data set and then verified against another test data set. The proposed SVR models were applied to the first fuel cycle of the Yonggwang nuclear power plant unit 3. The root mean square errors of the SVR model, with and without in-core neutron flux sensor signal inputs, were 0.1113% and 0.0968%, respectively. This level of errors is sufficiently low for use in LPD monitoring.