具有压电元件的功能梯度弹性薄板的振动特性

考虑一功能梯度薄板,其上下表面嵌有压电执行元件。根据逆压电效应,将电场强度转换成作用于板上的等效电载荷。假设梯度材料的物性参数为板厚度方向坐标的幂函数,应用达朗贝尔原理,导出了具有压电元件的功能梯度弹性薄板的动力学方程。采用变量分离与Navier解,得到四边简支功能梯度板的固有特性与电场强度间的关系。并进一步通过数值例子讨论了电场强度、材料的梯度指数等对板固有特性的影响。研究结果表明,调整作用于执行元件上的电场强度可以实现对板的振动特性的控制,而材料的梯度化可影响板的固有频率,在设计中应予以考虑。     

四边简支功能梯度矩形板的热屈曲分析

基于经典板理论,假设材料性质为板厚度方向坐标的幂函数,推导了功能梯度材料矩形板在热荷载作用下的平衡方程和稳定方程。给出了四边简支的功能梯度板在均匀受热时临界屈曲温度变化的封闭解,讨论了板的几何外形尺寸、相对厚度、梯度指数以及中面变形等因素对临界屈曲温度变化的影响。     

基于三阶剪切变形理论的压电功能梯度板静力学等几何分析

针对压电功能梯度板的静力学问题,建立了一种基于三阶剪切变形理论的等几何分析求解方法。其中,定义功能梯度板的材料属性为板厚方向的幂函数分布,并假设压电功能梯度板中的机械位移场与电势场相互独立。利用压电材料的第二类本构方程以及哈密顿变分原理,推导出压电功能梯度板的相关等几何有限元方程。在压电功能梯度板的自由振动分析中,研究了各类机械边界条件的等几何数值方法的收敛性及精度问题。并分析了开短、路状电学边界条件、功能梯度指数n、功能梯度层的宽厚比、压电层与功能梯度层的厚度比对其固有频率的影响。分析了机械载荷、电载荷以及机电耦合情况下,压电功能梯度板的静态弯曲行为,并利用位移反馈控制规律实现了压电功能梯度板的闭环变形控制。通过算例及相关文献对比,表明了本文求解方法的精确性和可靠性。     

单向轴压下压电矩形薄板的动态后屈曲问题

利用基于5自由度一阶剪切变形和von Karman几何非线性应变的压电薄板理论,通过双重F0u rier级数展开、Galerkin方法和多尺度方法,获得单向轴压和简支边界条件下压电矩形薄板动态后屈曲问题的解析解.给出了压电薄板动态后屈曲的共振特性曲线,对动态后屈曲的跳跃现象进行了研究.数值分析表明,几何参数和材料参数都对压电板的跳跃特性有显著影响.     

间隙波在功能梯度压电板和压电半空间结构中的传播

研究了间隙波在功能梯度压电板和压电半空间结构中的传播性质.功能梯度压电板的材料性能沿x2方向呈指数变化,首先推导了间隙波传播时的解析解,利用界面条件得到了间隙波的频散方程,基于推导的频散方程,结合数值算例分析了功能梯度压电材料的梯度、压电层厚度以及材料性能对间隙波相速度的影响,研究结果对功能梯度压电材料的覆层结构在声波器件中的应用具有重要的参考价值.     

弹性地基上加热弹性圆板的热过屈曲及临界屈曲模态跃迁

基于von Kármán薄板理论建立了Winkler弹性基础上弹性圆板在均匀升温下的轴对称热过屈曲控制方程。这是一组以中面位移为基本未知量的非线性常微分方程,其中包含了温度载荷和弹性地基刚度两个参数。采用打靶法数值求解相应的非线性两点边值问题,获得了周边不可移简支圆板的热屈曲及热过屈曲响应。绘出了前三阶屈曲模态对应的临界温度载荷随地基参数连续变化的特性曲线,获得了反映临界热屈曲模态跃迁特性的地基参数值。给出了弹性圆板按一阶模态失稳后的热过屈曲平衡路径和平衡构形,分析了地基刚度参数对临界屈曲温度载荷以及过屈曲平衡构形的影响。     

弹性支承上边界转动约束矩形板屈曲分析

随着工程结构的轻型化、薄壁化,薄板结构稳定问题越来越受到重视,针对不同条件下薄板屈曲问题开展了大量研究。弹性支承上的薄板屈曲、边界弹性转动约束的薄板屈曲和刚性支承上边界转动约束的薄板屈曲问题已有相关文献,关于非加载边弹性转动约束、弹性支承上薄板屈曲问题的研究尚不充分。该文研究了非加载边弹性转动约束、均匀受压弹性支承矩形薄板弹性屈曲问题。由Ritz能量变分法得到了临界载荷计算公式,应用有限元分析证实了理论解的适用性。得到了屈曲半波数与板的纵横比、边界转动约束系数及支承刚度之间的关系式,支承刚度增加使屈曲半波数和屈曲系数增大。     

碳纳米管增强型功能梯度板的屈曲预测

基于一种新的修正偶应力理论,建立了碳纳米管（CNTs）增强型功能梯度板（CNTs/FGP）的屈曲模型。基于最小势能原理和一阶剪切变形理论,推导了该种板模型的平衡微分方程和相应的边界条件,并以四边简支方板的屈曲问题为例,讨论了材料尺度参数、CNTs的体积分数及4种不同CNTs分布形式对CNTs/FGP临界屈曲载荷的影响。结果表明：采用本文模型预测的CNTs/FGP的临界屈曲载荷总是大于传统宏观理论的预测结果,两种理论结果间的差距随着板几何尺寸的减小而逐渐增大;CNTs体积分数的少量增加,即可使板的临界屈曲载荷有明显的提升;CNTs的不同分布形式对临界屈曲载荷有显著的影响,在工程设计中应予以关注。     

功能梯度压电双材料板中厚度-扭曲波的传播

分析了厚度-扭曲波在无限大功能梯度压电双材料板中的传播性能,板的上表面和下表面是机械自由和电学开路的,材料常数在厚度方向按指数规律变化。首先推导了满足控制方程和边界条件的电弹场,然后利用界面条件得到了厚度-扭曲波传播所应满足的关系。通过算例表明了材料梯度变化对厚度-扭曲波传播性能的影响,结果对功能梯度压电材料在声波器件中应用有参考价值。     

考虑热对材料参数影响的FGM梁热后屈曲特性研究

功能梯度梁热后屈曲特性研究对于推进功能梯度材料在航天器热防护设计中的应用有着重要意义。基于经典梁的几何非线性理论和物理中面的概念,建立了热载荷作用下功能梯度梁的运动微分方程,通过化简得到一个仅关于挠度的四阶微分-积分方程,并与固支边界条件构成特征值问题,分析研究了功能梯度梁的热后屈曲及在此基础上的振动问题。首先证明了通过哈密顿原理推导的运动方程是轴线可伸长理论的近似形式。接着考虑热对材料物性参数的影响,并对梁的长细比、功能梯度指数和温度比作了详细分析,研究了这些参数对热后屈曲路径和后屈曲振动的影响规律。结果表明:只有在长细比较大时才可以不考虑温度对材料物性参数的影响,否则误差较大;长细比、功能梯度指数和温度比的增大会增大无量纲热屈曲载荷,同时使屈曲路径和频率-载荷曲线向热载荷增大的方向移动。     

A closed-form solution for thermal buckling of piezoelectric FGM rectangular plates with temperature-dependent properties

A thermal buckling analysis is presented for functionally graded rectangular plates that are integrated with surface-bonded piezoelectric actuators and are subjected to the combined action of thermal load and constant applied actuator voltage. The temperature-dependent material properties of the functionally graded plate are assumed to vary as a power form of the thickness coordinate. Derivation of the equations is based on the third-order shear deformation plate theory. Results for the critical buckling temperatures are obtained in closed-form solution, which are convenient to be used in engineering design applications. The effects of the applied actuator voltage, plate geometry, and volume fraction exponent of the functionally graded material on the buckling temperature are investigated.     

A comparison of buckling and postbuckling behavior of FGM plates with piezoelectric fiber reinforced composite actuators

Compressive postbuckling under thermal environments and thermal postbuckling due to a uniform temperature rise are presented for a simply supported, shear deformable functionally graded plate with piezoelectric fiber reinforced composite (PFRC) actuators. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of both FGM and PFRC layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation plate theory that includes thermo-piezoelectric effects. The initial geometric imperfection of the plate is taken into account. A two step perturbation technique is employed to determine buckling loads (temperature) and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the compressive and thermal postbuckling behaviors of perfect and imperfect, geometrically mid-plane symmetric FGM plates with fully covered or embedded PFRC actuators under different sets of thermal and electric loading conditions. The results for monolithic piezoelectric actuator, which is a special case in the present study, are compared with those of PFRC actuators. The results reveal that, in the compressive buckling case, the applied voltage usually has a small effect on the postbuckling load–deflection curves of the plate with PFRC actuators, whereas in the thermal buckling case, the effect of applied voltage is more pronounced for the plate with PFRC actuators, compared to the results of the same plate with monolithic piezoelectric actuators.     

Optimal shape control of functionally graded smart plates using genetic algorithms

This paper deals with optimal shape control of functionally graded smart plate containing patches of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The genetic algorithm (GA) is designed to search for optimal actuator voltage and displacement control gains for the shape control of the functionally graded material (FGM) plates. The work extends the earlier finite element formulations of the two leading authors, so that it can be readily treated using genetic algorithms. Numerical results have been obtained to study the effect of the shape control of the FGM plates under a temperature gradient by optimising (i) the voltage distribution for the open loop control, and (ii) the displacement control gain values for the closed loop feedback control. The effect of the constituent volume fractions of zirconia, through varying the volume fraction exponent n, on the optimal voltages and gain values has also been examined.     

Postbuckling of pressure-loaded FGM hybrid cylindrical shells in thermal environments

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a functionally graded cylindrical shell with piezoelectric actuators subjected to lateral or hydrostatic pressure combined with electric loads in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and varied in the thickness direction and the electric field considered only has non-zero-valued component E_Z. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of both FGM and piezoelectric layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation theory with a von Kármán–Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling is extended to the case of FGM hybrid laminated cylindrical shells of finite length. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling pressure and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of pressure-loaded, perfect and imperfect, FGM cylindrical shells with fully covered piezoelectric actuators under different sets of thermal and electric loading conditions. The results reveal that temperature dependency, temperature change and volume fraction distribution have a significant effect on the buckling pressure and postbuckling behavior of FGM hybrid cylindrical shells. In contrast, the control voltage only has a very small effect on the buckling pressure and postbuckling behavior of FGM hybrid cylindrical shells.     

Nonlinear thermal bending response of FGM plates due to heat conduction

Nonlinear thermal bending analysis is presented for a simply supported, shear deformable functionally graded plate without or with piezoelectric actuators subjected to the combined action of thermal and electrical loads. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the plate surface and varied in the thickness direction and the electric field considered only has non-zero-valued component E_Z. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of both FGM and piezoelectric layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations of an FGM plate are based on a higher order shear deformation plate theory that includes thermo-piezoelectric effects. A two step perturbation technique is employed to determine the thermal load–deflection and thermal load–bending moment curves. The numerical illustrations concern nonlinear bending response of FGM plates without or with surface bonded piezoelectric actuators due to heat conduction and under different sets of electric loading conditions. The results reveal that for the case of heat conduction the nonlinear thermal bending responses are quite different to those of FGM plates subjected to transverse mechanical loads, and the temperature-dependency of FGMs could not be neglected in the thermal bending analysis.     

Levy Solution for Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Rectangular Plates

In this article, an analytical method for buckling analysis of thin functionally graded (FG) rectangular plates is presented. It is assumed that the material properties of the plate vary through the thickness of the plate as a power function. Based on the classical plate theory (Kirchhoff theory), the governing equations are obtained for functionally graded rectangular plates using the principle of minimum total potential energy. The resulting equations are decoupled and solved for rectangular plate with different loading conditions. It is assumed that the plate is simply supported along two opposite edges and has arbitrary boundary conditions along the other edges. The critical buckling loads are presented for a rectangular plate with different boundary conditions, various powers of FGM and some aspect ratios.     

Nonlinear analysis of smart functionally graded annular sector plates using cylindrically orthotropic piezoelectric fiber reinforced composite

This work deals with the geometrically nonlinear thermo-electro-elastic analysis of functionally graded (FG) annular sector plates integrated with the annular patches of cylindrically orthotropic piezoelectric fiber reinforced composite (PFRC). The annular patches with an external voltage across their thickness act as the distributed actuators and their performance in controlling the nonlinear flexural deformations of the host FG plates is investigated. The temperature field is assumed to be spatially uniform over the plate surfaces and varied through the thickness of the substrate FG plates. The temperature-dependent material properties of the FG plates are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction of the plates according to a power-law distribution while the Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be a constant over the domain of the substrate plate. A finite element model of the overall smart FG annular sector plate is developed based on the first order shear deformation theory and the Von Karman nonlinear strain–displacement relations. The governing nonlinear finite element equations are derived employing the principle of minimum potential energy and solved using direct iteration method. The numerical results illustrate significant control authority of the cylindrically orthotropic PFRC annular patches for active control of nonlinear deformations of the substrate FG annular sector plates. The numerical results also reveal the best radial and circumferential locations of the annular PFRC patches for effective control. For a specified circumferential stretch of the annular PFRC patches, their minimum radial length is numerically estimated in such a way that the performance of the overall smart FG plate is not affected significantly. The effects of the material properties and the temperature of the host FG plate on the performance of the annular PFRC patches are also discussed.     

Mechanical buckling of nanocomposite rectangular plate reinforced by aligned and straight single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this paper, the mechanical buckling of a functionally graded nanocomposite rectangular plate reinforced by aligned and straight single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) subjected to uniaxial and biaxial in-plane loadings is investigated. The material properties of the nanocomposite plate are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction and vary continuously and smoothly according to two types of the symmetric carbon nanotubes volume fraction profiles. The material properties of SWCNT are determined according to molecular dynamics (MDs), and then the effective material properties at a point are estimated by either the Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka approach or the extended rule of mixture. The equilibrium and stability equations are derived using the Mindlin plate theory considering the first-order shear deformation (FSDT) effect and variational approach. The results for nanocomposite plate with uniformly distributed CNTs, which is a special case in the present study, are compared with those of the symmetric profiles of the CNTs volume fraction. A numerical study is performed to investigate the influences of the different types of compressive in-plane loadings, CNTs volume fractions, various types of CNTs volume fraction profiles, geometrical parameters and different types of estimation of effective material properties on the critical mechanical buckling load of functionally graded nanocomposite plates.